Deep structure and origin of active volcanoes in China

We synthesize significant recent results on the deep structure and origin of the active volcanoes in China's Mainland. Magmatism in the western Pacific arc and back-arc areas is caused by dehydration of the subducting slab and by corner flow in the mantle wedge, whereas the intraplate magmatism in China has different origins. The active volcanoes in Northeast China （such as the Changbai and Wudalianchi） are caused by hot upwelling in the big mantle wedge （BMW） above the stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone and deep slab dehydration as well. The Tengchong volcano in Southwest China is caused by a similar process in the BMW above the subducting Burma microplate （or Indian plate）. The Hainan volcano in southernmost China is a hotspot fed by a lower-mantle plume which may be associated with the Pacific and Philippine Sea slabs＇ deep subduction in the east and the Indian slab＇s deep subduction in the west down to the lower mantle. The stagnant slab finally collapses down to the bottom of the mantle, which can trigger the upwelling of hot mantle materials from the lower mantle to the shallow mantle beneath the subducting slabs and may cause the slab-plume interactions.

Three-dimensional crustal movement and the activities of earthquakes,volcanoes and faults in Hainan Island,China

Hainan Island is a seismic active region, where Qiongshan M7.5 earthquake occurred in 1605 and several seismic belts appeared in recent years, especially the NS trending seismic belt （NSB） located in the northeast part of the island. Here is also a magmatic active region. The lava from about 100 volcanoes covered more than 4000 km^2. The latest eruptions occurred on Ma＇anling-Lei Huling volcanoes within 10,000 years. The neotectonic movement has been determined by geological method in the island and its adjacent areas. In the paper, the present-day 3D crustal movement is obtained by using Global Positioning System （GPS） data observed from 2009 to 2014 and leveling observations measured in 1970s and 1990s respectively. The results show the horizontal movement is mainly along SEE direction relative to the Eurasian Plate. The velocities are between 4.01 and 6.70 mm/a. The tension rate near the NSB is less than I mm/a. The vertical movement shows the island uplifts as a whole with respect to the reference benchmark Xiuyinggang. The average uplifting rate is 2.4 mm/a. The rates are 2-3 mm/a in the northwest and 3-5mm/a in the northwest. It shows the deformation pattern of the southwest island is upward relative to the northeast, which is different from the result inferred from the coastal change and GPS. Haikou and its adjacent region present a subsidence in a long time. The southern part of the middle segment of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault uplifts relative to the northern. Meanwhile, the western part uplifts relative to the eastern NSB. The vertical crustal motion and the two normal faults nearly correspond to the terrain. The NSB is located along the Puqiangang-Dazhibo fault, which is assessed as a segmented fault with a dip of 80°-90° and party exposed. The 3D deformations and other studies reveal the present activities of earthquakes, volcanoes and the faults. The small earthquakes will still occur in the NS belt and the volcanoes are not active now.

Baossi–Warack monogenetic volcanoes, Adamawa Plateau,Cameroon: petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry

Three monogenetic cones in the Baossi–Warack area, Ngaoundéré, Adamawa Plateau forming part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line(CVL) are documented in this study. Basaltic lavas(<1 km^3) scattered around these vents and restricted volcaniclastic deposits were emplaced by Hawaiian and mild strombolian style eruptions. The lavas are porphyritic, mainly composed of olivine(chrysolite) and clinopyroxene(diopside and augite) phenocrysts and plagioclase(andesine) microphenocrysts. Accessory minerals include titano-magnetite and titano-hematite, nepheline,apatite and amphibole xenocrysts. Sanidine occurs in some samples and sodi-potassic albite in others. Some olivines and clinopyroxenes exhibit resorbed margins and thin reaction rims while plagioclase displays oscillatory zoning, and sieved textures as a result of magma mixing. Whole-rock geochemistry data indicates that the lavas are silica-undersaturated, composed of basanites and basalts, showing little compositional variations(SiO_2: 39.20 wt.%–48.01 wt.%,MgO: 5.29 wt.%–9.70 wt.%). Trace elements patterns of these lavas suggest they are enriched in LILE including Pb,probably due to crustal contamination. REE patterns suggest cogenetic magmas below Baossi 1 and Baossi 2 volcanoes,and distinct sources below Warack volcano and nearby lavas.The lavas studied show affinity to high-μ(HIMU), enriched type Ⅰ(EM1) and Oceanic Island Basalt(OIB)-like mantle signatures and thus indicate a heterogeneous mantle source underneath the vents as noted at other monogenetic and polygenetic volcanoes along the CVL. Primary melts derived from low degrees of partial melting(0.5%–2%) and encountered low rates of fractionation, and crustal contamination coupled with magma mixing. These melts evolved independently through structural weaknesses in the basement.

Deep geodynamics of far field interconti- nental back-arc extension: Formation of Cenozoic volcanoes in northeastern China

There are three cases of variation of trench location possible to occur during subduction: trench fixed, trench ad- vancing, and trench retreating. Retreat of trench may lead to back-arc extension. The Pacific plate subducts at low angle beneath the Eurasia plate, tomographic results indicate that the subducted Pacific slab does not penetrate the 670 km discontinuity, instead, it is lying flat above the interface. The flattening occurred about 28 Ma ago. Geo- dynamic computation suggests: when the frontier of the subducted slab reaches the phase boundary of lower and upper mantle, it may be hindered and turn flat lying above the boundary, facilitates the retreat of trench and back-arc extension. Volcanism in northeastern China is likely a product of such retreat of subduction, far field back-arc extension, and melting due to reduce of pressure while mantle upwelling.

FEASIBLE STUDY ON THE INTEGRATION SYSTEM FOR THE SPACE MONITORING OF MAJOR EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES IN TERRESTRIAL LAND

With the rapid development of space technology,earth observation tech nology and sky observatory technolo-gy,they have played a more and more im portant part in monitoring and predi cting of earthquakes and volcanoes i n the terres-trial land.In recent years,the rela ted agencies have done the experimen ts and researches on monitoring and p redicting of earthquakes and volcanoes in the forewarning period by means of many appr oaches,such as satellite thermal in frared re-mote sensing(TIRS),Global Positioning System(GPS),differential interferometric syn thesis aperture radar(D-INSAR),astronomical time-latitude residual anomaly,and Geographic Information Systems (GIS),etc.A quite large number of re-search foundation has been built in t he fundamental theories and applica tion methods.The experiments and re searches have shown that these technology is e fficient methods for high frequency crust movement.If the existed separate scientific forces and results are possibly asse mbled together to form a more complete integration monitoring system wit h the combina-tion of space,sky observation,grou nd,deep geology and macro anomaly,i t will come into a new stage of monitoring and predicting of earthquakes and volca nic eruptions.

Mud volcanoes in the South Caspian basin: Nature and estimated depth of its products

In paper based on the results of previous studies and latest investigations of mud volcanoes in the South Caspian basin the depth occurrence of fluid, mud and rocks are calculated and modeled. Major factors causing formation of diapirism/mud volcanism in the South Caspian basin are Pliocene-Quaternary high sedimentation rates (up to 3 km/my), super thick sedimentary cover (up to 25-30 km), predominance of clayey rocks (reaching 80%) in the section, low temperatures (with 15℃-18℃/km gradient), overpressures reaching lithostatic, the onset of petroleum generation lowered to considerable depths. The majority of the mud volcanoes are associated with the petroleum bearing structures. Depths where the liquid, gaseous and solid products of mud volcanoes are sourced appear to be different. The gases have the deepest roots (7-15 km) which are the main force in formation and activity of MVs. Source of the fluidized clayey mass does not lie below 3-4 km. Oils emitted by mud volcanoes are the product of destruction of petroleum accumulations occurring beneath them.

Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of Kohe Siahvolcanoes, North Qorveh, Sanandaj, Iran

The KoheSiah Volcanoes are located in the North of Qorveh city in the west of Iran. The KoheSiah volcanoes include several craters bearing domes located in the Kordestan Province, between latitudes 35&#176;23'13.54” to 35&#176;21'26.63”N and longitudes 47&#176;54'38.26”E to 47&#176;56'01.42”E. Based on the petrographic and geochemical analysis, the volcanic rocks in the KoheSiah area are classified as basalt, Alkali basalt, trachy-andesites and mugearite. The studied samples are alkaline with sodic to potasic feature based on Na2O/K2O ratios and belonging to Shoshonite series. Most of the alkaline volcanic rocks in the study area fall in the field of within in plate basalts (WPB) and represent of a mantle metasomatism trend associated with variable degrees in the partial melting of an enriched mantle source.

Yanshan, Gaoshan-Two Active Volcanoes of the Volcanic Cluster in Arshan, Inner Mongolia

The volcanic cluster in Arshan, inner Mongolia, is located in the west of the middle section of the Da Hinggan Mountains. There are more than forty Cenozoic volcanoes among which the Yanshan Volcano and Gaoshan Volcano are the active ones in broad sense and basaltic central vents. Arshan is a newly found volcanic active region in the Chinese continent. The volcanoes are perfectly preserved and composed of cinder cones, pyroclastic sheets and lava flows. Their cones are grand and the Gaoshan cone is about 362m high, and the depth of the Yanshan crater is about 140m. The pyroclastic sheet is mainly made up of scoria, and the distribution area of scoria with thickness more than i m is about 27km^2 . There are two Carbonized-wood sites in the pyroclastic sheet and the ^14C datings indicate ages of 1990±100a B. P and 1900 ±70a B. P, which are rectified by dendrodating. Basaltic lava flows are uncovered, and they change from pahoehoe in the early stage to aa in the later stage. There are lots of perfect fumarolic cones, fumarolic dishes and lava tumulus in the front zones. The spread of lava flow is controlled by the local topography and its main body flowed northwestwards covering the Holocene rivers and swamp deposits and blocked up the Halahahe river and its branches to create six lava-dam lakes. For these distinguishing features, Arshan volcanic cluster could be called another natural “Volcano Museum”.

Combustion Metamorphic Rocks as a Sign of Ancient Mud Volcanoes

Zones of combustion metamorphism(CM)are frequently associated with oil fields and adjacent bituminous marine sediments.A typical example is the Mottled Zone(MZ)complexes located within carbonate strata at the western margin of the Arabian petroleum province(Israel,Jordan).Being localized upon the eroded surface of Upper Cretaceous stratum, the MZ complexes are composed of brecciated sediments of the underlying Cretaceous sequence uplifted from depths of at least 1.5 km.They

The formation of explosive volcanos at the circum-Pacific convergent margin during the last century

The circum-Pacific convergent margin is known as"the Ring of Fire",with abundant volcano eruptions.Large eruptions are rare but very disastrous.It remains obscure how are large explosive volcanos formed and where are the danger zones.Three largest eruptions since 1900,the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai,the Mt.Pinatubo,and the Novarupta were found to be associated with subductions of volatile-rich sediments and located close to slab windows.Among them,the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai is close to subducting seamount chains;the Mt.Pinatubo is right next to subducting fossil ridges.Both seamount chains and fossil ridges have water depths much shallower than the carbonate compensation depths(CCD)in the Pacific Ocean.Seismic image shows that a seamount is subducting towards the Novarupta volcano.Subduction of volatile-rich sediments and a slab window nearby are the two most important favorable conditions for catastrophic eruptions.Slab windows expose the mantle wedge to the hot asthenosphere,which increases the temperature and dramatically promotes the partial melting of the carbonate-fluxed domains,forming volatile-rich magmas that powered explosive eruptions.

Seismic Signature Analysis for Clarification of Mud Volcanoes from the New Mud Diapirs Discovered at the NE-SW Moroccan Atlantic Margin

Our aim is to clarify mud volcanoes from the new mud diapirs resulting from the seismic attributes analysis applied to the low resolution Burmah oil “1973-1974” seismic data. The latter was carried out on the Larache and Tanger-Larache offshores from the NE-SW Atlantic margin. The high resolution seismic data was essential for this evaluation. In this case, we applied seismic signature analysis to four seismic profiles from the map of the seismic data set, which includes all new mud diapirs. This helped us to classify different types of mud diapirs within the seismic profiles. And as a result, six deep mud diapirs from the Prerifaine Nappe of Morocco, a shallow mud diapir, and four seafloor-piercing mud diapirs have been observed. Furthermore, the seafloor-piercing mud diapirs show a mushroom-shaped and conical-shaped cone. As they break through the seafloor, these kinds of cones characterize mud volcanoes. In this case, we may conclude that the resultant seafloor-piercing mud diapirs are likely to be mud volcanoes. However, more geological sampling and seafloor observation are still required.

Towards a Volumetric Variation of Lake Kivu Gases by the Nyamulagira and Nyiragongo Volcanoes

After the volcanic eruption of January 17th, 2002, Goma Volcano Observatory (OVG) initiated carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring in the fractures south of the Nyiragongo volcano and at the northern edge of Lake Kivu. During the period from March 17th, 2017 to June 10th, 2020, twice a week, a GA 5000 gasometer was used for CO2 in the fractures as well as in the mazukus, respectively, as part of a project funded by the Kingdom of the Netherlands through the Lake Kivu Monitoring Program (LKMP) in Rwanda. The level of volcanic activity was determined by the volume of gas emitted by the volcano and measured by a DOAS and the seismicity measured by a network of 15 seismometers managed by the OVG. The results show that the concentration of CO2 in the active fractures from recent Nyiragongo eruptions varies with volcanic activity and the occurrence of a large earthquake in the East African Rift;but in the mazukus there is almost no relationship between CO2 content and volcanic activity. The study also shows that the influence of carbon dioxide in mazukus on the carbon dioxide into the Lake Kivu waters remains a major research question. The purpose of this study is to establish the relationship between the existing Carbon Dioxide (mazukus) in the Northern watershed and that of the deep waters of Lake Kivu.

Volcanoes

In the past thousand years,volcanoes have claimed more than 300,000 lives. Volcanology is ayoung and dangerous science that helps us against the power of the Earth itself.We live on a fiery planet. Nearly 2000 miles beneath our feet, the Earth's inner core reachestemperatures of 12,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Molten rock or magma, rises to the earth's surface. Acold, rigid crust fractured into some twenty plates. When magma breaks through crust it

A Seismic Facies Analysis to Determine the Relative Age and History of the Al Idrissi Mud Volcano from Offshore Larache Located in the NW Moroccan Atlantic Margin

Formed on top of the Gulf of Cadiz, the Al Idrissi mud volcano is the shallowest and largest mud volcano in the El Arraiche mud volcano field of the northwestern Moroccan margin. The development and morphology of mud volcanoes from the El Arraiche mud volcanoes group have been studied at a large scale. However, the time interval related to their formation period still needs to be better understood. In this regard, we interpreted and analyzed the seismic facies from the 2D reflection data of the GEOMARGEN-1 campaign, which took place in 2011. The aim was to identify the seismic sequences and draw the Al Idrissi mud volcano system to determine the formation period of the Al Idriss mud volcano. And as a result, the Al Idrissi mud volcano system is made of both buried and superficial bicone and was identified along with the Upper Tortonian to Messinian-Upper Pliocene facies. As the initial mud volcano extrusive edifice, the buried bicone was formed in the Late-Messinian to Early-Pliocene period. However, the superficial bicone, as the final extrusive edifice, was included in the Late Pliocene. In this case, the timing interval between the buried and superficial bicone is equivalent to the Late-Messinian to Upper-Pliocene period. Therefore, the latter corresponds to the Al Idrissi mud volcano formation period.

Earthquake, Volcano and Earth Rotation Harmonics

Earthquake prediction is considered impossible for there is no scientific way to find the date and time, the location, and the magnitude of an earthquake. A new idea is introduced in this paper—earth rotation harmonics triggered natural volcano and earthquake. With earth rotation harmonics response model for a location, it could be possible to calculate the earthquake date and time, and the magnitude. Properties of earth rotation harmonics triggered earthquake are discussed and verified with earthquake data from USGS website. Also, both earth tide and ocean tide effects on earthquake are discussed and verified with earthquake data—tides did not trigger the natural earthquake, they only affect the earthquake activities and time.

全球火山活动时空分布特征及其对强震活动趋势的指示

基于史密森学会火山目录分析了全球火山活动的时空特征,并结合中国地震台网目录讨论了火山活动对全球和中国大陆强震活动趋势的指示意义。结果显示:①全球火山活动表现出较为显著的百年周期特征,且百年周期内火山活动和M≥8.0大震之间存在着频次准同步和能量互补现象;②中国大陆1955年前后强震活动状态的变化可能与同期全球火山活动状态变化密切相关,且二者可能受控于百年周期内地球内部能量积累与释放的状态变化;③2022年汤加火山的剧烈喷发意味着地球内部能量仍在持续释放。结合全球M8地震和中国大陆M7浅源地震的活动特征,认为当前及未来一段时间全球及中国大陆的大震活动状态可能与二十世纪上半叶相似。

瑞利波相速度和椭圆率与远震P波联合反演蒙古中南部地壳高分辨率S波速度结构

利用蒙古中南部台阵记录的连续背景噪声数据、天然地震面波数据和远震P波波形数据,开展瑞利波相速度、椭圆率和远震P波叠加波形的联合反演,建立了蒙古中南部地壳三维S波速度模型.结果显示,蒙古中南部的瑞利波相速度及椭圆率、沉积基底深度、莫霍面深度、地壳S波速度在蒙古—鄂霍茨克缝合线和蒙古主构造线南北两侧分布均有明显差异,暗示了这两条缝合线至少为地壳级别的分界.中戈壁火山和Bus-Obo火山在地壳内相互连通,在下地壳存在大面积低速层.我们推测杭盖穹隆上地幔热物质上涌在中戈壁带地壳底部形成岩浆囊,为这两座板内火山活动提供了岩浆来源.

洋中脊动力学与俯冲带地震-岩浆-成矿事件远程效应

板块俯冲带和大陆岩浆弧的深部过程与极端地质事件之间存在密切的关系。板块俯冲与造山过程会导致地震、岩浆活动和成矿等事件的发生。这些极端事件的发生与俯冲过程中的壳幔相互作用、地幔楔形成、岩石圈部分熔融、构造-岩浆活动等因素密切相关。然而,人们对洋中脊新生地壳的不均匀性或先天“缺陷”对以上的极端事件的长远影响和远程效应了解甚少。在洋中脊新的地壳形成过程中,由于受到板块扩张、压力降低、软流圈物质上涌等因素的作用,导致新生地壳温度升高、孔隙度和裂缝发育、密度降低、结构复杂的正反馈过程。因此,新生地壳在密度、强度、温度、厚度等方面存在非均质性。这些地壳的差异性将影响和决定板块在扩张和俯冲过程中的行为,并对板块俯冲作用形成的地震、岩浆和成矿等事件产生远程影响。以太平洋俯冲和安第斯造山带为例研究发现,板块运动速度、板块俯冲角度、板片撕裂、岩石圈厚度、Moho面深度等的突变与地震、火山和斑岩矿床的时空分布存在远程关联效应,这些认知对预测板块俯冲-碰撞带发生的极端地质事件的时空分布具有重要意义。

基于GPS TEC的2022年1月15日汤加火山喷发激起的电离层行扰分析

2022年1月15日南太平洋汤加海底火山发生剧烈喷发,是近30年来最大规模的火山爆发,产生的强烈大气波动为开展火山喷发电离层扰动研究提供了难得的机会。本文利用GPS数据探测火山附近、新西兰、澳大利亚和中国地区的电离层扰动,从波形、频率、传播速度和时空分布等角度分析汤加火山喷发电离层行扰(TIDs)的特征,并利用电离层测高站、海平面监测站和大气压监测站的观测数据进一步验证TIDs的传播特征。研究结果发现,汤加火山喷发在其附近区域、新西兰、澳大利亚和中国地区引起了3类TIDs。在火山附近东、西、南、北方向上均探测到第一类TIDs, TIDs的传播速度为617~972 m/s,该类TIDs极有可能由火山喷发产生的声波引起。汤加火山喷发仅在火山附近东、西方向引起第二类TIDs,其传播速度分别为472 m/s和418 m/s,可能由声波传播过程中衍生的声重力波或者混合波引起,形成机理有待进一步研究。汤加火山喷发在新西兰、澳大利亚和中国地区引发了第三类TIDs,其传播速度为328~352 m/s,该类TIDs与Lamb波密切相关。

宋·天灾地祸不单行——漫步地震五千年(11)

宋代遭遇了远古以来最严重的自然灾害链-第3次气候寒冷期、940年长白山火山的千年大喷发、1038年以后的一系列地震和地震水患,严重地冲击了社会。本文介绍了地震的3种基本类型-构造地震、火山地震和陷落地震。重点讨论了中国的火山分布、火山地震的类型和近代火山喷发的实例,火山与浅源地震、火山与深源地震的关系。我国的深源地震主要位于吉林省珲春地区,与日本海沟的板片俯冲有直接关系。最后,简介了火山爆发的力学机制。