According to the second law of thermodynamics, as currently understood, any given transit of a system along the reversible path proceeds with a total entropy change equal to zero. The fact that this condition is also ...According to the second law of thermodynamics, as currently understood, any given transit of a system along the reversible path proceeds with a total entropy change equal to zero. The fact that this condition is also the identifier of thermodynamic equilibrium, makes each and every point along the reversible path a state of equilibrium, and the reversible path, as expressed by a noted thermodynamic author, “a dense succession of equilibrium states”. The difficulties with these notions are plural. The fact, for example, that systems need to be forced out of equilibrium via the expenditure of work, would make any spontaneous reversible process a consumer of work, this in opposition to common thermodynamic wisdom that makes spontaneous reversible processes the most efficient transformers of work-producing-potential into actual work. The solution to this and other related impasses is provided by Dialectical Thermodynamics via its previously proved notion assigning a negative entropy change to the energy upgrading process represented by the transformation of heat into work. The said solution is here exemplified with the ideal-gas phase isomerization of butane into isobutane.展开更多
Arabic dialect identification is essential in Natural Language Processing(NLP)and forms a critical component of applications such as machine translation,sentiment analysis,and cross-language text generation.The diffic...Arabic dialect identification is essential in Natural Language Processing(NLP)and forms a critical component of applications such as machine translation,sentiment analysis,and cross-language text generation.The difficulties in differentiating between Arabic dialects have garnered more attention in the last 10 years,particularly in social media.These difficulties result from the overlapping vocabulary of the dialects,the fluidity of online language use,and the difficulties in telling apart dialects that are closely related.Managing dialects with limited resources and adjusting to the ever-changing linguistic trends on social media platforms present additional challenges.A strong dialect recognition technique is essential to improving communication technology and cross-cultural understanding in light of the increase in social media usage.To distinguish Arabic dialects on social media,this research suggests a hybrid Deep Learning(DL)approach.The Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM)architectures make up the model.A new textual dataset that focuses on three main dialects,i.e.,Levantine,Saudi,and Egyptian,is also available.Approximately 11,000 user-generated comments from Twitter are included in this dataset,which has been painstakingly annotated to guarantee accuracy in dialect classification.Transformers,DL models,and basic machine learning classifiers are used to conduct several tests to evaluate the performance of the suggested model.Various methodologies,including TF-IDF,word embedding,and self-attention mechanisms,are used.The suggested model fares better than other models in terms of accuracy,obtaining a remarkable 96.54%,according to the trial results.This study advances the discipline by presenting a new dataset and putting forth a practical model for Arabic dialect identification.This model may prove crucial for future work in sociolinguistic studies and NLP.展开更多
Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.T...Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.Twenty-nine English learners of Huangshi dialect are surveyed about their living and education environment,their second language acquisition and Mandarin learning in an attempt to prove the existence of dialect interference on Mandarin and the second language acquisition and explain the reasons of the difference among dialect,Mandarin and the second language acquisition,based on sound analysis.展开更多
As the main components of Northwestern mandarin,Xi'an dialect and Baoji dialect share similarities and disparities in many aspects.By making comparisons between Xi'an and Baoji dialects in terms of lexicon and...As the main components of Northwestern mandarin,Xi'an dialect and Baoji dialect share similarities and disparities in many aspects.By making comparisons between Xi'an and Baoji dialects in terms of lexicon and syntax,this paper observes how mandarin has exerted impact on the two dialects above and finds out that Xi'an dialect is influenced more deeply by mandarin than Baoji dialect.展开更多
Simile,as an important figure of speech,is widely used in various texts.And it has its own feature and different subtypes,which require that the translation methods-literal translation and free translation should be a...Simile,as an important figure of speech,is widely used in various texts.And it has its own feature and different subtypes,which require that the translation methods-literal translation and free translation should be adopted dialectically in accordance with the content or form of the similes.Actually,free translation based on literal translation is much better even though adding some extensions or footnotes is employed,too.展开更多
Dalian dialect is one kind of Northern dialect.Its formation is due to many factors including history,geographical location,Shandong dialect and influence from Russia and Japan.This paper analyzes the main difference ...Dalian dialect is one kind of Northern dialect.Its formation is due to many factors including history,geographical location,Shandong dialect and influence from Russia and Japan.This paper analyzes the main difference between Dalian dialect and Standard Chinese,also presents the characteristics of Dalian dialect in four aspects: phonology,morphology,syntax and slangs.展开更多
文摘According to the second law of thermodynamics, as currently understood, any given transit of a system along the reversible path proceeds with a total entropy change equal to zero. The fact that this condition is also the identifier of thermodynamic equilibrium, makes each and every point along the reversible path a state of equilibrium, and the reversible path, as expressed by a noted thermodynamic author, “a dense succession of equilibrium states”. The difficulties with these notions are plural. The fact, for example, that systems need to be forced out of equilibrium via the expenditure of work, would make any spontaneous reversible process a consumer of work, this in opposition to common thermodynamic wisdom that makes spontaneous reversible processes the most efficient transformers of work-producing-potential into actual work. The solution to this and other related impasses is provided by Dialectical Thermodynamics via its previously proved notion assigning a negative entropy change to the energy upgrading process represented by the transformation of heat into work. The said solution is here exemplified with the ideal-gas phase isomerization of butane into isobutane.
基金the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Qassim University for financial support(QU-APC-2024-9/1).
文摘Arabic dialect identification is essential in Natural Language Processing(NLP)and forms a critical component of applications such as machine translation,sentiment analysis,and cross-language text generation.The difficulties in differentiating between Arabic dialects have garnered more attention in the last 10 years,particularly in social media.These difficulties result from the overlapping vocabulary of the dialects,the fluidity of online language use,and the difficulties in telling apart dialects that are closely related.Managing dialects with limited resources and adjusting to the ever-changing linguistic trends on social media platforms present additional challenges.A strong dialect recognition technique is essential to improving communication technology and cross-cultural understanding in light of the increase in social media usage.To distinguish Arabic dialects on social media,this research suggests a hybrid Deep Learning(DL)approach.The Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM)architectures make up the model.A new textual dataset that focuses on three main dialects,i.e.,Levantine,Saudi,and Egyptian,is also available.Approximately 11,000 user-generated comments from Twitter are included in this dataset,which has been painstakingly annotated to guarantee accuracy in dialect classification.Transformers,DL models,and basic machine learning classifiers are used to conduct several tests to evaluate the performance of the suggested model.Various methodologies,including TF-IDF,word embedding,and self-attention mechanisms,are used.The suggested model fares better than other models in terms of accuracy,obtaining a remarkable 96.54%,according to the trial results.This study advances the discipline by presenting a new dataset and putting forth a practical model for Arabic dialect identification.This model may prove crucial for future work in sociolinguistic studies and NLP.
文摘Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.Twenty-nine English learners of Huangshi dialect are surveyed about their living and education environment,their second language acquisition and Mandarin learning in an attempt to prove the existence of dialect interference on Mandarin and the second language acquisition and explain the reasons of the difference among dialect,Mandarin and the second language acquisition,based on sound analysis.
文摘As the main components of Northwestern mandarin,Xi'an dialect and Baoji dialect share similarities and disparities in many aspects.By making comparisons between Xi'an and Baoji dialects in terms of lexicon and syntax,this paper observes how mandarin has exerted impact on the two dialects above and finds out that Xi'an dialect is influenced more deeply by mandarin than Baoji dialect.
文摘Simile,as an important figure of speech,is widely used in various texts.And it has its own feature and different subtypes,which require that the translation methods-literal translation and free translation should be adopted dialectically in accordance with the content or form of the similes.Actually,free translation based on literal translation is much better even though adding some extensions or footnotes is employed,too.
文摘Dalian dialect is one kind of Northern dialect.Its formation is due to many factors including history,geographical location,Shandong dialect and influence from Russia and Japan.This paper analyzes the main difference between Dalian dialect and Standard Chinese,also presents the characteristics of Dalian dialect in four aspects: phonology,morphology,syntax and slangs.
