Au@SiO_2纳米Yolk/shell结构的可控合成及表征

在合成贵金属Au纳米颗粒的基础上,利用种子生长法制备Au@ZnO纳米核壳结构,以正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,并利用酸刻蚀ZnO包裹层得到Au@SiO2纳米Yolk/shell结构,采用透射电子显微镜、紫外–可见分光光度仪等对样品的形貌、结构及稳定性进行了系统的表征。

“Yolk-shell”结构中高效双酶级联催化体系的构筑

合成了一种生物-无机杂化材料ZIF-8@GOx-CPO@ZIF-8,该材料以具有“蛋黄-壳(Yolk-shell)”结构的金属有机框架(MOF)为载体,将葡萄糖氧化酶(GOx)和氯过氧化物酶(CPO)封装在不同隔离空间中构建了双酶纳米反应器.“Yolk-shell”结构可为封装的酶提供纳米邻近效应,GOx催化底物原位生成的H_(2)O_(2)可启动相邻的CPO催化反应,有效减少了反应物的扩散阻力和H_(2)O_(2)的分解和逃逸,同时避免了两种酶催化反应的相互影响.与均相缓冲液中的游离酶相比,ZIF-8@GOx-CPO@ZIF-8的级联催化效率更高.由于MOF的屏蔽效应,酶的热稳定性和有机溶剂耐受性显著提高.“Yolk-shell”结构还可有效抑制材料重复使用过程中酶分子的泄漏,经过20次重复使用后,ZIF-8@GOx-CPO@ZIF-8仍可保持初始级联催化效率的72%.将ZIF-8@GOx-CPO@ZIF-8双酶级联反应生成的HClO应用于偶氮染料的高效脱色和水果保鲜.在1 mg/mL ZIF-8@GOx-CPO@ZIF-8水溶液中,橙黄G(0.3 mmol/L)在15 min内可完成脱色(脱色率>98%).在新鲜草莓的杀菌保鲜实验中,ZIF-8@GOx-CPO@ZIF-8也显示出良好效果.ZIF-8@GOx-CPO@ZIF-8双酶级联催化体系具有高效、稳定、温和及绿色的特点,极具应用潜力.

聚苯乙烯/聚吡咯Yolk-Shell结构微粒的制备

Yolk-Shell中空微球由于其独特的结构,在催化剂、电池、生物医药等领域具有潜在应用,引起了高分子材料微球领域专家的研究兴趣。采用界面化学氧化聚合法制备了具有Yolk-Shell结构的聚苯乙烯/聚吡咯微粒。首先以惰性溶剂对二甲苯(PX)溶胀聚苯乙烯种子微球,然后通过界面化学氧化聚合在其表面包覆一层聚吡咯,形成具有核壳结构的复合微粒。随着PX的挥发,微粒的内核与外壳逐渐产生分离,从而在其内部形成连续的空腔。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、热重分析仪(TGA)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等对微粒的形貌、热性能及结构组成进行了表征分析,探究了吡咯聚合条件、吡咯用量、PX用量以及种子微球粒径等因素对微粒形貌的影响。结果表明,室温条件下进行吡咯的聚合可制备出Yolk-Shell中空微球;随着吡咯用量的减少,微粒的分散性明显改善;随着PX用量的增加,复合微粒空腔变大;相对于CPS微球,以非交联PS微球为种子制备得到的复合微粒空腔更大,且粒径越大,空腔结构越明显。

MOF衍生的Yolk-Shell结构NiCo/C复合材料的电磁波吸收性能

金属有机框架(MOF)衍生的多孔金属/碳复合材料由于具有大的表面积和孔体积,引起了电磁波吸收领域研究者的广泛关注。本文采用溶剂热法合成双金属NiCo-MOF,再通过煅烧制备了具有Yolk-shell结构的NiCo/C复合材料,采用SEM、XRD、拉曼光谱以及磁强计(VSM)等分析方法对比研究了不同Ni、Co质量比对NiCo/C复合材料吸波性能的影响。结果表明,随着Ni、Co质量比的变化,吸波性能发生了显著的改变。在9.4 GHz的频率下,Ni_(1)Co_(1)/C复合材料的性能达到最佳,最小反射损耗为-56.8 dB,有效吸收带宽为5.5 GHz。分析该复合材料的吸波机理发现,电磁波的多重反射、界面极化损耗、自然共振和交换共振是导致其吸波性能提高的重要原因。本文的研究结果为纳米多孔双金属MOF复合材料的制备与性能研究提供了研究思路。

基于Shell单元的压力容器结构安全与性能评价

为了考察在大型薄壁压力容器结构分析中Shell单元对结构安全评价产生的影响和误差,对某一工程实用结构的开孔接管问题,分别应用Shell和Plane单元进行结构建模,然后按应力分类准则对结构的安全性进行评价。通过数据比较发现了Plane单元和实体Solid单元在结构安全性能评价中的差别,并根据具体的计算结果指出了2种单元对于同一个问题评价结果的不同。证明采用Shell单元的计算结果进行工程压力容器结构评价的某些局限性,并且提出了Shell单元所建立的曲面模型的适用条件以及进行分析评价的若干原则。

介孔yolk-shell型Co_3O_4@mSiO_2纳米反应器降解水中的苯酚

本文分别采用双溶液注射法和选择性刻蚀法合成了单核和多核两种介孔yolk-shell型Co_3O_4@mSiO_2(介孔Si O2)纳米反应器.并对比了两种纳米反应器和纳米Co_3O_4颗粒催化过一硫酸氢钾(KHSO_5)去除水中苯酚的效果.结果显示,两种纳米反应器催化KHSO_5降解苯酚的效率在相同反应条件下分别比纳米Co_3O_4颗粒提高18.8%和26.7%,说明多核型纳米反应器催化性能更好.进一步研究pH值、KHSO_5与苯酚物质的量之比n_(KHSO_5)∶n_(C_6H_6O)和材料投加量m_(cata)对苯酚降解的影响,发现多核型纳米反应器的最佳反应条件为pH=7,n_(KHSO_5)∶n_(C_6H_6O)=10∶1,m_(cata)=0.8 g·L^(-1).最后,结合催化活性和吸附实验,以及XRD、XPS、STEM、BET等手段,分析了纳米反应器的形貌、结构、元素形态和比表面积,并推断反应机理.结果显示,纳米反应器的主体结构为均匀分散的SiO_2中空微球,粒径约为300 nm,表面布满介孔,并拥有极大的比表面积,能有效吸附水中的苯酚并将其富集于纳米反应器中,同时mSiO_2微球中形成的Co_3O_4内核催化KHSO_5产生硫酸根自由基(SO_4^(·-))降解水中的苯酚,纳米反应器的吸附、富集和限域作用强化了苯酚的降解.

利用ANSYS Shell181单元分析钢结构问题

讨论了在大型有限元软件ANSYS中利用于钢结构材料的Shell181单元,介绍了利用ANSYS进行有限元分析的主要步骤,利用Shell181单元对门式刚架进行了分析,结果表明,用Shell181单元模拟钢结构材料所得的云图等能较好地反映门式钢架的破坏特征。

多核yolk-shell型Co_3O_4@mSiO_2纳米反应器降解双酚A

采用阳离子表面活性剂协助的自模板法合成了中空介孔Si O_2微球(HMSS),然后向含HMSS的悬浮液中加入醋酸钴溶液和氨水,让两种溶液经HMSS表面介孔进入空腔中反应生成Co_3O_4内核,合成了多核yolk-shell型Co_3O_4@m Si O_2(介孔Si O_2)纳米反应器.结合XRD、XPS、SEM、STEM、BET等手段,分析了纳米反应器的形貌、结构、元素形态和比表面积.结果显示纳米反应器均匀分散,粒径约为300nm,表面布满介孔,内部分布大量Co_3O_4纳米粒子,拥有极大的比表面积161m^2/g,远大于Co_3O_4纳米粒子的比表面积35m^2/g,能有效吸附双酚A(BPA),1h吸附容量达12.7mg/g.多核yolk-shell型Co_3O_4@m Si O_2纳米反应器能高效催化过一硫酸氢盐(PMS)降解BPA,2h降解率达81.8%,远高于Co_3O_4纳米粒子的降解率51.3%,同时能节省PMS的投加量,避免水中盐度过高.此外,合成的纳米反应器具有很好的再利用性,在p H值3~9范围内表现出稳定而高效的催化性能.

“Shell”煤气化技术改造氮肥原料结构

在对我国氮肥企业原料结构的现状和氮肥原料资源优势分析的基础上,通过具体事例从技术和经济两方面探讨了“Shell”煤气化技术改造氮肥原料结构的适用性。

2D hierarchical yolk-shell heterostructures as advanced host-interlayer integrated electrode for enhanced Li-S batteries

Lithium sulfur(Li-S)batteries hold great promising for high-energy-density batteries,but appear rapid capacity fading due to the lack of overall and elaborated design of both sulfur host and interlayer.Herein,we developed a novel two-dimensional(2D)hierarchical yolk-shell heterostructure,constructed by a graphene yolk,2D void and outer shell of vertically aligned carbon-mediated MoS2 nanosheets(G@void@MoS2/C),as advanced host-interlayer integrated electrode for Li-S batteries.Notably,the 2D void,with a typical thickness of^80 nm,provided suitable space for loading and confining nano sulfur,and vertically aligned ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets guaranteed enriched catalytically active sites to effectively promote the transition of soluble polysulfides.The conductive graphene yolk and carbon mediated shell sufficiently accelerated electron transport.Therefore,the integrated electrode of G@void@MoS2/C not only exceptionally confined the sulfur/polysulfides in 2D yolk-shell heterostructures,but also achieved catalytic transition of the residual polysulfides dissolved in electrolyte to solid Li2S2/Li2S,both of which synergistically achieved an extremely low capacity fading rate of 0.05%per cycle over 1000 times at 2C,outperforming most reported Mo based cathodes and interlayers for Li-S batteries.2D hierarchical yolkshell heterostructures developed here may shed new insight on elaborated design of integrated electrodes for Li-S batteries.

Design and Synthesis of Cu@CuS Yolk–Shell Structures with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

Non-spherical Cu@Cu S yolk–shell structures are successfully obtained using Cu_2 O cube templates in a process combining rapid surface sulfidation followed by disproportionation of the Cu_2 O core upon treatment with a hydrochloric acid solution. By employing the above method,Cu@Cu S yolk–shell structures with different morphologies,including octahedral, truncated octahedral, and cuboctahedral shapes, can be synthesized. The void space within the hollow structures provides a unique confined space, where the metallic copper present in the core of a shell can be protected from agglomeration and oxidation. Furthermore,the presence of metal copper in these hollow structurescontributes to improvement in the photocatalytic properties of these materials. The application of these Cu@Cu S structures indeed shows clearly improved photocatalytic performance.

Facile Approach to Synthesize Gold Nanorod@Polyacrylic Acid/Calcium Phosphate Yolk–Shell Nanoparticles for Dual-Mode Imaging and pH/NIR-Responsive Drug Delivery

A facile strategy to fabricate gold nanorod@polyacrylic acid/calcium phosphate(Au NR@-PAA/Ca P) yolk–shell nanoparticles(NPs) composed with a PAA/Ca P shell and an Au NR yolk is reported. The asobtained Au NR@PAA/Ca P yolk–shell NPs possess ultrahigh doxorubicin(DOX) loading capability(1 mg DOX/mg NPs), superior photothermal conversion property(26%)and p H/near-infrared(NIR) dual-responsive drug delivery performance. The released DOX continuously increased due to the damage of the Ca P shell at low p H values. When the DOX-loaded Au NR@PAA/Ca P yolk–shell NPs wereexposed to NIR irradiation, a burst-like drug release occurs owing to the heat produced by the Au NRs. Furthermore,Au NR@PAA/Ca P yolk–shell NPs are successfully employed for synergic dual-mode X-ray computed tomography/photoacoustic imaging and chemo-photothermal cancer therapy. Therefore, this work brings new insights for the synthesis of multifunctional nanomaterials and extends theranostic applications.

A Review: Enhanced Anodes of Li/Na-Ion Batteries Based on Yolk–Shell Structured Nanomaterials

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) have received much attention in energy storage system. In particular, among the great efforts on enhancing the performance of LIBs and SIBs, yolk–shell(YS) structured materials have emerged as a promising strategy toward improving lithium and sodium storage. YS structures possess unique interior void space, large surface area and short diffusion distance, which can solve the problems of volume expansion and aggregation of anode materials, thus enhancing the performance of LIBs and SIBs. In this review, we present a brief overview of recent advances in the novel YS structures of spheres, polyhedrons and rods with controllable morphology and compositions. Enhanced electrochemical performance of LIBs and SIBs based on these novel YS structured anode materials was discussed in detail.

High performance columnar-like Fe2O3@carbon composite anode via yolk@shell structural design

Conversion-type reaction anode materials with high specific capacity are attractive candidates to improve lithium ion batteries(LIBs), yet the rapid capacity fading and poor rate capability caused by drastic volume change and low electronic conductivity greatly hinder their practical applications. To circumvent these issues, the successful design of yolk@shell Fe2 O3@C hybrid composed of a columnar-like Fe2O3 core within a hollow cavity completely surrounded by a thin, self-supported carbon(C) shell is presented as an anode for high-performance LIBs. This yolk@shell structure allows each Fe2O3 core to swell upon lithiation without deforming the carbon shell. This preserves the structural and electrical integrity against pulverization, as revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM) measurement. Benefiting from these structural advantages, the resulting electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity(1013 m Ah g-1 after80 cycles at 0.2 A g-1), outstanding rate capability(710 m Ah g-1 at 8 A g-1) and superior cycling stability(800 m Ah g-1 after 300 cycles at 4 A g-1). A Li-ion full cell using prelithiated yolk@shell Fe2 O3@C hybrid as the anode and commercial Li CoO2(LCO) as the cathode demonstrates impressive cycling stability with a capacity retention of 84.5% after 100 cycles at 1 C rate, holding great promise for future practical applications.

Yolk-shell Si/C composites with multiple Si nanoparticles encapsulated into double carbon shells as lithium-ion battery anodes

The conceptual design of yolk-shell structured Si/C composites is considered to be an effective way to improve the recyclability and conductivity of Si-based anode materials. Herein, a new type of yolk-shell structured Si/C composite (denoted as TSC-PDA-B) has been intelligently designed by rational engineering and precise control. In the novel structure, the multiple Si nanoparticles with small size are successfully encapsulated into the porous carbon shells with double layers benefiting from the strong etching effect of HF. The TSC-PDA-B product prepared is evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The TSC-PDA-B product exhibits an excellent lithium storage performance with a high initial capacity of 2108 mAh g^-1 at a current density of 100 mA g^-1 and superior cycling performance of 1113 mAh g^-1 over 200 cycles. The enhancement of lithium storage performance may be attributed to the construction of hybrid structure including small Si nanoparticles, high surface area, and double carbon shells, which can not only increase electrical conductiv让y and intimate electrical contact with Si nanoparticles, but also provide built-in buffer voids for Si nanoparticles to expand freely without damaging the carbon layer. The present findings can provide some scientific insights into the design and the application of advanced Si-based anode materials in energy storage fields.

Advanced yolk-shell nanoparticles as nanoreactors for energy conversion

Yolk‐shell structured nanoparticles are of immense scientific and technological interests because of their unique architecture and myriad of applications.This review summarizes recent progresses in the use of yolk‐shell structured nanoparticles as nanoreactors for various chemical reactions.A very brief overview of synthetic strategies is provided with emphasis on recent research progress in the last five years.Catalytic applications of these yolk‐shell structured nanoreactors are then discussed by covering photocatalysis,methane reforming and electrochemical conversion.The state of the art research and perspective in future development are also highlighted.

Shell气化炉的结构特点及操作维修

详细介绍了Shell气化炉的主要组成(按工艺功能分):气化反应段、急冷段、输气管段、气体返回段、气体冷却段、辅助设备等,总结了气化炉的结构特点:结构复杂、控制点多、操作难度大、制粉系统故障率高等,并对气化炉的安装、操作维修进行了说明,以期对引进技术的消化吸收工作起指导作用。

Metal–Organic Frameworks-Derived Porous Yolk–Shell MoP/Cu_(3)P@carbon Microcages as High-Performance Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Transitional metal phosphides(TMPs)anode materials usually have large volume change and weak diffusion kinetics,leading to poor cycle stability.Combining TMPs with conductive carbon matrix has been widely used to boost sodium storage.However,it still needs to make efforts in the rational and facile design of nano/micro-structural TMPs/carbon hybrid anode material.Herein,a MOFs-derived strategy is developed to synthesize porous yolk–shell Mo P/Cu_(3)P@carbon microcages(Mo P/Cu_(3)P@C)through in situ and confined phosphidation reaction as a high-performance sodium-ion batteries anode.This yolk–shell structure can offer adequate internal space to buffer the large volume expansion,shorten diffusion distance,and create more active sites of Na+.Especially,the Cu nanoparticles generated from Cu_(3)P have remarkable electronic conductivity of 5.73107S m-1(the second most conductive metal)to benefit transporting electrons.And the introduction of Mo(Mo P has high theoretical capacity of 633 mA h g^(-1))can enhance the reversible capacity of the whole anode material.Therefore,these porous yolk–shell Mo P/Cu_(3)P@carbon microcages possess excellent reversible capacity of 307.8 mA h g^(-1)at 1.0 A g^(-1)and extraordinary cycle stability of 132.1 m A h g^(-1)at 5.0 A g^(-1)even after 6000 cycles.

Facile Fabrication of Fe3O4@TiO2@C Yolk–Shell Spheres as Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

Transition metal oxides have been actively exploited for application in lithium ion batteries due to their facile synthesis,high specific capacity,and environmental-friendly.In this paper,Fe3O4@TiO2@C yolk-shell(Y-S)spheres,used as anode material for lithium ion batteries,were successfully fabricated by Stober method.XRD patterns reveal that Fe3O4@TiO2@C Y-S spheres possess a good crystallinity.But the diffraction peaks’intensity of Fe3O4 crystals in the composites is much weaker than that of bare Fe3O4 spheres,indicating that the outer anatase TiO2@C layer can cover up the diffraction peaks of inner Fe3O4 spheres.The yolk-shell structure of Fe3O4@TiO2@C spheres is further characterized by TEM,HAADFSTEM,and EDS mapping.The yolk-shell structure is good for improving the cycling stability of the inner Fe3O4 spheres during lithium ions insertion-extraction processes.When tested at 200 mA/g,the Fe3O4@TiO2@C Y-S spheres can provide a stable discharge capacity of 450 mAh/g over 100 cycles,which is much better than that of bare Fe3O4 spheres and TiO2@C spheres.Furthermore,cyclic voltammetry curves show that the composites have a good cycling stability compared to bare Fe3O4 spheres.