Monitoring seismicity in the southern Sichuan Basin using a machine learning workflow

Monitoring seismicity in real time provides significant benefits for timely earthquake warning and analyses.In this study,we propose an automatic workflow based on machine learning(ML)to monitor seismicity in the southern Sichuan Basin of China.This workflow includes coherent event detection,phase picking,and earthquake location using three-component data from a seismic network.By combining Phase Net,we develop an ML-based earthquake location model called Phase Loc,to conduct real-time monitoring of the local seismicity.The approach allows us to use synthetic samples covering the entire study area to train Phase Loc,addressing the problems of insufficient data samples,imbalanced data distribution,and unreliable labels when training with observed data.We apply the trained model to observed data recorded in the southern Sichuan Basin,China,between September 2018 and March 2019.The results show that the average differences in latitude,longitude,and depth are 5.7 km,6.1 km,and 2 km,respectively,compared to the reference catalog.Phase Loc combines all available phase information to make fast and reliable predictions,even if only a few phases are detected and picked.The proposed workflow may help real-time seismic monitoring in other regions as well.

Statistics of Seismic Tremors with Harmonic Overtones Recorded at Syowa Station, Antarctica: October 2014-March 2015

During the period from October 2014 to March 2015, a total number of 82 seismic tremors and 66 ice-quakes were identified in both three-component short-period seismographs (HES) and broadband seismographs (STS-1) at Syowa Station (SYO), Antarctica. Statistics of the number of these tremors indicated that many tremors were likely to occur when large increases in temperature and/or wind speed during the period. This implied that the rapid increase in temperature enhanced a melting speed of cryosphere environment with generating seismic energy;the tremors were also excited by stormy conditions, associated with interactive resonance between sea-ices and oceanic swells. The characteristic tremors of harmonic overtones with strong amplitudes were explained by repetitive sources, suggesting inter-glacial asperities such as the collision of icebergs and fast sea-ice, calving of glaciers/ice-streams at the coastal environment of Antarctica. These high amplitude tremors occurred independently from other majority types of events, characterized by non-linear, small amplitude and weak signals at the stormy condition and rapid increase in temperature.

Seismic performance of a rectangular subway station with earth retaining system

Much effort has been made in investigating the seismic response and failure mechanism of rectangular subway stations,however,the influence of earth retaining systems has generally been ignored in previous studies.This paper presents a numerical study on the seismic performance of a rectangular subway station with/without earth retaining systems by taking fender piles as the example,and aims to illustrate how the existence of fender piles affects seismic responses on subway stations.The loading conditions of subway stations and their surrounding soils prior to earthquakes are discussed.Next,seismic responses of subway stations with or without fender piles were simulated.Afterward,earthquake-induced deformations of stations and surrounding soils,as well as the internal forces and damage modes of the structural components,were systematically studied.Consequently,the seismic performance of the stations was affected by the existence of fender piles.In addition,earthquake intensity is illustrated.The study showed that deformation modes of surrounding soils and damage modes of stations were different with regard to the existence of fender piles.Meanwhile,earthquake intensity influencing the seismic performance of stations with or without fender piles were found to be opposite.

Investigation on the seismic response of nuclear power stations with a pile-raft foundation using centrifuge tests

Research to reliably predict the seismic response of nuclear power stations with a pile-raft foundation is needed to meet the high safety requirements of nuclear power stations.In this study,a scaled superstructure with a 4×3 pile-raft foundation,which is constructed in Shanxi kaolin clay,is modelled.Accordingly,the characteristics of seismic response for nuclear power stations with a pile-raft foundation are analyzed using dynamic centrifuge tests.In particular,multiple earthquake motions with different magnitudes and frequency properties are utilized to map the relationship between structural response and properties of earthquake motions.The results show that the seismic response of the soil,raft,and structure are significantly affected by the natural frequency and magnitude of the earthquake motion.The soil surface acceleration is lower than the raft acceleration.The results provide a reliable reference to better understand the seismic response of nuclear power stations.

The Source and Observation System of Binchuan Earthquake Signal Transmitting Seismic Station and Its Preliminary Observation Results

This paper summarizes the basic situation of the Binchuan Transmitting Seismic Station and the geophysical observations of the area where it is located,with a focus on the constitution of the observation system of the transmitting seismic station,the excitation characteristics and propagation distance of signals excited by the airgun source in the reservoir and well. The paper also summarizes and discusses on the results of the observations and problems encountered since the Transmitting Seismic Station was built.Finally,this paper proposes the main research to be carried out on the basis of the project aims.

Seismic performance of two-story subway station structures with different isolating systems

When the sliding bearing is fixed only at the top of the middle column of the underground structure,the cracks at the side end of the middle plate should be aggravated while the seismic damage of the mid-column should be alleviated.To enhance the seismic performance of the mid-plate,a new isolation design method has been mentioned while the elastic sliding bearings are set at the top of the mid-columns and between the side end of the mid-plate and the side wall at the same time.By establishing a nonlinear finite element analysis model for the static-dynamic coupling interaction system,the seismic response characteristics of the cast-in-place station structure without a sliding bearing have been analyzed and compared with those of the station structure with the sliding bearing fixed only at the top of the middle columns,and those of the station structure with sliding bearing be fixed between the mid-plate and the sidewall at the same time.The results show that the new isolation station structures suffer fewer earthquake damages at the mid-plate and mid-columns at the same time,which can improve the overall seismic performance of the subway station structure.

Simulation by Dislocation Model and Anomaly Property Determination of Huge Leveling Deformation at Linfen Seismic Station

In this study,under the assumption that the two huge leveling deformation anomalies at Linfen seismic station were caused by the Luoyunshan fault( Tumen-Yuli section)movement, we computed the vertical deformation field distribution based on the rectangular fault dislocation model and measured the ground deformation field of the study area using D-InS AR technology. The results are as follows:( 1) Theoretically,the ground vertical deformation field caused by fault movement could be within the elliptical deformation area with the long axis parallel to the fault strike. The largest deformation region is located in the center of the area in the hanging wall of the fault,and the deformation gradually decreases to zero toward the periphery; the impact range induced by the two deformations is respectively as follows: The long axes are about 18 km and26km,the short axes are about 12 km and 17 km and the obvious deformation amplitude is about 1- 3mm and 4- 14 mm.( 2) The measured deformation field by D-InS AR shows that there is no continuous deformation area consistent with the fault strike,and only the presence of land subsidence possibly caused by groundwater excessive exploitation,with the deformation amplitude about 10- 12 mm and 1- 5mm.( 3) The measured deformation field is not consistent with the theoretical result on deformation area and amplitude,which indicates that the fault movement is not the main cause of Linfen huge leveling deformation,but may rather be because of local deformation of the soil layers in the hanging wall of the fault.( 4) By combining the fault dislocation model simulation with the D-InS AR technology measurement,we can determine effectively the nature of the anomalyof the huge cross-fault leveling deformation,thus provide scientific basis for verification of significant leveling anomalies.

A practical framework for performance-based reliability analysis of subway stations based on a faultestructure combined system

It is necessary to pay particular attention to the uncertainties that exist in an engineering problem to reduce the risk of seismic damage of infrastructures against natural hazards.Moreover,certain structural performance levels should be satisfied during strong earthquakes.However,these performance levels have been only well described for aboveground structures.This study investigates the main uncertainties involved in the performance-based seismic analysis of a multi-story subway station.More than 100 pulse-like and no pulse-like ground motions have been selected.In this regard,an effective framework is presented,based on a set of nonlinear static and dynamic analyses performed by OpenSees code.The probabilistic seismic demand models for computing the free-field shear strain of soil and racking ratio of structure are proposed.These models result in less variability compared with existing relations,and make it possible to evaluate a wider range of uncertainties through reliability analysis in Rtx software using the Monte Carlo sampling method.This work is performed for three different structural performance levels(denoted as PL1ePL3).It is demonstrated that the error terms related to the magnitude and location of earthquake excitations and also the corresponding attenuation relationships have been the most important parameters.Therefore,using a faultestructure model would be inevitable for the reliability analysis of subway stations.It is found that the higher performance level(i.e.PL3)has more sensitivity to random variables than the others.In this condition,the pulse-like ground motions have a major contribution to the vulnerability of subway stations.

Seismic-Geodynamic Monitoring of Main Electric Power-Stations in East Europe and North Asia

In east Europe and north Asia the majority of nuclear power-stations (NPS) as well as large hydro-electric (HES) and thermal electric stations (TES) are located within the north Eurasian lithosphere plate, which is characterized by the low seismicity and weak modern tectonic activity besides the different exogenetic processes. Some operating and projected NPS are relatively near to zones of the moderate seismicity in the Kaliningrad Region of northwest Russia and in south Ukraine. HES and TES in Baltic, Byelorussia and Ukraine are in the same position. Zones of more intensive seismicity and existence of active faults include NPS, HEP and TEP in the Urals, the Kola Peninsula, south Siberia, Transbaikal and Far East regions of Russia. Some of these stations are situated within crust blocks in transit zones, which separate main lithosphere plates and are characterized by increased tectonic mobility. The electric power-stations are most danger in the transit zones between north Eurasian, Arabian and Indian lithosphere plates, where collision processes have yet not stopped. This concerns electric stations in central Asia and Caucasus including NPS in Armenia. Seven schemes of the seismic energy distribution are composed for different parts of east Europe and north Asia. The location of nuclear and main other electric power-stations on them makes it possible to form a correct estimate of negative consequences connected with the up-to-date inner-continental tectonic activity.

海底震后形变多基站联合估计模型

海底基准站坐标时序可用于海底震后形变监测,但受观测条件和观测成本所限,海底基准站定位精度相对较低,难以获取高时间分辨率海底基准站坐标时序.针对小样本、非连续海底观测时序分析问题,本文提出将站速度、震后形变参数作为多个邻近基准站的公共参数进行联合估计,并将N-E方向震后形变弛豫因子也作为公共参数;提出了求解站坐标、站速度等线性参数与震后形变非线性参数进行混合非线性估计的“一步法”.试验表明,相对单站估计模型,本文提出的多站联合估计模型可克服海底基准站坐标时序样本有限和精度受限等问题,且相对于站速率和震后形变参数分离估计的“两步法”,“一步法”更为严密,可获得更为有效的震后形变参数估计.

黄土场地条件下地铁车站诱导缝三维地震响应研究

自20世纪90年代地铁车站结构诱导缝概念提出以来,诱导缝已在我国大、中等城市地铁车站中得到广泛应用,但其抗震性能尚未得到验证。以西安黄土地区地铁车站工程建设为研究背景,基于ABAQUS非线性有限元软件平台,建立黄土场地与地铁车站结构动力相互作用三维数值模型,通过大型地震模拟振动台试验与数值模拟的对比研究,验证了数值模型及分析方法的可靠性。基于上述数值分析方法,进一步建立原型结构数值计算模型,研究不同频谱特性及不同峰值加速度地震波作用下黄土场地中地铁车站诱导缝的地震响应规律。研究结果表明:诱导缝断面处结构更易发生较大水平相对位移而产生破坏,为地铁车站结构的薄弱面,且其两侧结构水平相对滑动沿地铁车站结构从下往上逐渐增大;诱导缝两侧结构竖向相对错动沿地铁车站截面宽度方向呈现出两端较大、中间相对较小的规律;在低频成分丰富的西安人工波作用下,诱导缝处余留纵向钢筋塑性变形发展贯穿整个地震作用过程,塑性应变累积效果更显著。研究结果初步揭示了设诱导缝地铁车站的地震响应特征及规律,对进一步探索设诱导缝地铁车站在地震作用下的结构损伤、破坏发展的内在动力与作用机制有一定参考价值,可为黄土地区地铁地下结构诱导缝的抗震设计提供参考。

城市轨道交通装配式地下车站新型构件连接方案的抗剪及抗震性能分析

[目的]为了进一步推广地下装配式结构在城市轨道交通工程中的应用,应对城市轨道交通车站明挖装配式出入口施工的关键技术(尤其是新型构件连接方案)进行研究。[方法]设计了由2块尺寸相同的不等边C形标准构件(有2道横向裂缝)拼接而成的城市轨道交通车站装配式出入口结构,基于此结构提出了一种新型的构件连接方案。通过模型试验及数值模拟,研究了该新型连接节点的抗剪性能和抗震性能,得出了不同受力条件下的荷载-位移曲线、抗剪形态、抗震耗能及延性等指标,验证了该新型连接节点的可靠性。[结果及结论]装配构件的截面抗剪承载力远高于传统现浇截面抗剪承载力;型钢的存在可以充分保证试件的抗剪能力;“承插接口+型钢插板”是一种可靠的连接方式,其各项性能与现浇试件相比大致相当;型钢插入长度的变化对接缝处裂缝及其最大承载力的影响很小,建议选用的型钢插入长度等与构件厚度一致。

特高压换流站抗震韧性及震后修复策略快速评估方法

地震作用下特高压换流站中设备极易损坏,然而由于资源条件限制使得震后抢修效率较低,从而导致了大量经济损失。为寻求高效的震后修复策略,该文搭建一套基于功能状态模型的抗震韧性快速评估框架。从结构和电气两方面建立换流站系统的二维功能网络模型,并利用贝叶斯网络进行功能状态快速评估。为提高系统震后修复效率,提出一种生物启发式多目标优化算法,利用震后迭代模拟得到系统阶梯型功能时变函数。通过对一典型±800 kV特高压换流站进行抗震韧性分析,得到换流站系统的关键抢修设备及最优修复策略,证明了最优修复策略的有效性和必要性。该框架量化了特高压换流站的震后修复过程及抗震韧性水平,可为换流站系统的震后应急抢修提供参考。

站-桥同位合建工程中地下结构的地震响应

地铁车站与高架桥同位合建(站-桥合建)工程能缓解城市交通拥堵和节约建造空间,但其动力响应机制和地下结构地震反应特性不甚明确。利用有限差分软件建立站-桥合建工况和单一车站工况对应的三维模型,首先进行静力计算,分析两类工况的受力变形规律,在此基础上分析在输入El-Centro波和Kobe波时两类工况中地铁车站的层间位移角、应力变化规律以及薄弱位置;最后深入研究高架桥的桥梁荷载和高度对地铁车站地震反应的影响规律。结果表明:随着基岩输入加速度的增加,高架桥对地铁车站层间位移角和最大应力的影响增大;站-桥合建工况中车站楼板两端容易发生受拉破坏,大震时应增加对车站中柱的关注;层间位移角随桥梁荷载线性增加,随桥梁高度非线性增加,应力随两者均呈线性增加。

摩擦摆支座在软弱夹层场地地下结构中的减震效果分析

较一般成层场地而言,软弱夹层场地中地下结构抗震与减震问题更为突出。以双层双跨矩形框架地铁车站结构为研究对象,基于有限元软件ABAQUS,建立土-结构体系的静动力耦合有限元分析模型,研究软弱夹层对地铁车站结构的地震响应规律的影响,并对比分析了设置摩擦摆支座的车站结构在均质场地和软弱夹层场地的减震效果。结果表明:软弱夹层穿越地铁车站结构时,结构的整体和中柱的变形以及中柱底部的内力会大幅度增加,且随着夹层厚度增加,结构变形和内力的增加幅度更为明显。在中柱顶部设置摩擦摆支座,中柱的最大位移以及内力值均减小,且软弱夹层场地中摩擦摆支座的减震效果要明显优于一般均质场地,建议在软弱夹层场地地下结构中采用摩擦摆支座进行减震设计。

场地均质性对浅埋地铁车站地下结构地震易损性的影响

场地条件是影响地下结构地震响应的关键因素之一,该文旨在研究场地均质性对于地铁车站地下结构地震易损性的影响。以两层两跨地铁车站为研究对象,基于ABAQUS/Standard软件平台建立了考虑土-结构相互作用的二维有限元分析模型。模型考虑了循环动力荷载作用下土体的非线性与钢筋混凝土的弹塑性力学行为。采用增量动力分析方法分别计算了结构在层层场地条件下与均质场地条件下结构的地震响应,并以层间位移角为损伤指标与地面峰值加速度为地震动强度指标绘制了地铁车站结构的地震易损性曲线。结果表明,层层场地条件下结构的响应均值要显著高于均质场地,但两者标准差一致。在地震动作用下,结构处于层层场地下的破坏概率要明显高于均质场地,这主要归因于层层场地中毗邻结构的土体产生了较大的剪切变形。上述结论可为地下结构基于性能的抗震设计提供科学参考。

2022-06-01芦山M_(S)6.1地震流动地震台网部署及余震序列监测

从台站选址、地震仪器设备选择及安装三方面介绍2022-06-01芦山M_(S)6.1地震临时地震台网的部署过程,初步分析流动台网背景噪声特征和余震序列。结果表明,台站部署完成后提高了震区现有台站密度,与固定台站联合组网,提高了地震定位的台站方位角覆盖和科学研究的空间分辨率。受人为噪声的影响,通常流动台站的噪声水平高于固定台站,平均噪声水平高于NHNM和NLNM均值,部分台站接近或高于NHNM值,高频噪声呈现与附近人为活动相关的日变化特征。受此影响,地震台网白天时段记录的地震数目明显少于夜晚时段,且小震事件数量明显减少;余震序列的双差定位结果显示,余震主要分布在小关子断裂北部,呈NE向分布,NE向约10 km,NW向约6 km;采用最大曲率法计算得到余震序列的最小完整性震级M_(C)=1.2,其中夜晚时段M_(C)=1.1,白天时段M_(C)升高至1.4,说明震区白天时段地震监测能力减弱。中强震后的余震序列随时间快速衰减,震后5 d内的余震数量约占整体余震的80%,特别是震后2 d内的余震最为发育。为更好地认识地震发展过程,必须保障流动地震台站快速有效地部署,以发挥监测台站的效能。

云南场区宽频带地震监测台站勘选方法探讨——以文山和曲靖地区为例

地震监测台站勘选的合理性是决定地震观测数据质量、台站功能及稳定运行的重要因素。本文依据中国地震科学实验场建设工程项目云南场区宽频带地震监测意向台站的勘选要求,对云南文山、曲靖地区24个意向台站进行实地勘选,梳理总结了宽频带地震监测意向台站勘选的重要环节,可划分为室内资料收集、台址图勘、野外踏勘确定意向台址、场地协商及租地意向书签订、室内勘选资料整理5个阶段,其中台址图勘对野外踏勘确定意向台址起到了非常重要的作用,大大提高了意向台站勘选的工作效率。以CD151意向台站勘选为例,详细论述了5个阶段的工作方法;同时以4个意向台站噪声水平测试分析验证勘选方法的可行性,勘选的意向台站均符合Ⅰ级台基背景噪声水平,满足按照Ⅲ级地噪声台站勘选的观测环境技术要求,本研究对宽频带地震监测台站勘选工作具有一定参考价值和借鉴意义。

基于全连接神经网络的地铁车站响应分析与地震强度指标优选

为了降低随机地震响应分析的计算成本,将人工神经网络方法用于构建概率地震需求模型(PSDM),以预测地铁车站结构的地震响应,并对适用于地铁车站结构响应预测的地震强度指标(IM)进行了优选。首先选取了200条实测地震动,计算IM,并对典型的三层三跨地铁车站结构进行有限元建模,将IM与最大层间位移角作为输入与输出训练全连接神经网络模型(FCNN),得到了最大层间位移角的预测模型。最后基于训练后FCNN输入层到隐含层中的权重矩阵与传统方法对IM进行优选,得出了对最大层间位移角影响最大的IM。研究结果表明:训练后FCNN能以0.95的精度预测地铁车站最大层间位移角,且计算耗时仅为数值模拟的1/5;针对矩形地下结构最大层间位移角,速度型和速度反应谱型指标的影响明显高于其他类型指标,其中速度谱强度(VSI)对最大层间位移角的影响最大。

延庆地区宽频带地震观测台阵建设

依托北京延庆地区地震监测能力提升项目,北京市地震局在延庆地区建设宽频带地震观测台阵,组成延庆宽频带地震监测台网。该台网由39个地震观测点位组成,台站间距约5 km。该台网建成后,该区地震监测能力由M_(L)1.2提升至M_(L)0.1,可为首都圈地震研判和突发事件的快速反应及处置提供数据支撑。此密集台阵从勘选到建成历时4年,对建设、实施过程中的问题和经验进行总结,可为后期北京地区台站建设和其他密集台阵建设提供参考。