An approach to evaluate ground surface rupture caused by reverse fault movement

An approach for estimating ground surface rupture caused by strong earthquakes is presented in this paper, where the finite element （FE） method of continuous and discontinuous coalescent displacement fields is adopted. The onset condition of strain localization is introduced to detect the formation of the slippage line. In the analysis, the Drucker-Prager constitutive model is used for soils and the rate- and state-dependent friction law is used on the slippage line to simulate the evolution of the sliding. A simple application to evaluate the ground surface rupture induced by a reverse fault movement is provided, and the numerical simulation shows good agreement with failure characteristics observed in the field after strong earthquakes.

Effect of soil cohesion and friction angles on reverse faults

Severe faults have caused many earthquakes around the world throughout history.More recently,earthquakes have occurred in Taiwan,China(Chi-Chi fault),and elsewhere,causing loss of lives and destroying many buildings and structures.These tectonic movements have gained attention from engineers,and in the past 15 years,the focus has been on faulting mechanisms.In this study,a physical model(1 g)was fabricated and used to evaluate the impact of a reverse fault in a field with a tunnel.In the 1 g model,researchers installed additional gauges on the tunnel,so that all the displacements could be adjusted,and all the responses could be monitored during faulting.An experimental study of various soil properties(cohesion and friction angles)in reverse faults on the tunnel lining were carried out and are described herein.A comparison of results for different levels of soil cohesion revealed that it can dramatically reduce the displacement by as much as 40%,and that friction angles of 27ºcan record approximately 60%more displacements than at 37º.Furthermore,a comparison of fault angles of 30ºand 60ºindicates that the displacements can be different by more than 43%in cohesionless soil and about 64%for a friction angle of 27º.

Calculation of reverse-fault-related parameters using topographic profiles and fault bedding

Fault-related parameters are critical for studying tectonic evolution, deformation character- istics, active tectonism, and seismic hazards. A new method of calculating reverse-fault- related parameters has been developed, which uses systematic analysis of the geometrical characteristics of normal and reverse scarps of reverse faults together with measurements of topographic profiles and fault bedding. The results show that the most suitable method of calculating fault parameters heavily relies on the specific type of fault scarp. For a reverse scarp, the size of the vertical displacement （VD） of the fault, the vertical separation （VS） of the hanging wall and the footwall, and the fault scarp height （SH）how the relationship VD ≥VS ≥ SH; conversely, for normal scarps, VD ≤ VS ≤ SH. The theoretical equations were used to study fault deformation in the Southwest Tianshan Mountain foreland basin. The results showed that, for every fault, VD ≥ VS ≥SH, which is consistent with our predicted relationship. This finding demonstrates that this method is suitable to explore structural information of reverse faults. In the study area, the vertical displacement is 1.4 times the horizontal displacement, suggesting that fiexural-slip faults may play an important role in transferring local deformation from horizontal shortening to vertical uplift. Therefore, one of the most important steps in correct calculation of reverse-fault-related parameters is selection of the proper equations by identifying the specific type of fault scarp and the corresponding calculation method.

Patterns of Clay Minerals Transformation in Clay Gouge, with Examples from Revers Fault Rocks in Devonina Niqiuhe Formation in The Dayangshu Basin

The role of authigenic clay growth in clay gouge is increasingly recognized as a key to understanding the mechanics of berittle faulting and fault zone processes,including creep and seismogenesis,and providing new insights into the ongoing debate about the frictional strength of brittle fault(Haines and van der Pluijm,2012).However,neither the conditions nor the processes which

THE FAILURE MECHANISM OF REVERSE SHAPE MEMORYEFFECT IN A Cu-BASE ALLOY

The interior structural evolution accompanying reverse shape memory effect (RSMEin a Cu-Zn-Al alloy was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. It was found that RSME is closely related to bainitic transformation in this alloy during the isothermal reaction at moderate temperatures. At a given temperature and a certain external constraint stress, the shape memory effect depends mainly on the aging time.During the early stage, the shape memory effect enhances with the increase of reactiotn time. Then it will decrease gradually apon further aging. If the alloy is overaged, the stacking faults of bainite will disappear gradually by the motion of partial dislocations through which long range diffusion of solute atoms takes place, giving rise to the deterioration of RSME. When all the bainite transforms to α phase, RSME will lose completely.

郯庐断裂转换段新沂地裂缝成生机理及构造意义

新沂地区处于郯庐断裂带转换段的关键部位,自20世纪70年代以来在新沂地区共发现地裂缝灾害点28处。这些地裂缝以群发的形式发育在南马陵山以西、沂河—骆马湖以东的区域内,地裂灾害影响区面积达100 km^(2)。新沂地裂缝与地层结构、地震活动、地下水开采等因素有着千丝万缕的联系,对其研究形成了多种观点。利用实地调查与勘探手段,新近查明了新沂地裂缝的基本特征,它们具有走向一致性、纵向尖灭性、局部群发性等特点,且与邻近断裂(郯庐断裂带次级断裂F3)具有高度一致性,属于区域构造控制型地裂缝。以新沂地区地质构造为原型,构建了逆断层作用下地裂缝成生物理试验模型。试验结果表明,随着逆断层断距加大而依次呈剪裂段、离层段、弯裂段等发展过程。结合新沂地区“地堑地垒地堑”组合结构,新沂地裂缝的成因机制可概括为“跷跷板”构造模型,在构造应力、自重应力、地下水波动等作用下,下沉段受挤压,上升段因抬升而弯裂,从而形成地裂缝。研究新沂地区地裂缝,对揭示郯庐断裂带“北中南”段构造变化和“深浅表”部结构联系具有重要的指示意义。

基于电磁时间反演的VSC-HVDC系统架空线-电缆混合线路故障定位方法

针对传统故障定位方法无法应用于架空线-电缆混合直流线路的问题,提出了一种架空线-电缆混合直流线路的故障定位方法,该方法采用先确定故障点所在区段、后在区段中定位的原理。利用故障附加网络的直流分量定义了故障区段判别函数,通过该判别函数在不同区段发生故障时数值不同实现故障区段的判定。然后,分析了电磁时间反演理论在故障定位中的可行性,分析确定了故障特征谐波。利用线路两端特征谐波的电流行进波作为时间反演电路的电流源,设置与原线路拓扑结构镜像的线路,利用时间反演电流源与镜像线路构建时间反演电路。在此基础上,根据时间反演的能量聚焦特性列写故障区段内的故障定位方程并实现区段内故障定位。利用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建的电压源型换流器高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统仿真证明了所提方法能实现线缆混合直流输电线路的故障定位。

改进贝叶斯网络在变压器故障诊断中的应用

针对变压器故障诊断精度低的问题,文中提出一种基于改进黏菌优化算法(Improved Slime Mould Algorithm,ISMA)优化贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network,BN)的变压器故障诊断方法。通过爬山算法对定向最大支撑树搜索得到贝叶斯网络初始结构即初始种群,在改进黏菌优化算法中引入反向学习策略,增加种群多样性。添加正弦-余弦算法(Sine Cosine Algorithm,SCA),更新解的位置以避免种群陷入局部最优。根据改良的无编码比值法选取变压器故障状态的特征,利用改进黏菌优化算法优化贝叶斯网络结构,提高基于贝叶斯网络的变压器故障诊断的准确率,并利用不同种类的测试函数验证了改进黏菌优化算法具有收敛速度快、收敛精度高的优良性能。仿真结果表明,ISMA-BN诊断模型的训练集和测试集准确率分别为98.2%和97.14%,具有一定的研究价值。

SPA-HRDE在机械设备声信号故障诊断中的应用

针对现有故障诊断方法存在接触式采集、精度低等问题,提出了一种结合平滑先验分析和层次反向散布熵的机械设备故障诊断方法。首先,通过SPA将声音信号分解为趋势项和去趋势项。随后,利用HRDE提取趋势项和去趋势项信号的层次熵值,构建故障特征样本;最后,利用蜜獾算法对支持向量机的关键参数进行搜索,建立参数最优的故障识别模型,将故障特征输入到HBA-SVM分类器中进行故障识别,并基于离心泵和滚动轴承两种机械设备的实验评估证实了所提方法的有效性。试验结果表明:该方法分别取得了100%和97%的故障识别精度。相较于其他故障诊断方法,该方法能够充分提取声信号中的故障信息,实现更高精度的故障诊断,具有很强的鲁棒性。

基于改进TSO优化Xception的PEMFC故障诊断

针对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的故障诊断问题,提出了一种利用改进的瞬态搜索优化(TSO)算法优化Xception网络的故障通用诊断方法。首先,对故障数据进行线性判别分析降维和归一化处理,在保留主要特征的前提下降低计算复杂度;其次,引入Tent混沌映射和反向学习策略增强TSO算法的全局搜索能力,在训练阶段对Xception神经网络的超参数进行优化;最后,使用充分训练的Xception网络对PEMFC故障进行分类识别,并与经典的分类模型进行对比。在基于实验测量的水管理故障数据和仿真产生的多类故障数据上,Xception均取得了最高的分类准确率,分别为100%和98.08%,这表明Xception对数据特征的提取能力较强,且所提方法能作为一种PEMFC故障的通用诊断方法。

基于故障串电流反向突变判据的光伏阵列线间故障保护方案

光伏阵列发生线间故障时故障电流较小,过电流保护无法有效清除故障。提出一种基于光伏串输出电流反向突变特性的光伏阵列线间故障保护方案。基于光伏串输出电流-电压曲线定性分析了光伏阵列发生线间故障时输出电压、电流的变化特性,得到光伏阵列线间故障下光伏串输出电流反向减小特征。通过光伏串等效电路模型,建立了光伏串输出电流与光伏串故障电池数量之间的量化关系。以最小故障电池数量的电流突变为阈值,提出了基于故障电流反向突变的保护判据。该保护判据可快速准确地定位光伏阵列中的故障串,且只需要测量光伏串的输出电流信号以及光伏阵列输出的电压信号,保护配合只需要跳闸信号。最后,通过时域仿真以及现场测试有效验证了所建立判据的准确性以及所提出的保护方案的正确性。

中性点不接地系统配电线路单相接地保护研究

中性点不接地系统配电线路单相接地引发的恶性事故时有发生,需要在故障发生后尽快识别并加以隔离。单相接地产生的相电流突变量可灵敏可靠检测单相接地故障,但持续时间短,不能满足选择性要求。改进了基于滚动算法的相电流突变量判据,提出了基于相电流突变量判断单相接地保护启动,而后锁定零序电流判定故障是否持续存在的补充判据与时间延迟判据。所提保护方案在不对称负载下仍能正确判别故障,且不受故障前后电流反向与互感器反接的影响。具有保护原理简单、无须通信和经济性能好等优点,有望应用于实际配电网中。开发了PSCAD单相接地保护仿真模型,对所提方法加以验证。

Effect of faulting on coal burst——A numerical modelling study

Coal burst occurrence on roadways has always been a major concern in deep underground coal mines,especially under complex geological conditions. To evaluate the effect of faulting on coal burst, the stress concentration in the vicinity a reverse fault was analysed considering the geological history of the fault formation where high horizontal stresses led to the initiation and propagation of the reverse fault.Various in situ stresses and mechanical parameters of the fault, including the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress were used to analyse the state of fault. Numerical modelling was conducted using two and three dimensional distinct element models(UDEC and 3 DEC) based on a geotechnical conditions of an Australian underground coal mine. The formation process of reverse fault was simulated to evaluate the stress characteristics in the coal seam and the immediate roof and floor near the fault. The results show that, both the horizontal and vertical stress in footwall were higher than those in hanging wall after the formation of the reverse fault. The stress condition near fault was complicated due to complex geology in the coal measures, and the vertical stress peaked in the footwall at a distance of about 160 m from the fault. When a roadway was excavated, stress concentration occurred at both the roadway face and ribs, which reached as high as 38 MPa in the ribs at a depth of 500 m. This will significantly elevate the risk of dynamic instability of the roadway such as coal burst. The stress concentration zone in the footwall can be considered as a hazardous zone near the reverse fault. This study provides a general reference for analysis of roadway stability affected by faults.

Faulting on the Anninghe fault zone,Southwest China in Late Quaternary and its movement model

The Anninghe fault is one of the significant earthquake-generating fault zones in the Southwest China. Local historical record shows that a M2≥7 strong earthquake occurred in the year of 1536. On the basis of the detailed air-photographic interpretation and field investigation, we have acquired the following knowledge： ① The average sinistral strike-slip rate since the Late Pleistocene is about 3～7 mm/a; ② There is important reverse faulting along the fault zone besides the main left-lateral strike-slip motion, and the shortening rate across the Anninghe fault zone due to the reverse faulting is about 1.7-4.0 mm/a. If the Xianshuihe fault zone is simply partitioned into the Anninghe and Daliangshan faults, we can also get a slip rate of 3-7 mm/a along the Daliangshan fault zone, which is the same as that on the Anninghe fault zone. Moreover, on the basis of our field investigation and the latest knowledge concerning the active tectonics of Tibetan crust, we create a dynamic model for the Anninghe fault zone.

煤系逆断层形成过程及其对采动灾害的影响规律

为研究煤系断层形成及其对采动灾害的影响规律,改进了煤系逆断层形成模拟试验系统,采用液压伺服控制实现位移和应力双重精确控制,煤层开采试验时只拆卸煤层后方回采位置部分透明板,保持内部构造应力不被释放,利用该系统进行了煤系逆断层形成与开采试验研究。结果表明:逆断层形成过程中各岩层位移可划分为3个区域:位移区、压缩区、稳定区;位移区绝对位移最大,相对位移较小,其范围随岩层埋深减小而增大;压缩区自上盘向下盘绝对位移逐渐减小,相对位移逐渐增加;稳定区绝对位移与相对位移均最小,其范围随岩层埋深减小而减小;上盘测点位移角随着测点与断层距离的减小逐渐增大,最大达到87.5°;逆断层形成过程中顶、底板水平应力呈先增大后减小的规律,且上盘水平应力大于下盘;断层下盘顶板垂直应力呈上升趋势,上盘煤层顶板垂直应力呈增大—减小—增大的变化趋势;对比分析国内22处煤系逆断层地应力实测数据表明,逆断层构造区域最大水平主应力和垂直主应力比k主要集中在1~4,本文试验中断层稳定后上、下盘k稳定于2~3;煤系逆断层形成后下盘煤层回采过程中,顶板垂直应力与水平应力均呈先增大后减小趋势,近断层岩层在构造应力与采动应力相互叠加作用下产生应力积聚,其峰值应力更高,导致回采后上覆岩层运动更剧烈;工作面向断层方向推进可分为矿压周期演化阶段和动力灾变阶段,在矿压周期演化阶段,煤壁及工作面上方的垂直应力呈周期性显著增加,高应力区域向下盘构造煤迁移,动力灾变阶段中工作面已处于高应力区域,在断层活化的影响下易引发冲击地压等煤矿动力灾害。

Fault location for parallel transmission lines using one-terminal current traveling waves

With proper phase module transformation,parallel lines can be decomposed to the same directional net and the reverse directional net. The propagation characteristics of traveling waves in the reverse directional net were analyzed,and the refraction coefficient at the fault point for a single phase fault was derived. In addition,the module selection was discussed. Simulation results show that satisfying accuracy can be achieved with the proposed method. Moreover,it is immune to fault types,fault resistances,and outside system parameters.

精细广义复合多元多尺度反向散布熵及其在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

多尺度反向散布熵能够有效度量时间序列的复杂性,但在粗粒化构造上存在缺陷,且在表征滚动轴承非线性故障特征时缺乏对其他通道同步信息的有效利用。为了准确提取轴承信号的故障特征,结合精细化和广义复合多尺度的思想,将表征同步多通道数据多变量复杂度的多变量熵理论应用到轴承故障诊断中,提出了精细广义复合多元多尺度反向散布熵(RGCMvMRDE)。在此基础上,提出了一种基于RGCMvMRDE与引力搜索算法优化支持向量机(GSA-SVM)的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,利用RGCMvMRDE全面表征滚动轴承故障特征信息,构建故障特征集;其次,采用GSA-SVM对故障类型进行智能识别;最后,将所提方法应用于滚动轴承实验数据分析,并将其与现有基于多尺度反向散布熵、广义多尺度反向散布熵和精细复合多元多尺度排列熵的故障特征提取方法进行了对比。研究结果表明,所提RGCMvMRDE不仅能够有效和精准地诊断轴承的不同故障类型和故障程度,且诊断效果优于上述对比方法。

Intraplate Strike-Slip Reactivation of the Sinnyeong Fault in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, Korea, Due to the Concentration of Later Compressional Stress

This study focuses on the geometry and kinematics of the Sinnyeong Fault which is the most conspicuous fault among the WNW-trending Gaeum Fault System in the Gyeongsang Basin,SE Korea. The fault is traced for over ca.70 kmand has a consistent WNW-trending strike with a nearly vertical dip. It has an asymmetric fault damage zone of several meters to several tens of meters in width and a several meter-thick fault core. Its main movement is interpreted as sinistral-reverse oblique-slip or sinistral strike-slip under NE-SW compressional stress regime, although it could have experienced other faultings with different senses before/after this movement. Cylindrical folds, having the NW-trending fold axes of low angle plunge, are only observed along the southern damage zone of the fault with a continuous narrow width of several tens of meters. It is thus interpreted that the formation of the folds and sinistral movement of the fault were almost contemporaneously generated due to the concentration of the regional NE-SW compressional stress along pre-existing WNW-trending faults or densely populated fracture zone in a relatively stable intraplate region.

跨活断层隧道组合支护结构断层错动响应模型试验研究

依托某穿越活断层隧道工程,研发1︰25比例尺多功能断层错动模拟试验装置,开展跨活断层隧道组合支护结构的逆断层错动响应模型试验,针对不同的断层错动位移,研究逆断层错动下隧道组合支护结构的力学响应和破坏特征。试验结果表明:逆断层错动下,隧道结构竖向位移沿纵向呈“S”形分布,结构竖向位移及收敛变形主要分布在断层破碎带及其临近区域,主要影响范围约3.1L(L为隧道衬砌节段长度,480 mm)。随着错动位移的增加,衬砌节段位移差以及竖向相对位移均呈非线性增大,错台现象更加明显。结构应变、结构与围岩的接触压力主要集中在断层破碎带区域,在错动面处发生突变,应变和接触应力峰值均与断层错动位移呈正相关。隧道拱顶纵向应变以外侧受拉、内侧受压为主,仰拱则以外侧受压、内侧受拉为主,且仰拱受断层错动的影响以及对断层错动位移的敏感性均高于拱顶。隧道环向应变沿隧道轴向的分布因结构部位不同而有所差异,整体表现为竖向的向内挤压变形和横向的被动向外变形。结构各区段的接触压力分布规律有所不同,在错动面及断层区域,衬砌与围岩之间存在明显挤压作用,而远离断层错动面的衬砌节段,衬砌与围岩之间存在相互脱离的趋势。隧道组合支护结构断错破坏具体表现为错台、开裂和局部剥落等特征,主要集中于错动面附近的破碎带及上盘区域,主要位于仰拱、墙脚以及边墙等部位。

Quaternary Tectonic Deformation in Front Area of the Tianjingshan Fault Zone and Analysis of Its Genesis

Through detailed field mapping, the tectonic deformation in the front area of the Tianjingshan fault zone is discussed in this paper. The result shows that there are two Quaternary thrust (oblique) fault-fold belts, namely: the Miaoshan and Hongjianshan fault-fold belts, in the front area of the south wall’s strike-slip movement of the Tianjingshan fault zone. The Hejiakouzi Quaternary anticline, which is a part of the Miaoshan fault-fold belt, is mainly discussed. It is pointed out that the fold began to grow in the middle part near Hejiakouzi in the mid-late stage of middle Pleistocene epoch and then gradually developed towards the ends in late Quaternary. Based on the Cenozoic structural features, the genesis of the Miaoshan and Hongjianshan fault-fold belts and the kinematic relation they bear with the Tianjingshan fault zone are analyzed.