An approach to evaluate ground surface rupture caused by reverse fault movement

An approach for estimating ground surface rupture caused by strong earthquakes is presented in this paper, where the finite element （FE） method of continuous and discontinuous coalescent displacement fields is adopted. The onset condition of strain localization is introduced to detect the formation of the slippage line. In the analysis, the Drucker-Prager constitutive model is used for soils and the rate- and state-dependent friction law is used on the slippage line to simulate the evolution of the sliding. A simple application to evaluate the ground surface rupture induced by a reverse fault movement is provided, and the numerical simulation shows good agreement with failure characteristics observed in the field after strong earthquakes.

Effect of soil cohesion and friction angles on reverse faults

Severe faults have caused many earthquakes around the world throughout history.More recently,earthquakes have occurred in Taiwan,China(Chi-Chi fault),and elsewhere,causing loss of lives and destroying many buildings and structures.These tectonic movements have gained attention from engineers,and in the past 15 years,the focus has been on faulting mechanisms.In this study,a physical model(1 g)was fabricated and used to evaluate the impact of a reverse fault in a field with a tunnel.In the 1 g model,researchers installed additional gauges on the tunnel,so that all the displacements could be adjusted,and all the responses could be monitored during faulting.An experimental study of various soil properties(cohesion and friction angles)in reverse faults on the tunnel lining were carried out and are described herein.A comparison of results for different levels of soil cohesion revealed that it can dramatically reduce the displacement by as much as 40%,and that friction angles of 27ºcan record approximately 60%more displacements than at 37º.Furthermore,a comparison of fault angles of 30ºand 60ºindicates that the displacements can be different by more than 43%in cohesionless soil and about 64%for a friction angle of 27º.

Calculation of reverse-fault-related parameters using topographic profiles and fault bedding

Fault-related parameters are critical for studying tectonic evolution, deformation character- istics, active tectonism, and seismic hazards. A new method of calculating reverse-fault- related parameters has been developed, which uses systematic analysis of the geometrical characteristics of normal and reverse scarps of reverse faults together with measurements of topographic profiles and fault bedding. The results show that the most suitable method of calculating fault parameters heavily relies on the specific type of fault scarp. For a reverse scarp, the size of the vertical displacement （VD） of the fault, the vertical separation （VS） of the hanging wall and the footwall, and the fault scarp height （SH）how the relationship VD ≥VS ≥ SH; conversely, for normal scarps, VD ≤ VS ≤ SH. The theoretical equations were used to study fault deformation in the Southwest Tianshan Mountain foreland basin. The results showed that, for every fault, VD ≥ VS ≥SH, which is consistent with our predicted relationship. This finding demonstrates that this method is suitable to explore structural information of reverse faults. In the study area, the vertical displacement is 1.4 times the horizontal displacement, suggesting that fiexural-slip faults may play an important role in transferring local deformation from horizontal shortening to vertical uplift. Therefore, one of the most important steps in correct calculation of reverse-fault-related parameters is selection of the proper equations by identifying the specific type of fault scarp and the corresponding calculation method.

Patterns of Clay Minerals Transformation in Clay Gouge, with Examples from Revers Fault Rocks in Devonina Niqiuhe Formation in The Dayangshu Basin

The role of authigenic clay growth in clay gouge is increasingly recognized as a key to understanding the mechanics of berittle faulting and fault zone processes,including creep and seismogenesis,and providing new insights into the ongoing debate about the frictional strength of brittle fault(Haines and van der Pluijm,2012).However,neither the conditions nor the processes which

THE FAILURE MECHANISM OF REVERSE SHAPE MEMORYEFFECT IN A Cu-BASE ALLOY

The interior structural evolution accompanying reverse shape memory effect (RSMEin a Cu-Zn-Al alloy was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. It was found that RSME is closely related to bainitic transformation in this alloy during the isothermal reaction at moderate temperatures. At a given temperature and a certain external constraint stress, the shape memory effect depends mainly on the aging time.During the early stage, the shape memory effect enhances with the increase of reactiotn time. Then it will decrease gradually apon further aging. If the alloy is overaged, the stacking faults of bainite will disappear gradually by the motion of partial dislocations through which long range diffusion of solute atoms takes place, giving rise to the deterioration of RSME. When all the bainite transforms to α phase, RSME will lose completely.

Effect of faulting on coal burst——A numerical modelling study

Coal burst occurrence on roadways has always been a major concern in deep underground coal mines,especially under complex geological conditions. To evaluate the effect of faulting on coal burst, the stress concentration in the vicinity a reverse fault was analysed considering the geological history of the fault formation where high horizontal stresses led to the initiation and propagation of the reverse fault.Various in situ stresses and mechanical parameters of the fault, including the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress were used to analyse the state of fault. Numerical modelling was conducted using two and three dimensional distinct element models(UDEC and 3 DEC) based on a geotechnical conditions of an Australian underground coal mine. The formation process of reverse fault was simulated to evaluate the stress characteristics in the coal seam and the immediate roof and floor near the fault. The results show that, both the horizontal and vertical stress in footwall were higher than those in hanging wall after the formation of the reverse fault. The stress condition near fault was complicated due to complex geology in the coal measures, and the vertical stress peaked in the footwall at a distance of about 160 m from the fault. When a roadway was excavated, stress concentration occurred at both the roadway face and ribs, which reached as high as 38 MPa in the ribs at a depth of 500 m. This will significantly elevate the risk of dynamic instability of the roadway such as coal burst. The stress concentration zone in the footwall can be considered as a hazardous zone near the reverse fault. This study provides a general reference for analysis of roadway stability affected by faults.

Faulting on the Anninghe fault zone,Southwest China in Late Quaternary and its movement model

The Anninghe fault is one of the significant earthquake-generating fault zones in the Southwest China. Local historical record shows that a M2≥7 strong earthquake occurred in the year of 1536. On the basis of the detailed air-photographic interpretation and field investigation, we have acquired the following knowledge： ① The average sinistral strike-slip rate since the Late Pleistocene is about 3～7 mm/a; ② There is important reverse faulting along the fault zone besides the main left-lateral strike-slip motion, and the shortening rate across the Anninghe fault zone due to the reverse faulting is about 1.7-4.0 mm/a. If the Xianshuihe fault zone is simply partitioned into the Anninghe and Daliangshan faults, we can also get a slip rate of 3-7 mm/a along the Daliangshan fault zone, which is the same as that on the Anninghe fault zone. Moreover, on the basis of our field investigation and the latest knowledge concerning the active tectonics of Tibetan crust, we create a dynamic model for the Anninghe fault zone.

Fault location for parallel transmission lines using one-terminal current traveling waves

With proper phase module transformation,parallel lines can be decomposed to the same directional net and the reverse directional net. The propagation characteristics of traveling waves in the reverse directional net were analyzed,and the refraction coefficient at the fault point for a single phase fault was derived. In addition,the module selection was discussed. Simulation results show that satisfying accuracy can be achieved with the proposed method. Moreover,it is immune to fault types,fault resistances,and outside system parameters.

基于混合型MMC的柔性直流电网故障电流阻断控制策略

柔性直流电网是实现大规模可再生能源发电汇集、输送和并网的有效手段。针对基于混合型MMC的直流故障电流阻断方案会引起功率传输中断的问题,本文提出了一种混合型MMC负压控制与超高速机械开关协调配合的故障电流阻断方法,该方法能够快速阻断故障电流并维持非故障线路的功率传输。通过分析故障电流组成及关键影响因素,确定了换流站的控制目标,基于全桥子模块的电压调节自由度,提出了利用混合型MMC输出负压主动吸收故障电流的控制策略,并设计了其与超高速机械开关的协调配合方案,实现故障的可靠隔离。最后,基于RTLAB实时数字仿真平台搭建了四端柔性直流电网仿真模型,仿真结果表明,本文提出的方法可快速阻断直流故障电流,缩短直流电网功率恢复时间,提高系统安全稳定性。

Intraplate Strike-Slip Reactivation of the Sinnyeong Fault in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, Korea, Due to the Concentration of Later Compressional Stress

This study focuses on the geometry and kinematics of the Sinnyeong Fault which is the most conspicuous fault among the WNW-trending Gaeum Fault System in the Gyeongsang Basin,SE Korea. The fault is traced for over ca.70 kmand has a consistent WNW-trending strike with a nearly vertical dip. It has an asymmetric fault damage zone of several meters to several tens of meters in width and a several meter-thick fault core. Its main movement is interpreted as sinistral-reverse oblique-slip or sinistral strike-slip under NE-SW compressional stress regime, although it could have experienced other faultings with different senses before/after this movement. Cylindrical folds, having the NW-trending fold axes of low angle plunge, are only observed along the southern damage zone of the fault with a continuous narrow width of several tens of meters. It is thus interpreted that the formation of the folds and sinistral movement of the fault were almost contemporaneously generated due to the concentration of the regional NE-SW compressional stress along pre-existing WNW-trending faults or densely populated fracture zone in a relatively stable intraplate region.

断层错动下非连续管道的力学响应分析

断层错动诱发上覆土体破坏对跨越断层的埋地管道结构安全构成巨大威胁,是复杂环境地下管线设计中不可忽略的场地因素。既有成果较少涉及正断层和逆断层错动影响下的解析解分析,且针对断层-管道相互作用的理论研究一般将管道结构视为连续管道,较少考虑管道接口的影响。首先,在简化SSR(静止区stationaryzone,剪切区shearingzone,刚体区rigid body zone)土体变形模型的基础上,结合erf函数和erfc函数,得到了正断层和逆断层错动影响下的土体位移曲线;其次,引入双参数Pasternak地基模型,对管道微元进行受力分析,借助有限差分法求解得到埋地管道结构的变形和内力;最后,将理论解析解和已有的试验结果及数值模拟结果进行对比验证,获得了较好的一致性。此外,针对断层倾角、断层与管道交点位置和接口转动刚度等关键物理特征参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明:断层倾角会改变管道位移曲线和轴向应力曲线位置,但其位移最大值和轴向应力最大值基本一致,而断层与管道交点位置不仅会改变管道位移曲线和轴向应力曲线形状,其轴向应力最大值也将发生改变;随着接口转动刚度增大,管道最大轴向应力值随之增大,当接口转动刚度足够大时,可将非连续管道视作连续管道进行计算。

郯庐断裂转换段新沂地裂缝成生机理及构造意义

新沂地区处于郯庐断裂带转换段的关键部位,自20世纪70年代以来在新沂地区共发现地裂缝灾害点28处。这些地裂缝以群发的形式发育在南马陵山以西、沂河—骆马湖以东的区域内,地裂灾害影响区面积达100 km^(2)。新沂地裂缝与地层结构、地震活动、地下水开采等因素有着千丝万缕的联系,对其研究形成了多种观点。利用实地调查与勘探手段,新近查明了新沂地裂缝的基本特征,它们具有走向一致性、纵向尖灭性、局部群发性等特点,且与邻近断裂(郯庐断裂带次级断裂F3)具有高度一致性,属于区域构造控制型地裂缝。以新沂地区地质构造为原型,构建了逆断层作用下地裂缝成生物理试验模型。试验结果表明,随着逆断层断距加大而依次呈剪裂段、离层段、弯裂段等发展过程。结合新沂地区“地堑地垒地堑”组合结构,新沂地裂缝的成因机制可概括为“跷跷板”构造模型,在构造应力、自重应力、地下水波动等作用下,下沉段受挤压,上升段因抬升而弯裂,从而形成地裂缝。研究新沂地区地裂缝,对揭示郯庐断裂带“北中南”段构造变化和“深浅表”部结构联系具有重要的指示意义。

Quaternary Tectonic Deformation in Front Area of the Tianjingshan Fault Zone and Analysis of Its Genesis

Through detailed field mapping, the tectonic deformation in the front area of the Tianjingshan fault zone is discussed in this paper. The result shows that there are two Quaternary thrust (oblique) fault-fold belts, namely: the Miaoshan and Hongjianshan fault-fold belts, in the front area of the south wall’s strike-slip movement of the Tianjingshan fault zone. The Hejiakouzi Quaternary anticline, which is a part of the Miaoshan fault-fold belt, is mainly discussed. It is pointed out that the fold began to grow in the middle part near Hejiakouzi in the mid-late stage of middle Pleistocene epoch and then gradually developed towards the ends in late Quaternary. Based on the Cenozoic structural features, the genesis of the Miaoshan and Hongjianshan fault-fold belts and the kinematic relation they bear with the Tianjingshan fault zone are analyzed.

改进贝叶斯网络在变压器故障诊断中的应用

针对变压器故障诊断精度低的问题,文中提出一种基于改进黏菌优化算法(Improved Slime Mould Algorithm,ISMA)优化贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network,BN)的变压器故障诊断方法。通过爬山算法对定向最大支撑树搜索得到贝叶斯网络初始结构即初始种群,在改进黏菌优化算法中引入反向学习策略,增加种群多样性。添加正弦-余弦算法(Sine Cosine Algorithm,SCA),更新解的位置以避免种群陷入局部最优。根据改良的无编码比值法选取变压器故障状态的特征,利用改进黏菌优化算法优化贝叶斯网络结构,提高基于贝叶斯网络的变压器故障诊断的准确率,并利用不同种类的测试函数验证了改进黏菌优化算法具有收敛速度快、收敛精度高的优良性能。仿真结果表明,ISMA-BN诊断模型的训练集和测试集准确率分别为98.2%和97.14%,具有一定的研究价值。

基于电磁时间反演的VSC-HVDC系统架空线-电缆混合线路故障定位方法

针对传统故障定位方法无法应用于架空线-电缆混合直流线路的问题,提出了一种架空线-电缆混合直流线路的故障定位方法,该方法采用先确定故障点所在区段、后在区段中定位的原理。利用故障附加网络的直流分量定义了故障区段判别函数,通过该判别函数在不同区段发生故障时数值不同实现故障区段的判定。然后,分析了电磁时间反演理论在故障定位中的可行性,分析确定了故障特征谐波。利用线路两端特征谐波的电流行进波作为时间反演电路的电流源,设置与原线路拓扑结构镜像的线路,利用时间反演电流源与镜像线路构建时间反演电路。在此基础上,根据时间反演的能量聚焦特性列写故障区段内的故障定位方程并实现区段内故障定位。利用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建的电压源型换流器高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统仿真证明了所提方法能实现线缆混合直流输电线路的故障定位。

塔河油田KZ区块白垩系成藏特征

KZ区块白垩系过路井补孔改层均表现出良好的生产能力,具备一定的开发潜力,但目前补孔改层措施潜力论证以单井测井资料为主,缺乏系统研究。通过对KZ区块白垩系开展构造描述、精细地层对比、储层展布特征及油气分布规律研究,结果表明:KZ区块白垩系主要发育断鼻圈闭,“反向”断层更容易形成断层遮挡油气藏,微幅度构造控制油气的富集,油气成藏模式为他源断控、垂向及侧向输导。

参数优化的IZOA-SVM机械设备故障诊断方法

在复杂的工作环境中,机械设备振动信号的复杂性常常会导致机械设备故障诊断的准确性不高,为解决设备运行中因信号复杂性引发的故障诊断难题,提出了一种参数优化的斑马优化算法优化支持向量机(IZOA-SVM)的故障诊断方法。首先,引入了柯西变异和反向学习的改进策略到斑马优化算法(ZOA)中,提出了改进的斑马优化算法(IZOA),旨在改善原有斑马优化算法在迭代后期容易陷入局部极值等问题,从而有效增强了其全局搜索能力;其次,利用IZOA优化支持向量机(SVM)的核参数g和惩罚参数c以寻找SVM最优参数组合[c,g],并构建了IZOA-SVM模型;然后,计算了样本的13个时域特征以构成特征向量,并将特征向量分别输入到IZOA-SVM模型、斑马优化算法优化支持向量机(ZOA-SVM)模型、粒子群算法优化支持向量机(PSO-SVM)模型、遗传算法优化支持向量机(GA-SVM)模型和支持向量机模型,进行了故障分类;最后,通过旋转机械振动及故障模拟试验验证了该方法的有效性。研究结果表明:IZOA-SVM模型在分类准确率方面得到了明显的提高,达到了98.33%;该模型能够精准而稳定地识别故障类型,提高故障识别的准确性,在准确率方面相较于其他对比方法表现出更为显著的优势。因此,该方法在全局搜索和故障分类准确性方面都取得了明显的改进,为复杂环境下的故障诊断提供了可参考的解决方案。

逆断层错动作用下双仓管廊结构力学特性和抗断设计研究

断层蠕滑错动和地震作用对穿越断层及其上覆土层的浅埋地下结构的破坏是极其严重的。通过开展节段双仓管廊结构穿越45°逆断层的1∶30室内相似模型试验,对双仓管廊结构的位移、应变和接触压力分布规律等主要参数开展实时监测,并结合结构的渐进破坏过程、破坏模式和分布特征进行深入分析,以清晰揭示逆断层错动作用下节段双仓管廊结构的力学响应规律和致灾机理。结果表明:柔性接头可较好地释放断层蠕滑错动产生的能量和强制位移,并减小施加在结构上的弯曲剪切复合作用。节段衬砌结构的相邻节段影响较小,仅在C~E块的接头处出现局部破坏,避免了结构出现整体坍塌。上盘区域内管廊结构的位移变化明显。靠近断层面的双仓管廊结构的内力响应显著,尤其是70~120cm管廊结构破坏严重,应作为重点设防区域。逆断层错动完成后,双仓管廊结构易出现张拉和压缩破坏,其开裂破坏形式主要有裂缝、环间错台和剥落掉块。可见采用柔性接头措施可有效提高穿越断层的地下结构的抗断性能和震后保通能力。

SPA-HRDE在机械设备声信号故障诊断中的应用

针对现有故障诊断方法存在接触式采集、精度低等问题,提出了一种结合平滑先验分析和层次反向散布熵的机械设备故障诊断方法。首先,通过SPA将声音信号分解为趋势项和去趋势项。随后,利用HRDE提取趋势项和去趋势项信号的层次熵值,构建故障特征样本;最后,利用蜜獾算法对支持向量机的关键参数进行搜索,建立参数最优的故障识别模型,将故障特征输入到HBA-SVM分类器中进行故障识别,并基于离心泵和滚动轴承两种机械设备的实验评估证实了所提方法的有效性。试验结果表明:该方法分别取得了100%和97%的故障识别精度。相较于其他故障诊断方法,该方法能够充分提取声信号中的故障信息,实现更高精度的故障诊断,具有很强的鲁棒性。

逆断层上下盘开采扰动下断层活化响应模拟研究

为探究煤层不同开采方式下逆断层应力场、位移场演化规律和断层活化规律,通过数值模拟分析逆断层地质条件下进行上盘开采和下盘开采时断层处的正应力和剪应力演化规律、断层活化过程以及断层和覆岩的位移场变化特征。研究结果表明:随工作面逐渐靠近断层,断层上部的正应力逐渐降低、剪应力逐渐升高,断层下方的正应力逐渐升高、剪应力逐渐降低,正应力和剪应力升高或降低的速率随工作面与断层距离减小而增加;当工作面与断层距离在80 m和40 m时,断层处正应力和剪应力发生异于前期应力规律性的变化,出现大幅度增长和降低的情况;相对于上盘开采,下盘开采时断层更易受煤层开采扰动而发生活化,且活化程度和范围均大于上盘开采;随工作面不断向断层靠近,下盘开采时采空区上覆岩层下沉量和断层两侧岩体相对位移量均明显大于上盘开采。研究结果对煤层开采遇断层时围岩治理和防灾减灾具有一定科学指导意义。