Analysis on intersections between fractures by parallel computation

The discrete fracture network model is a powerful tool for fractured rock mass fluid flow simulations and supports safety assessments of coal mine hazards such as water inrush.Intersection analysis,which identifies all pairs of intersected fractures(the basic components composing the connectivity of a network),is one of its crucial procedures.This paper attempts to improve intersection analysis through parallel computing.Considering a seamless interfacing with other procedures in modeling,two algorithms are designed and presented,of which one is a completely independent parallel procedure with some redundant computations and the other is an optimized version with reduced redundancy.A numerical study indicates that both of the algorithms are practical and can significantly improve the computational performance of intersection analysis for large-scale simulations.Moreover,the preferred application conditions for the two algorithms are also discussed.

Convective heat transfer of water flow in intersected rock fractures for enhanced geothermal extraction

Numerous intersected rock fractures constitute the fracture network in enhanced geothermal systems.The complicated convective heat transfer behavior in intersected fractures is critical to the heat recovery in fractured geothermal reservoirs.A series of three-dimensional intersected fracture models is constructed to perform the flow-through heat transfer simulations.The geometry effects of dead-end fractures(DEFs)on the heat transfer are evaluated in terms of intersected angles,apertures,lengths,and the connectivity.The results indicate that annular streamlines appear in the rough DEF and cause an ellipse distribution of the cold front.Compared to plate DEFs,the fluid flow in the rough DEF enhances the heat transfer.Both the increment of outlet water temperatureΔToutand the ratio of heat production Qrpresent the largest at the intersected angle of 90°while decline with the decrease of the intersected angle between the main flow fracture(MFF)and the DEFs.The extension of the length of intersected DEFs is beneficial to heat production while enhancing its aperture is not needed.Solely increasing the number of intersected DEFs induces a little increase of heat extraction,and more significant heat production can be obtained through connecting these DEFs with the MFF forming the flow network.

Investigation of the Mechanism of Grout Penetration in Intersected Fractures

To study the penetration mechanism of cement-based slurry in intersected fractures during grouting and the related pressure distribution,we have used two different variants of cement,namely,basic cement slurry and fast-setting cement slurry.The influence of a retarder,time-varying viscosity,fracture width and location of injection hole is also considered.A finite element software is used to implement two and three-dimensional numerical models for grouting of intersected fractures in hydrostatic conditions.Results show that there are significant differences in the diffusion morphology and pressure distribution depending on the considered cement slurry.Retarder can effectively slow down the rising rate of injection pressure and extend the diffusion distance of grout.The influence of the branch fracture is more important when basic cement slurry is considered,indicating that the change of grout pressure is correlated with the slurry viscosity.The faster the viscosity increases,the less evident is the effect.

Mechanical properties of frozen rock mass with two diagonal intersected fractures

Based on previous research results, this paper investigated the influence of fracture morphology on mechanical properties and failure modes of rock mass with two diagonal intersected fractures. This study carried out a series of triaxial compression tests on rock-like specimens with two crossed fractures under negative temperature, concluded the following conclusions. The strength and failure modes of rock mass are significantly influenced by the dips of two crossed fractures. The strength of rock mass with two fractures cannot simply be estimated using the method that was developed for the rock mass with a single fracture. When the intersecting angle is less than 30°, the failure plane initiates at the tip of ‘‘artificial ruptures" and extends to the upper and lower ends of the specimen. In case of a higher dip and intersecting angle ranging from 30° to 60°, the failure plane propagates along one of these two fractures. The mechanical parameters of rock mass are not only related to the trace length, but also depend on the trace length ratio. One could roughly calculate the strength parameters using the approximation proposed in this paper. For the rock mass with a trace length ratio <0.3(short trace length/long trace length), the failure mode is dependent on the fracture with a longer trace length. When the trace length becomes significant and the trace length ratio approximates to 1, the failure plane propagates along two fractures, where an X-shaped failure pattern is presented. For the rock mass with moderate fractures and a trace length ratio of approximately 1, the failure mode is independent on fractures, which is similar to the damage pattern of intact rock. The strength and elastic modulus of rock mass decrease with the increase of spacing between fractures, while Poisson's ratio is independent on the spacing. The failure mode can be determined by the area of triangle created by two fractures. Damage occurs at the smaller triangle area first,and propagates with the two sides of the larger triangle.

Experimental and numerical investigation of groundwater head losses on and nearby short intersections between disc-shaped fractures

Discrete fracture models are used for investigating precise processes of groundwater flow in fractured rocks,while a disc-shaped parallel-plates model for a single fracture is more reasonable and efficient for computational treatments.The flow velocity has a large spatial differentiation which is more likely to produce non-linear flow and additional head losses on and nearby intersections in such shaped fractures,therefore it is necessary to understand and quantify them.In this study,both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were performed to investigate the total head loss on and nearby the intersections as well as the local head loss exactly on the intersections,which were not usually paid sufficient attention or even ignored.The investigation results show that these two losses account for 29.17%-84.97%and 0-73.57%of the entire total head loss in a fracture,respectively.As a result,they should be necessarily considered for groundwater modeling in fractured rocks.Furthermore,both head losses become larger when aperture and flow rate increase and intersection length decreases.Particularly,the ratios of these two head losses to the entire total head loss in a fracture could be well statistically explained by power regression equations with variables of aperture,intersection length,and flow rates,both of which achieved high coefficients of determination.It could be feasible through this type of study to provide a way on how to adjust the groundwater head from those obtained by numerical simulations based on the traditional linear flow model.Finally,it is practicable and effective to implement the investigation approach combining laboratory experiments with numerical simulations for quantifying the head losses on and nearby the intersections between disc-shaped fractures.

Mechanical behaviours of sandstone containing intersecting fissures under uniaxial compression

Predicting rock cracking is important for assessing the stability of underground engineering.The effects of the intersecting angle a and the distribution orientation angleβof intersecting fissures on the uniaxial compressive strength and the failure characteristics of sandstone containing intersecting fissures are investigated through laboratory experiments and two-dimensional particle flow code(PFC2D).The relationship between the mechanical properties of sandstone and the intersecting angle a and the distribution orientation angleβis analysed.Crack initiation forms and the final failure modes are then categorised and determined via empirical methods.In addition,the cracking processes of intersecting fissures with different a andβvalues are discussed.The results show that variations in the peak stress,peak strain,average modulus,and crack initiation stress of sandstone containing intersecting fissures show a“moth”shape in the space of the a-β-mechanical parameters.Two crack initiation forms are identified:inner tip cracking(usually accompanied by one outer tip cracking)and only outer tips cracking.Two failure modes are observed:(1)the main fracture planes are created at the inner tip and one outer tip,and(2)the main fracture planes are formed at the two outer tips.Two main crack evolution processes of sandstone containing intersecting fissures under uniaxial compression are found.Approaches for quickly determining the crack initiation form and the failure mode are proposed.The combination of the determination equations for the crack initiation form and the failure mode can be used to predict the crack evolution.The approach for determining the crack evolution processes is hence proposed with acceptable precision.

单轴压缩条件下单裂隙花岗岩力学特性及破坏特征

为研究含贯通单裂隙花岗岩的力学特性及破坏特征,以我国高放废物地质处置甘肃北山预选区完整花岗岩及含倾角30°、45°和60°贯通裂隙的花岗岩为研究对象,开展单轴压缩试验研究.结果表明:裂隙倾角越大,试样的单轴抗压强度、损伤应力以及弹性模量越低;与完整岩石相比,倾角30°、45°和60°裂隙花岗岩的抗压强度分别下降7.97%、29.17%和71.68%,损伤应力分别下降9.35%、24.26%和69.79%,弹性模量分别下降5.89%、23.32%和60.49%.裂隙倾角不同,试样的应力-应变曲线呈现出显著的差别;裂隙倾角越大,损伤应力至峰值应力之间的屈服阶段越明显,发生沿裂隙面滑移破坏特征越显著;裂隙倾角影响花岗岩的破坏模式,试样的破坏形式主要表现为穿裂隙面破坏(倾角30°)、穿裂隙面破坏和沿裂隙面滑移并存的复合破坏(倾角45°)以及沿裂隙面滑移破坏(倾角60°);倾角60°的裂隙花岗岩的抗压强度与试验前后裂隙面的分形维数差符合幂函数增长关系.

常见相交损伤顺序的法医学探讨

相交骨折线的研究比较成熟,其理论依据也充分,但对相交创口、皮下出血的研究相对较少;笔者在实际检案过程中对相交骨折、创口、皮下出血的情况进行观察分析,研究他们顺序表现的各自特点和推断依据。研究发现截断处骨折线的形成存在先后顺序,被截断的相交骨折线后形成,截断之处很可能不是外力直接作用点;未被截断的相交骨折线同时、先后形成均有可能,对合后的相交骨折线错位明显的后形成;相交创口因创缘、创腔截断、错位,或是医源性的有意截断的后形成;先形成的皮下出血更容易表现为变形或被截断;即被截断的骨折线、创口往往较后形成,医源性的有意截断的后形成,较早形成的皮下出血更容易被截断。

深部破碎围岩条件下立体交叉巷道超前治理技术研究及应用

随着浅部煤炭开采向深部煤炭开采转变,深部高应力环境下掘进工作面立体交叉点附近巷道围岩松散破碎难以支护的工程问题,成为影响巷道快速掘进和后期使用维护的难题,考虑巷道围岩裂隙的存在,采用注浆超前治理+中空注浆锚索锚注一体化支护技术,研究结果得出:破碎岩体中,端头锚固方式容易发生脱黏失效,锚索预紧力达不到设计要求,且无法通过黏锚力控制浅部围岩,随着锚固长度增加,锚固力显著增强,对浅部破碎围岩的控制效果也越好。基于上述研究,提出破碎围岩条件下过揭发巷道注浆超前治理+中空注浆锚索锚注一体化支护技术,经工业性试验,巷道变形得到有效控制。

Stress and Fracture Strength Analysis for Three-Way Pipes

Three-way pipes, T and Y pipes, are very important connecting components in pipeline systems, their strength are related to the safety of pipelines. In the case that crack is not detected in the three-way pipe, ANSYS finite element program version 5.6 is applied to study the stress distribution of the three-way pipe and to obtain the optimum fillet radius in the crotch region of the two pipes. The reasonable intersection angle of the two pipes is also obtained. In the case that a surface crack is detected in the three-way pipe, the maximum stress intensity factor (SIF) near the front of the surface crack is studied.

交叉裂隙开度对滴状水流分流行为的影响

深入理解交叉裂隙渗流行为是预测裂隙网络渗流特性的关键。非饱和条件下交叉裂隙渗流与液体流态、交叉几何特征密切相关。针对低流量、低饱和度条件下的滴状渗流,开展了交叉裂隙液体分流模拟,发现了交叉处分流存在由液滴长度控制的主通道流动占优和支通道流动占优两种模式,并提出了关键液滴长度指标作为其临界条件。通过改变交叉裂隙主通道开度w_(1)和支通道开度w_(2),系统探究了交叉裂隙开度对分流模式的影响规律及机制。模拟结果表明关键液滴长度受到通道毛细力和通道过流能力的联合控制;当两者对分流作用效果相反时关键液滴长度随裂隙开度w_(1)呈非单调变化,而当两者作用效果一致时则随裂隙开度w_(1)呈单调变化。此外,存在一个相对稳定的最优开度比w_(2)/w_(1)范围使关键液滴长度最大。研究成果为预测低流量、低饱和度条件下裂隙岩体渗流结构提供了理论和数据支撑。

含Z型相交裂隙岩体剪切力学行为研究

采用水刀切割加工灰岩原样,开展含Z型相交裂隙试样的室内直剪试验,系统地研究了剪应力-剪位移曲线,分析了预制裂隙倾角和法向应力对含Z型相交裂隙试样强度、变形及裂纹扩展的影响,并阐明了含Z型相交裂隙试样破坏演化机制。研究表明:①剪应力-剪位移曲线可分为预制裂隙(孔隙)压实阶段(初期下凹)、准线性变形阶段(中期线性波动)、峰前不稳定断裂发展阶段(后期上凸)及峰后强度残余阶段(陡降)4个变形破坏阶段;②相同裂隙倾角下裂隙岩体的峰值剪应力随法向应力增大而增大(近线性),且相同法向压力下裂隙岩体的峰值剪应力随裂隙倾角增大而减小(趋势渐缓);③裂隙宏观损伤裂纹演化过程可分为初始压密弹性阶段、裂纹扩展增长阶段及贯通断裂破坏阶段,且其破坏模式包括拉伸破坏、剪切破坏及拉剪混合破坏(拉伸-剪切贯通和剪切-拉伸-剪切贯通)。

基于细胞自动机方法的多裂纹扩展贯通模拟

针对岩石力学领域压剪荷载作用下多裂纹扩展、交叉和贯通等复杂裂纹行为问题,提出了多裂纹交汇问题的数学力学精细描述方法,建立了多裂纹交叉的非连续精细表征模型。基于此,进一步构建了多裂纹交叉和交汇的摩擦接触精细连续到非连续数学力学描述模型,构建了接触摩擦迭代和元胞快速更新交替耦合的快速迭代方法,实现了压剪摩擦接触迭代与元胞更新交替快速迭代,大幅提高计算效率。基于上述理论,提出多裂纹相互作用断裂行为的快速自适应连续-非连续细胞自动机方法。通过算例验证了两种不同裂纹数量、位置关系和分布距离的岩石多裂纹模型在压剪荷载下的开裂与扩展的抑制和增强作用的相互影响特征,分析了多裂纹的汇合与贯通规律。数值算例表明,本方法在多裂纹扩展和贯通分析中是高效、精确的。

裂缝交叉角度对缝网导流能力的影响:以“卜”形结构为例

为了探讨缝网导流能力,将“卜”形交叉裂缝结构视为构成裂缝网络的基本单元。采用外圆内方的橡胶套筒导流室,开展主/次生裂缝交叉角度分别为30°、60°、90°、120°和150°的页岩岩板导流能力试验,并利用裂缝体积等效理论计算交叉裂缝导流能力。试验结果表明:无论次生裂缝与主裂缝的交叉角度如何,相同条件下,次生裂缝总是能提高裂缝网络的导流能力,且提高次生裂缝支撑剂铺置浓度,有利于裂缝网络在高闭合应力中保持稳定、高效的导流能力;然而,流体汇流角度越大,其碰撞等作用造成的流体能量损失也越大,表现为“卜”形裂缝导流能力随交叉角度增大而减小,因此,充分考虑流体汇流时的交叉角度对于准确评价裂缝网络导流能力具有重要意义。

压裂泵液力端阀箱内腔结构优化研究

压裂泵液力端阀箱内腔在加工完成后会自然形成相贯线,该相贯线位置存在严重的应力集中问题。这些位置也是液力端阀箱常见的开裂位置,虽然通过相贯线倒圆角的方式可以减小应力集中程度,但是应力减小的幅度不是十分明显。针对此问题,通过有限元仿真对比的方式进行了阀箱内腔优化研究,提出了减小阀箱内腔应力集中程度的技术方案,同时提出了应用该方案时应注意的一些问题。研究结果对于提高压裂泵液力端使用寿命及优化压裂泵液力端设计具有一定的指导意义。

基于K-P算法优化的手写汉字细化算法

为解决现有汉字细化算法中的骨架断裂、交叉点畸变等问题,提出一种K-P(Kmeans++-PCA)算法,优化现有的手写汉字细化算法。提出交叉点匹配模板,减少骨架毛刺去除时对非交叉点的遍历,借助主成分分析算法与端点距离对骨架断点进行连接判断,对骨架交叉点畸变进行处理,使用点到边界方向距离算法提取交叉区域后结合Kmeans++聚类对畸变区域进行分析,利用笔画走势信息对骨架进行修复并使用B样插值算法完成骨架重建。将优化后的算法在手写汉字数据集上进行实验,验证了优化后的算法优于优化前的算法。

General criterion for intersection between hydraulic induced fractures and pre-existing natural fractures

Pre-existing natural fractures and other structurally weak planes are usually well-developed in unconventional reservoirs.When such fractures intersect with hydraulic induced fractures,they will redirect and propagate as an important mechanical principle of volume fracturing by the formation of complex fracture networks.Under the shadow effect of natural fractures and other structurally weak planes with hydraulic supported fracture stress,hydraulic fractures do not fully propagate in the direction of the maximum horizontal-principal-stress.This paper computed the stress intensity factors of hydraulic fracture types I and II by integrating the various interactions,established universally-applicable mechanical principles for the propagation behavior when a hydraulic fracture propagating in an arbitrary direction intersects with a natural fracture at an arbitrary angle,and demonstrated the mechanical principles of the intersection between hydraulic induced fractures and pre-existing natural fractures.This study proved the following conclusions:as the intersection angle between the hydraulic fracture and the maximum horizontal-principal-stress increased,the possibility of the hydraulic fracture being captured by the natural fracture with an identical approaching angle first increased and then decreased;as the net stress increased,the intersection behavior between the hydraulic fracture and the natural fracture transitioned from penetration to capture.

复杂水力裂缝网络延伸规律研究进展

随着天然裂缝性储层、煤层气、页岩气、致密砂岩气、致密油和复杂岩性低渗透油气藏勘探开发进程的加快,大规模体积压裂实践及微地震裂缝实时监测技术对水力裂缝延伸模拟提出了巨大挑战。复杂网络裂缝延伸受储层岩性、岩石力学性质、地质力学和天然裂缝特征等影响,文中综述了天然裂缝对水力诱导裂缝延伸影响的国内外研究进展。水力诱导裂缝与天然裂缝相交前、相交时和相交后的复杂力学行为决定了水力诱导裂缝的复杂延伸规律:水力裂缝尖端逼近时,诱导应力场会导致胶结天然裂缝张性或剪性脱粘;相交时,天然裂缝可能出现剪切破裂导致压裂液大量滤失、或水力裂缝穿过天然裂缝沿原方向延伸、或转向沿天然裂缝延伸并在其端部或弱结构点起裂;相交后,可能出现多个裂缝尖端同时延伸的情况,形成复杂网络裂缝。真三轴压裂测试系统结合工业CT扫描、声发射装置、X-衍射等是研究复杂网络裂缝形成机理的主要试验手段;而非常规裂缝模型和扩展有限元方法(XFEM)是模拟复杂网络裂缝延伸的主要数值手段。XFEM是处理含裂纹等不连续问题的最有效方法,并具有有限元方法的所有优点,考虑到裂缝内流体压力是水力裂缝延伸的驱动力,故基于XFEM的渗流-应力-裂缝延伸全耦合研究是未来体积压裂复杂网络裂缝延伸模拟的重要发展方向。

尖端相交裂隙砂岩强度与破裂演化特征试验研究

岩石中裂隙的分布形态对岩石力学特性的影响极为显著。通过对含尖端相交裂隙砂岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,研究了2条相交裂隙分布方向角β和夹角α对砂岩强度、变形及破裂演化特征的影响。试验结果表明:随着β角的增大,试样峰值强度逐渐增大,平均模量先增大后减小。当β角为0°时,试样表现为双裂隙外尖端贯通破坏,当β角在30°~45°之间时,试样表现为单裂隙外尖端开裂破坏;当β角在60°~90°之间时,试样表现为双裂隙外尖端独立开裂破坏。随着β角的增大,裂隙内尖端的裂纹发育程度逐渐减弱。随着α角的增大,试样峰值强度逐渐减小,平均模量表现出先减小后增大再减小的趋势,当α角在30°~60°之间时,试样表现为单裂隙外尖端开裂破坏;当α角在90°~150°之间时,试样表现为双裂隙外尖端开裂破坏。随着α角的增大,裂隙内尖端裂纹发育程度逐渐减弱直至无裂纹产生。利用声发射仪记录了试样加载过程中的声发射特征,结果表明AE事件数主要集中在峰值和峰前非线性段,宏观裂纹的起裂、扩展和贯通都会产生明显的AE事件。

水平多裂缝交错扩展及其诱导应力干扰研究

QA油田X储层埋深较浅,高角度天然裂缝发育,水力压裂后形成的水力裂缝形态较为复杂,压后效果时好时坏,给压裂设计及施工带来诸多困难,急需弄清该储层水力裂缝的形态,以确定合理的压裂施工方案。首先,采用三轴岩石力学测试系统对X储层岩石力学特征进行测试,观察天然裂缝形态。其次,建立砂泥岩相间的二维平面渗流应力损伤耦合有限元模型,采用二次应力起裂准则作为水力裂缝是否起裂的判断依据,以幂律流来表征流体在Cohesive单元内的流动。模拟了X储层水力压裂多裂缝交错延伸的裂缝形态,探究了水力裂缝几何形态及压裂液排量、地应力、压裂液黏度对缝间应力干扰的影响,揭示了复杂多裂缝交错扩展的干扰机理,发现该储层具有形成复杂裂缝的力学和工程地质条件,为该区域的压裂改造提供理论指导。