Zika virus(ZIKV)is the causative agent of a viral infection that causes neurological complications in newborns and adults worldwide.Its wide transmission route and alarming spread rates are of great concern to the sci...Zika virus(ZIKV)is the causative agent of a viral infection that causes neurological complications in newborns and adults worldwide.Its wide transmission route and alarming spread rates are of great concern to the scientific community.Numerous trials have been conducted to develop treatment options for ZIKV infection.This review highlights the latest developments in the fields of vaccinology and pharmaceuticals developments for ZIKV infection.A systematic and comprehensive approach was used to gather relevant and up-to-date data so that inferences could be made about the gaps in therapeutic development.The results indicate that several therapeutic interventions are being tested against ZIKV infection,such as DNA vaccines,subunit vaccines,live-attenuated vaccines,virus-vector-based vaccines,inactivated vaccines,virus-like particles,and mRNA-based vaccines.In addition,approved anti-ZIKV drugs that can reduce the global burden are discussed.Although many vaccine candidates for ZIKV are at different stages of development,none of them have received Food and Drug Authority approval for use up to now.The issue of side effects associated with these drugs in vulnerable newborns and pregnant women is a major obstacle in the therapeutic pathway.展开更多
Objective:To characterize the infection patterns and growth characteristics of the Zika virus(ZIKV)strain JMB-185 from Indonesia in various mammalian cell lines.Methods:ZIKV was grown in human(A549,HEK293,HepG2,Huh7,J...Objective:To characterize the infection patterns and growth characteristics of the Zika virus(ZIKV)strain JMB-185 from Indonesia in various mammalian cell lines.Methods:ZIKV was grown in human(A549,HEK293,HepG2,Huh7,Jurkat,and THP-1)and non-human mammalian(RAW264.7,Vero,and Vero76)cell lines.Viral replication kinetics were measured using plaque assay,while intra-and extracellular viral RNA concentrations were assessed using RT-PCR.Flow cytometry was used to quantify the infected cells and cell viability was measured using an MTT assay.The ability of ZIKV to infect cell lines was visualized using a fluorescence immunostaining assay.Results:This ZIKV strain preferentially infected the lung,kidney,and liver cell lines A549,HEK293,Huh7,Vero,and Vero76,but not the immune cells Jurkat,RAW264.7,and THP-1.By contrast,the ZIKV showed no sign of infection in HepG2 cells,while maintaining viral titer over 3 days post-infection,with no infection recorded in immunostaining,no increase in viral RNA,and no indication of cell deterioration.Conclusions:The Indonesian ZIKV strain has a similar infection profile as other strains,except for its poor infectivity on HepG2 cells.Information on the growth characteristics of Indonesia ZIKV will help expand our understanding of the biology of ZIKV which will be useful for various applications including antiviral discovery.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to present the numerical performancesand interpretations of the SEIR nonlinear system based on the Zika virusspreading by using the stochastic neural networks based intelligent computingso...The purpose of this study is to present the numerical performancesand interpretations of the SEIR nonlinear system based on the Zika virusspreading by using the stochastic neural networks based intelligent computingsolver. The epidemic form of the nonlinear system represents the four dynamicsof the patients, susceptible patients S(y), exposed patients hospitalized inhospital E(y), infected patients I(y), and recovered patients R(y), i.e., SEIRmodel. The computing numerical outcomes and performances of the systemare examined by using the artificial neural networks (ANNs) and the scaledconjugate gradient (SCG) for the training of the networks, i.e., ANNs-SCG.The correctness of the ANNs-SCG scheme is observed by comparing theproposed and reference solutions for three cases of the SEIR model to solvethe nonlinear system based on the Zika virus spreading dynamics throughthe knacks of ANNs-SCG procedure based on exhaustive experimentations.The outcomes of the ANNs-SCG algorithm are found consistently in goodagreement with standard numerical solutions with negligible errors. Moreover,the procedure’s constancy, dependability, and exactness are perceived by usingthe values of state transitions, error histogram measures, correlation, andregression analysis.展开更多
Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.al...Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.albopictus,and malaria,a parasitic disease transmitted by Anopheles gambiae,are prevalent in Nigeria and neighbouring countries,but their burden and possible coinfections are poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the antibody seropositivity and endemicity of chikungunya and Zika viruses(ZIKV)in three regions of Nigeria.A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted on 871 participants.Samples were collected from outpatients by simple random sampling.Analyses of the samples were performed using recomLine Tropical Fever for the presence of antibody serological marker IgG immunoblot with CHIKV VLP(virus like particle),ZIKV NS1 and ZIKV Equad according to manufacturers’instructions and malaria RDT for malaria parasite.There was a significantly higher antibody seropositivity against CHIKV in the central region than in the northern and southern regions(69.5%,291/419),while ZIKV-seropositivity(22.4%,34/152)and CHIKV-ZIKV co-circulating antibody seropositivity(17.8%,27/152)were notably higher in the southern region than in the central and northern regions.This investigation revealed an unexpectedly high antibody seropositivity and concealed endemicity of CHIKV and ZIKV in three Nigerian regions.The seropositivity of detectable antibodies differed among the three geographical locations.展开更多
Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that brain abnormalities in infants with laboratory-confirmed Zika infection include microcephaly, disrupted brain growth, intracranial calcificati...Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that brain abnormalities in infants with laboratory-confirmed Zika infection include microcephaly, disrupted brain growth, intracranial calcifications, and abnormal eye findings—it is not known presently if the Zika virus itself causes any of these. In a recent 2016 review of Zika dealing with possible brain abnormalities appearing with Zika, Melo et al. mention that among the Flaviviruses, which Zika is, such brain insults and pathologic findings are practically unheard of. Melo et al. conclude that until more cases are diagnosed and more histopathological proofs are obtained, the possibility of other causes besides Zika cannot be ruled out. This paper considers just such other possible causes that have, to this point, escaped general notice. The Aedes aegypti and other Aedes species can transmit tiny viral-like, cell-wall-deficient mycobacterial forms, independent of viruses, yet prevalent in the very same Rhesus Monkey used in the original 1952 Zika communication—which spoke of “A filterable transmissible agent”. In addition, the universal fetal prenatal vaccination of Brazilian neonates is considered, strongly discouraged by The Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne, which forbids BCG vaccination of pregnant women and those immunosuppressed or already having tuberculosis (TB) or AIDS. And finally thought is focused on the prime candidate itself, towards explaining what an alternative cause for “Zika” might look like—an infectious agent with transmissible, filterable, viral-like forms. One which can be transmitted by the very same Aedes mosquitoes that carry Zika—one that is neurotrophic, and extremely prevalent in Brazil—and that can disrupt brain growth, cause microcephalus, cause a fever, is sexually transmissible, instigates Guillain-Barré syndrome and causes cranial calcifications—the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which includes the Mycobacterium africanum prevalent, yet completely ignored, in the Rhesus monkeys used in the original Zika study.展开更多
Objective:To assess the knowledge on Zika virus(ZIKV) infection among healthcare providers(doctors) in Aceh province,Indonesia.Methods:A self-administered internet based survey was conducted from 3 May to 3 June 2016 ...Objective:To assess the knowledge on Zika virus(ZIKV) infection among healthcare providers(doctors) in Aceh province,Indonesia.Methods:A self-administered internet based survey was conducted from 3 May to 3 June 2016 among the members of doctor organizations in Aceh province.A set of validated,pre-tested questionnaire was used to measure knowledge regarding ZIKV infection and to collect a range of explanatory variables.A two-steps logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the association of participants' demographic,workplace characteristics and other explanatory variables with the knowledge.Results:A total of 442 participants included in the final analysis and 35.9% of them(159) had a good knowledge on ZIKV infection.Multivariate model revealed that type of occupation,type of workplace,availability of access to medical journals and experience made Zika disease as differential diagnose were associated with knowledge on ZIKV infection.In addition,three significant source of information regarding ZIKV were online media(60%),medical article or medical news(16.2%) and television(13.2%).Conclusion:The knowledge of the doctors in Aceh regarding ZIKV infection is relatively low.Doctors who have a good knowledge on ZIKV infection are more confident to established ZIKV disease as differential diagnosis in their clinical setting.Therefore,such program to increase healthcare providers' knowledge regarding ZIKV infection is needed to screen potential carriers of ZIKV infection.展开更多
Objective: To identify immunological evidence of Zika virus transmission in Thailand. Methods: To undertake a preliminary serosurvey of possible exposure to Zika virus, 21 serum samples from cohort of acute undifferen...Objective: To identify immunological evidence of Zika virus transmission in Thailand. Methods: To undertake a preliminary serosurvey of possible exposure to Zika virus, 21 serum samples from cohort of acute undifferentiated fever patients were examined for immunoreactivity to Zika, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis and Chikungunya envelope antigens by Western blot analysis. Results: Twenty of the 21 serum samples showed immunoreactivity to at least one of the antigens, with seven samples showing immunoreactivity to all antigens. Of particular note, two serum samples showed immunoreactivity only to Zika envelope antigen, with no immunoreactivity to other envelope antigens. Conclusions: This study presents the first evidence of Zika virus transmission in Thailand, although as yet the relationship between transmission and possible cases of Zika fever in Thailand requires further investigation.展开更多
Zika virus infection is the present problematic arboviral disease. Classically, this disease cause febrile illness and can result in low platelet count. However, there are some new obervations on atypical clinical pre...Zika virus infection is the present problematic arboviral disease. Classically, this disease cause febrile illness and can result in low platelet count. However, there are some new obervations on atypical clinical presentations of Zika virus infection that can make the diagnosis more difficult. The afebrile, asymptomatic and non-thrombocytopenic Zika virus infection can be seen in clinical practice and can lead to missed or delayed diagnosis.展开更多
The risk of dengue virus transmission via blood transfusion is confirmed.As a similar virus,the risk for the case of Zika virus should be mentioned.Here,the authors calculated for the risk of Zika virus transmission v...The risk of dengue virus transmission via blood transfusion is confirmed.As a similar virus,the risk for the case of Zika virus should be mentioned.Here,the authors calculated for the risk of Zika virus transmission via blood transmission referring to the previous data on the risk in case of dengue virus.展开更多
To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices(KAP) on Zika virus infection among pregnant women in Brunei Darussalam by a cross-sectional survey. Methods: Between February and June 2017, we recruited 234 pregnant ...To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices(KAP) on Zika virus infection among pregnant women in Brunei Darussalam by a cross-sectional survey. Methods: Between February and June 2017, we recruited 234 pregnant women from all government healthcare centres at Brunei-Muara district, using a modified systematic sampling approach. A pre-tested and self-administered questionnaire was used and data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: The study participants were mainly Malay(87.2%) and their mean age was 28.0 years. The median knowledge score was 13, out of a possible score of 28. Most participants(92.7%) knew that Zika virus was transmitted by mosquito bites whereas some(34.6%) knew that sexual transmission was also possible. Media(radio, television or newspapers) was the preferred source of updated information on Zika virus, followed by healthcare workers(44.0%), government announcements(43.2%), and social media(38.0%). Pregnant women who were 25 years old or older [Adj. OR=3.62(95% CI: 1.57, 9.51)], not Malays [Adj. OR=3.32(95% CI: 1.35, 8.55)], and had an average monthly household income of more than BND $3 000 [Adj. OR=4.06(95% CI: 1.81, 19.44)] were more likely to score higher for knowledge on Zika virus. The median prevention practice score was 23, out of a possible score of 36. Most participants reported wearing covering clothes(98.3%) and kept their living surroundings clean(99.6%). Most participants(88.0%) agreed that Zika is an important issue in their community. Conclusion: We found a lack of knowledge on Zika virus infection among pregnant women attending government maternal and child healthcare centres in Brunei Darussalam, in particular that Zika virus can be sexually transmitted. Such information could be well disseminated at the healthcare centre level. Health literacy studies should be conducted to understand the facilitators and barriers of KAP on Zika virus infection among pregnant women.展开更多
基金This work is supported by the United Arab Emirates University UPAR(Grant No.G3458).
文摘Zika virus(ZIKV)is the causative agent of a viral infection that causes neurological complications in newborns and adults worldwide.Its wide transmission route and alarming spread rates are of great concern to the scientific community.Numerous trials have been conducted to develop treatment options for ZIKV infection.This review highlights the latest developments in the fields of vaccinology and pharmaceuticals developments for ZIKV infection.A systematic and comprehensive approach was used to gather relevant and up-to-date data so that inferences could be made about the gaps in therapeutic development.The results indicate that several therapeutic interventions are being tested against ZIKV infection,such as DNA vaccines,subunit vaccines,live-attenuated vaccines,virus-vector-based vaccines,inactivated vaccines,virus-like particles,and mRNA-based vaccines.In addition,approved anti-ZIKV drugs that can reduce the global burden are discussed.Although many vaccine candidates for ZIKV are at different stages of development,none of them have received Food and Drug Authority approval for use up to now.The issue of side effects associated with these drugs in vulnerable newborns and pregnant women is a major obstacle in the therapeutic pathway.
基金supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Research and Technology(KEMENDIKBUD RISTEK)number NKB-022/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2021 awarded to AB.
文摘Objective:To characterize the infection patterns and growth characteristics of the Zika virus(ZIKV)strain JMB-185 from Indonesia in various mammalian cell lines.Methods:ZIKV was grown in human(A549,HEK293,HepG2,Huh7,Jurkat,and THP-1)and non-human mammalian(RAW264.7,Vero,and Vero76)cell lines.Viral replication kinetics were measured using plaque assay,while intra-and extracellular viral RNA concentrations were assessed using RT-PCR.Flow cytometry was used to quantify the infected cells and cell viability was measured using an MTT assay.The ability of ZIKV to infect cell lines was visualized using a fluorescence immunostaining assay.Results:This ZIKV strain preferentially infected the lung,kidney,and liver cell lines A549,HEK293,Huh7,Vero,and Vero76,but not the immune cells Jurkat,RAW264.7,and THP-1.By contrast,the ZIKV showed no sign of infection in HepG2 cells,while maintaining viral titer over 3 days post-infection,with no infection recorded in immunostaining,no increase in viral RNA,and no indication of cell deterioration.Conclusions:The Indonesian ZIKV strain has a similar infection profile as other strains,except for its poor infectivity on HepG2 cells.Information on the growth characteristics of Indonesia ZIKV will help expand our understanding of the biology of ZIKV which will be useful for various applications including antiviral discovery.
基金support from the NSRF via the program anagement Unit for Human Resources&Institutional Development,Research and Innovation[Grant number B05F640183]Chiang Mai University.Watcharaporn Cholamjiak would like to thank National Research Council of Thailand (N42A650334)Thailand Science Research and Innovation,the University of Phayao (Grant No.FF66-UoE).
文摘The purpose of this study is to present the numerical performancesand interpretations of the SEIR nonlinear system based on the Zika virusspreading by using the stochastic neural networks based intelligent computingsolver. The epidemic form of the nonlinear system represents the four dynamicsof the patients, susceptible patients S(y), exposed patients hospitalized inhospital E(y), infected patients I(y), and recovered patients R(y), i.e., SEIRmodel. The computing numerical outcomes and performances of the systemare examined by using the artificial neural networks (ANNs) and the scaledconjugate gradient (SCG) for the training of the networks, i.e., ANNs-SCG.The correctness of the ANNs-SCG scheme is observed by comparing theproposed and reference solutions for three cases of the SEIR model to solvethe nonlinear system based on the Zika virus spreading dynamics throughthe knacks of ANNs-SCG procedure based on exhaustive experimentations.The outcomes of the ANNs-SCG algorithm are found consistently in goodagreement with standard numerical solutions with negligible errors. Moreover,the procedure’s constancy, dependability, and exactness are perceived by usingthe values of state transitions, error histogram measures, correlation, andregression analysis.
文摘Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.albopictus,and malaria,a parasitic disease transmitted by Anopheles gambiae,are prevalent in Nigeria and neighbouring countries,but their burden and possible coinfections are poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the antibody seropositivity and endemicity of chikungunya and Zika viruses(ZIKV)in three regions of Nigeria.A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted on 871 participants.Samples were collected from outpatients by simple random sampling.Analyses of the samples were performed using recomLine Tropical Fever for the presence of antibody serological marker IgG immunoblot with CHIKV VLP(virus like particle),ZIKV NS1 and ZIKV Equad according to manufacturers’instructions and malaria RDT for malaria parasite.There was a significantly higher antibody seropositivity against CHIKV in the central region than in the northern and southern regions(69.5%,291/419),while ZIKV-seropositivity(22.4%,34/152)and CHIKV-ZIKV co-circulating antibody seropositivity(17.8%,27/152)were notably higher in the southern region than in the central and northern regions.This investigation revealed an unexpectedly high antibody seropositivity and concealed endemicity of CHIKV and ZIKV in three Nigerian regions.The seropositivity of detectable antibodies differed among the three geographical locations.
文摘Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that brain abnormalities in infants with laboratory-confirmed Zika infection include microcephaly, disrupted brain growth, intracranial calcifications, and abnormal eye findings—it is not known presently if the Zika virus itself causes any of these. In a recent 2016 review of Zika dealing with possible brain abnormalities appearing with Zika, Melo et al. mention that among the Flaviviruses, which Zika is, such brain insults and pathologic findings are practically unheard of. Melo et al. conclude that until more cases are diagnosed and more histopathological proofs are obtained, the possibility of other causes besides Zika cannot be ruled out. This paper considers just such other possible causes that have, to this point, escaped general notice. The Aedes aegypti and other Aedes species can transmit tiny viral-like, cell-wall-deficient mycobacterial forms, independent of viruses, yet prevalent in the very same Rhesus Monkey used in the original 1952 Zika communication—which spoke of “A filterable transmissible agent”. In addition, the universal fetal prenatal vaccination of Brazilian neonates is considered, strongly discouraged by The Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne, which forbids BCG vaccination of pregnant women and those immunosuppressed or already having tuberculosis (TB) or AIDS. And finally thought is focused on the prime candidate itself, towards explaining what an alternative cause for “Zika” might look like—an infectious agent with transmissible, filterable, viral-like forms. One which can be transmitted by the very same Aedes mosquitoes that carry Zika—one that is neurotrophic, and extremely prevalent in Brazil—and that can disrupt brain growth, cause microcephalus, cause a fever, is sexually transmissible, instigates Guillain-Barré syndrome and causes cranial calcifications—the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which includes the Mycobacterium africanum prevalent, yet completely ignored, in the Rhesus monkeys used in the original Zika study.
文摘Objective:To assess the knowledge on Zika virus(ZIKV) infection among healthcare providers(doctors) in Aceh province,Indonesia.Methods:A self-administered internet based survey was conducted from 3 May to 3 June 2016 among the members of doctor organizations in Aceh province.A set of validated,pre-tested questionnaire was used to measure knowledge regarding ZIKV infection and to collect a range of explanatory variables.A two-steps logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the association of participants' demographic,workplace characteristics and other explanatory variables with the knowledge.Results:A total of 442 participants included in the final analysis and 35.9% of them(159) had a good knowledge on ZIKV infection.Multivariate model revealed that type of occupation,type of workplace,availability of access to medical journals and experience made Zika disease as differential diagnose were associated with knowledge on ZIKV infection.In addition,three significant source of information regarding ZIKV were online media(60%),medical article or medical news(16.2%) and television(13.2%).Conclusion:The knowledge of the doctors in Aceh regarding ZIKV infection is relatively low.Doctors who have a good knowledge on ZIKV infection are more confident to established ZIKV disease as differential diagnosis in their clinical setting.Therefore,such program to increase healthcare providers' knowledge regarding ZIKV infection is needed to screen potential carriers of ZIKV infection.
基金supported by Mahidol University and the Thailand Research Fund(RTA5780009 and IRG5780009)supported by a Mahidol University Post-Doctoral Fellowship
文摘Objective: To identify immunological evidence of Zika virus transmission in Thailand. Methods: To undertake a preliminary serosurvey of possible exposure to Zika virus, 21 serum samples from cohort of acute undifferentiated fever patients were examined for immunoreactivity to Zika, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis and Chikungunya envelope antigens by Western blot analysis. Results: Twenty of the 21 serum samples showed immunoreactivity to at least one of the antigens, with seven samples showing immunoreactivity to all antigens. Of particular note, two serum samples showed immunoreactivity only to Zika envelope antigen, with no immunoreactivity to other envelope antigens. Conclusions: This study presents the first evidence of Zika virus transmission in Thailand, although as yet the relationship between transmission and possible cases of Zika fever in Thailand requires further investigation.
文摘Zika virus infection is the present problematic arboviral disease. Classically, this disease cause febrile illness and can result in low platelet count. However, there are some new obervations on atypical clinical presentations of Zika virus infection that can make the diagnosis more difficult. The afebrile, asymptomatic and non-thrombocytopenic Zika virus infection can be seen in clinical practice and can lead to missed or delayed diagnosis.
文摘The risk of dengue virus transmission via blood transfusion is confirmed.As a similar virus,the risk for the case of Zika virus should be mentioned.Here,the authors calculated for the risk of Zika virus transmission via blood transmission referring to the previous data on the risk in case of dengue virus.
文摘To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices(KAP) on Zika virus infection among pregnant women in Brunei Darussalam by a cross-sectional survey. Methods: Between February and June 2017, we recruited 234 pregnant women from all government healthcare centres at Brunei-Muara district, using a modified systematic sampling approach. A pre-tested and self-administered questionnaire was used and data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: The study participants were mainly Malay(87.2%) and their mean age was 28.0 years. The median knowledge score was 13, out of a possible score of 28. Most participants(92.7%) knew that Zika virus was transmitted by mosquito bites whereas some(34.6%) knew that sexual transmission was also possible. Media(radio, television or newspapers) was the preferred source of updated information on Zika virus, followed by healthcare workers(44.0%), government announcements(43.2%), and social media(38.0%). Pregnant women who were 25 years old or older [Adj. OR=3.62(95% CI: 1.57, 9.51)], not Malays [Adj. OR=3.32(95% CI: 1.35, 8.55)], and had an average monthly household income of more than BND $3 000 [Adj. OR=4.06(95% CI: 1.81, 19.44)] were more likely to score higher for knowledge on Zika virus. The median prevention practice score was 23, out of a possible score of 36. Most participants reported wearing covering clothes(98.3%) and kept their living surroundings clean(99.6%). Most participants(88.0%) agreed that Zika is an important issue in their community. Conclusion: We found a lack of knowledge on Zika virus infection among pregnant women attending government maternal and child healthcare centres in Brunei Darussalam, in particular that Zika virus can be sexually transmitted. Such information could be well disseminated at the healthcare centre level. Health literacy studies should be conducted to understand the facilitators and barriers of KAP on Zika virus infection among pregnant women.
