Comparison of Nutrition Practices, Knowledge and Exercise between Pregnant Women in China and Zambia

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare how Chinese and Zambian pregnant women respond to nutrition and exercise. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data that was conducted in Chingola City, Zambia, and Hangzhou City, China, using an online survey between September 1, 2023 and February 28, 2024. The subjects were divided into two groups (the China group and the Zambia group) according to their nationality. Results: A total of 210 participants were included through a questionnaire survey, 104 from China and 106 from Zambia. In terms of nutrient supplementation and whether to choose takeout weekly, 100% of Chinese pregnant women chose yes, while 100% of Zambian pregnant women chose no (P 0.05). The proportion of pregnant women in the China group choosing moderate or intense activities was higher than that in the Zambia group. In terms of daily exercise time, the proportion of Chinese pregnant women choosing 13 - 30 minutes or 30 - 60 minutes was significantly higher than that of Zambian pregnant women (P Conclusion: From the findings in our study, it can be observed that although pregnancy is an experience that many women may go through, lifestyle habits during pregnancy can vary from culture to culture or ethnicity.

Determinants of Home Deliveries by Pregnant Mothers in Lumbo Chabbobboma Zone of Gwembe District in Zambia

Background: Home deliveries is still high globally at 42% WHO 2022, due to high home deliveries, maternal death is also high at 43% globally. In sub-Sahara region home deliveries still high. Giving birth at health facilities in most of sub-Saharan African countries Zambia inclusive is still a challenge whereby more than 51% of first-time mothers give birth at home and this gives a risk of high maternal and perinatal deaths. Therefore Reducing number of home deliveries is important to improve maternal and perinatal health issues. In this study, the aim was to investigate the determinants of home deliveries by pregnant mothers in the Luumbo zone of Gwembe district, Zambia. Purpose: Access to skilled care and facilities with capacity to provide emergency and newborn care is critical to reduce maternal death. In Zambia 42% of women still deliveries from home, suggesting a persistent challenge for women to seek, reach, and receive quality maternity care. This study aimed investigate the determinants of home deliveries by pregnant mothers in Luumbo zone of Gwembe district, Zambia. Methods: The study was conducted among postnatal mothers who came for postnatal care at 6 weeks in Luumbo Chabbobboma clinic in Gwembe district southern province of Zambia. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study where a Simple random sampling technique was used to select 105 women of childbearing age who attended postnatal and had a recent delivery. Data were collected using a researcher-administered structured questionnaire to identify determinants of home deliveries in Luumbo Chabbobboma zone. Data analysis was done using SPSS computer software version 27.0. Both descriptive and inferential (chi-square test) analyses were performed and statistical significance was taken at α ≤ 0.05. Results: The results show that 46 (43.8%) respondents were in the age bracket 20 - 29 years. Of the 105 respondents included in the study, 24 (22.9%) of them delivered from home. The results show that high maternal age (p = 0.03), occupation (p = 0.024), distance to the facility (p = 0.014), means of transportation (p = 0.023), multiparity (p = 0.01), timing and number of ANC visits (p Conclusion: From this population. The major reason why women still deliver at home was long distance to the nearest facility. To reduce maternal and perinatal mortality access to health facilities by pregnant women needs to be improved. There should also be active engagement of the traditional and religious institutions in the area.

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy among Pregnant Women: A Knowledge, Attitude, and Perceived Risks Survey in Lusaka, Zambia

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since its emergence, there have been increased rates of transmission and spread, morbidity and mortality which led to the development of COVID-19 vaccines to address the pandemic. This study assessed acceptance, knowledge, attitude, and perceived risks regarding COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant women attending antenatal care at two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 241 pregnant women using a questionnaire from August 2023 to October 2023 in two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka district, Zambia. The collected data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-square test. The statistical significance was set at a 95% confidence level. Results: Of the 241 participants, 107 (42.7%) were aged between 24 and 34 years. Overall, 64.3% accepted the COVID-19 vaccines, of which 122 (50.6%) were already vaccinated. Further, 203 (84.6%) of the pregnant women had good knowledge, and 199 (82.6%) had positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. However, 58.5% thought COVID-19 vaccines were not safe and could cause infertility. Alongside this, 70.1% thought that COVID-19 vaccines were harmful during pregnancy. Having good knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines was associated with age (p = 0.049), education status (p = 0.001), and employment status (p = 0.001). Having a positive attitude towards COVID-19 vaccines was associated with education status (p = 0.001) and employment status (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study found that most pregnant women had good knowledge, and positive attitudes, and the majority accepted the COVID-19 vaccine. Encouragingly, most of the pregnant women who accepted the COVID-19 vaccines were already vaccinated. Most pregnant women thought that COVID-19 vaccines had side effects, were not safe, and could be harmful during pregnancy. Consequently, this could have contributed to the hesitancy to receive a vaccine among some participants. The findings of this study demonstrate the need to provide pregnant women with continuous educational programs on the benefits of vaccinations for themselves and their children.

Availability of Antimalarial Medicines in Community Pharmacies of Lusaka District, Zambia: Implications on Compliance to Malaria Treatment Guidelines

Background: Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia, affecting all levels of society, with children under the age of five and pregnant women being most at risk of serious illness. The availability of antimalarial medicines is one of the key interventions of malaria management. This study assessed the availability of antimalarial medicines in community pharmacies in Lusaka district, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 210 community pharmacies from September to November 2022 using a well-structured checklist in selected areas of Lusaka district. The availability was verified by a physical check of the product. The checklist contained the medicines listed both in the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malaria in Zambia as well as in the World Health Organization (WHO) malaria treatment guidelines. Results: This study found that all antimalarials listed in the local treatment guidelines for malaria were available in community pharmacies, though with the varying distribution. Of the 210 community pharmacies, 209 (99.5%) had artemether/lumefantrine in stock. The lowest available antimalarial was quinine/clindamycin, which was only available in 3 (1.4%) of the outlets. Conversely, 3 out of 16 (18.8%) antimalarials that were available in community pharmacies were not listed in the local treatment guidelines of malaria in Zambia, despite being listed in the WHO malaria treatment guidelines. This translated into a compliance level of 81.2% based on the local malaria treatment guidelines. Conclusion: This study concluded that antimalarials were available for all categories of malaria management in community pharmacies, though with a varying distribution. The presence of antimalarials not listed in the Zambian treatment guidelines is of public health concern which may have an impact on antimicrobial resistance in the future.

A Study on the Existing Cybersecurity Policies and Strategies in Combating Increased Cybercrime in Zambia

The incidence of cybercrime in Zambia is rising, with perpetrators exhibiting a growing tendency to focus on corporate entities and private citizens. The Zambian government has tried to resolve the issue of network protection dangers through the execution of different approaches and procedures. Notwithstanding, the adequacy of these actions has been restricted. The present research investigates Zambia’s extant cybersecurity policies and strategies and delineates several domains where enhancements can be made. The research provides several suggestions on how the Zambian government can enhance its efforts to address cybercrime. This research employs a qualitative approach to investigate the extent of cybersecurity policies and strategies in Zambia by analyzing secondary data. The study seeks to offer valuable insights into the efficacy of Zambia’s cybersecurity framework in addressing the escalating menace of cybercrime by scrutinizing pertinent literature, government reports, and academic articles. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the difficulties encountered by the nation and propose suggestions for improving current policies and strategies.

自主知识体系视角下的新时代中非减贫合作

贫困治理是“全球南方”国家发展振兴的核心关切,而中国式现代化的成功实践为其他发展中国家摆脱贫穷、实现经济社会可持续发展提供了宝贵经验,丰富了国际减贫理论与实践。进入新时代,在中非共建高质量“一带一路”倡议引领下,中非减贫合作以自主知识体系为标识,通过深化基础设施合作、加强产能合作、加速贸易畅通、促进人力资源开发等路径,有力推进了中非命运共同体建设。中国在合作共赢的对非减贫合作过程中,秉持“真实亲诚”与正确义利观,保持战略或政策对接、制度规则互通和理念协调一致,彰显中国式现代化模式的世界意义。未来,将中非“减贫之路”作为践行全球发展倡议的重要路径,提升中非减贫合作方案的精准性,探索中非减贫知识产品共享新机制,将是中非双方进一步努力的方向。

卢安夏某氧化铜矿石尾渣工艺矿物学研究

赞比亚是世界重要的铜矿资源富集区域,国内外已对其成矿地质背景、成矿规律、矿床成因等方面进行了详细研究(任军平等,2021;盖寿山等,2015)。随着矿山开采和生产的不断深入,矿石和尾渣物质成分的相关研究也逐渐成为近年研究的重点。

赞比亚卢安夏矿田铜矿床地物化综合找矿模型构建与应用

赞比亚卢安夏矿田铜矿床受区域构造制约,矿床分布于盆地内次级向斜构造中,矿体定位受罗恩群基特韦亚群RL6地层控制,铜矿化主要富集在不纯白云岩和泥质岩中,矿体呈层状与围岩整合接触,形态随褶皱构造的形态变化而变化。浅部到中深部矿体具有“中低阻和中高极化”特征,在“中低阻和中高极化”异常与中深部稳定电性分层上的低阻异常吻合时可以对矿化体进行定位预测。Cu、Ag、Bi元素异常在近地表氧化矿呈“驼峰”高值异常,在深部硫化矿上方呈“偏锋”弱异常。组合异常衬度高,异常同步清晰,可有效指示与矿体赋存范围。据此建立的地物化找矿模型应用效果良好,在赞比亚铜带省内沉积-变质型铜矿床具有良好的应用价值。

“一带一路”倡议下赞比亚职业教育与培训现状研究

“一带一路”倡议有助于我国更好地服务于国际合作,带动非洲教育事业发展,向非洲地区持续不断地输送职业技术技能人才,向全球职教事业贡献中国力量,从而提高国际影响力。本文通过聚焦赞比亚的职业教育发展现状、存在问题以及对外合作情况等方面研究,旨在支持当地职业教育发展,为中资及当地企业技能型人才培养提供参考。

刚果(金)绿纱铜钴矿湿法冶金工艺优化

绿纱铜钴矿位于刚果(金)上加丹加省卢本巴西市西北方向约70km。绿纱铜钴矿床以硫化矿为主,近地表有部分氧化矿。设计采用氧化矿和硫化矿混合浮选后沸腾焙烧,焙砂进入浸出-萃取-电积生产阴极铜,萃余液中和生产氢氧化钴的湿法冶金工序。实践表明,采用混合浮选影响铜钴的综合回收,且设备产能无法充分发挥。改造后,采用氧化矿直接浸出,硫化矿浮选-焙烧后进入湿法系统的方案,铜综合回收率大幅提升,且产能由2.5万吨/年,增加到3.5万吨/年。

Assessment of Informal Cross-Border Fish Trade in the Southern Africa Region： A Case of Malawi and Zambia

lntra-regional fish trade has potential in addressing the region＇s food and nutrition insecurity, as well as poverty reduction, by enabling movement of fish from countries of surplus to those with deficit. However, informal fish trade, just like all informal economic activities, has been overlooked and neglected in many national and regional policies, leading to obscurity of such an important part of the fisheries sector. This study examined the situation in the cross-border informal fish trade in order to deepen our understanding about the traders, the factors influencing the traders to use informal trade channels, the structure of the products traded and the challenges traders face, as well as propose policy direction to enhance the cross-border fish trade in the Southern Africa region. The study revealed that female traders dominated informal fish trade. In both Malawi and Zambia, an estimated 45,285.52 metric tonnes of fish valued at 82.14 million dollars and 102,263.9 metric tolmes of fish valued at 3.3 million dollars were informally traded. The key species involved in informal cross-border trade in Malawi and Zambia were the small pelagics, usipa （Engraulicypris sardella） from Lake Malawi and dagaa （Rastrineobola argentea） from Lake Tanganyika, respectively. It emerged from focus group discussions with informal fish traders and key informants＇ interviews with border post fish inspection and revenue collection officials that traders are put off by the cross-border regulations. Therefore, it is important for countries in the Southern African Development Community （SADC） region to regularize and formalize cross-border trade, particularly in small pelagic fish species, since this species plays a great role in the livelihoods, food and nutrition security of many people in the region, especially the rural and urban poor. It is also important for governments to support processors and traders to improve the quality of fish being traded, and decentralize issuing of the import/export certificates and other cross-border support documents. Lastly, there is a need to establish informal fish trade monitoring systems to adequately quantify the volumes traded.

“一带一路”背景下国有中资矿企在赞比亚投资的跨文化管理研究

对“一带一路”倡议下国有中资矿企在赞比亚投资的跨文化管理情况进行分析,阐述了“一带一路”倡议下国有中资矿企在赞比亚经营中进行跨文化管理的重要意义,分析了国有中资矿企在赞比亚跨文化管理过程中存在的问题和挑战,结合实际情况,提出了国有中资矿企在赞比亚跨文化管理过程中的思路和应对策略。

浅谈海外铜冶炼企业节能减排降碳管理实践与探索

随着全球气候变化问题的日益严峻,节能减排已成为各国共同关注的焦点。在“一带一路”背景下,各海外企业应采取有效的管理实践来实现能源的节约和温室气体排放的减少。以赞比亚谦比希铜冶炼公司节能减排降碳管理实践为载体从生产技术节能、设备节能、工艺优化节能及精益管理节能等方面进行分析与总结,为海外同类型火法铜冶炼企业生产运营提供借鉴和参考。

Study on the mechanical activation of malachite and the leaching of complex copper ore in the Luanshya mining area, Zambia

Mechanical activation(MA) of malachite was carried out by dry planetary grinding(DPG) and wet Isa grinding(WIG) methods. When the rotational speed was increased to 400 r/min in DPG, the specific surface area of malachite reached the maximum and the particle size reached the minimum of 0.7–100 μm. Agglomeration occurred between mineral particles when the rotational speed was increased to 580 r/min in DPG.However, no agglomeration was observed among particles with sizes 0.4–3 μm in WIG. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that, at a 580 r/min rotational speed in DPG, the amorphization degree of malachite was 53.12%, whereas that in WIG was 71.40%, indicating that MA led to amorphization and distortion of crystal structures. In addition, in the Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectra of activated malachite, the bands associated with –OH, CO_3^(2-)and metal lattice vibrations of Cu–O and Cu–OH were weakened, and a new H–O–H bending mode and peaks of gaseous CO_2 appeared, indicating that MA decreased the band energy, enhanced dihydroxylation, and increased the chemical reactivity of the malachite.Furthermore, the leaching behavior of copper ore was greatly improved by MA.

Neoproterozoic tectonic geography of the south-east Congo Craton in Zambia as deduced from the age and composition of detrital zircons

The Southern Irumide Belt(SIB)is an orogenic belt consisting of a number of lithologically varied Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic terranes that were thrust upon each other.The belt lies along the southwest margin of the Archaean to Proterozoic Congo Craton,and bears a Neoproterozoic tectonothermal overprint relating to the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian collision between the Congo and Kalahari cratons.It preserves a record of about 500 million years of plate interaction along this part of the Congo margin.Detrital zircon samples from the SIB were analysed for U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes,as well as trace element compositions.These data are used to constrain sediment-source relationships between SIB terranes and other Gondwanan terranes such as the local Congo Craton and Irumide belt and wider afield to Madagascar(Azania)and India.These correlations are then used to interpret the Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic affinity of the rocks and evolution of the region.Detrital zircon samples from the Chewore-Rufunsa and Kacholola(previously referred to as Luangwa-Nyimba)terranes of the SIB yield zircon U-Pb age populations and evolvedε(Hf)(t)values that are similar to the Muva Supergroup found throughout eastern Zambia,primarily correlating with Ubendian-Usagaran(ca.2.05-1.80 Ga)phase magmatism and a cryptic basement terrane that has been suggested to underlie the Bangweulu Block and Irumide Belt.These data suggest that the SIB was depositionally connected to the Congo Craton throughout the Mesoproterozoic.The more eastern Nyimba-Sinda terrane of the SIB(previously referred to as Petauke-Sinda terrane)records detrital zircon ages andε(Hf)(t)values that correlate with ca.1.1-1.0 Ga magmatism exposed elsewhere in the SIB and Irumide Belt.We ascribe this difference in age populations to the polyphase development of the province,where the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Nyimba-Sinda terrane accumulated in extensional basins that developed in the Neoproterozoic.Such deposition would have occurred following late-Mesoproterozoic magmatism that is widespread throughout both the Irumide and Southern Irumide Belts,presently considered to have occurred in response to collision between a possible microcontinental mass and the Irumide Belt.This interpretation implies a multi-staged evolution of the ocean south of the Congo Craton during the mid-Mesoproterozoic to late-Neoproterozoic,which ultimately closed during collision between the Congo and Kalahari cratons.

Misdiagnosis of tuberculosis and the clinical relevance of nontuberculous mycobacteria in Zambia

Objective:To determine the accuracy of TB diagnosis of TB in Zambia in the era of increasing HIV prevalence.Methods:Sputum of the clinically diagnosed TB cases was additionally subjected to liquid culture and molecular identification.This study distinguished between TB cases confirmed by positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis) cultures and mycobacterial disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria(NTM).Results:Only 49% of the 173 presumptively diagnosed TB cases was M.tuberculosis cultured,while in 13% (22) cases,a combination of M.tuberculosis and NTM was found.In 18% of the patients only NTM were cultured.In 28% ,no mycobacteria was cultivable.HIV positive status was correlated with the isolation of NTM(P【0.05).Conclusions:The diagnosis of tuberculosis based on symptoms, sputum smear and/or chest X-ray leads to significant numbers of false-positive TB cases in Zambia,most likely due to the increased prevalence of HIV.The role of NTM in tuberculosislike disease also seems relevant to the false diagnosis of TB in Zambia.

Review of the malaria epidemiology and trends in Zambia

A comprehensive desk review of malaria trends was conducted between 2000-2010 in Zambia to study malaria epidemiology and trends to guide strategies and approaches for effective malaria control.This review considered data from the National Health Information Management System,Malaria Surveys and Programme Review reports and analyzed malaria in-patient cases and deaths in relation to intervention coverage for all ages.Data showed three distinct epidemiological strata after a notable malaria reduction(66%)in in-patient cases and deaths,particularly between 2000-2008.These changes occurred following the(re-)introduction and expansion of indoor residual spraying up to 90%coverage,scale-up of coverage of long-lasting insecticidetreated nets in household from 50%to 70%,and artemisin-based combination therapy nationwide.However,malaria cases and deaths re-surged,increasing in 2009-2010 in the northern-eastern parts of Zambia.Delays in the disbursement of funds affected the implementation of interventions,which resulted in resurgence of cases and deaths.In spite of a decline in malaria disease burden over the past decade in Zambia,a reversal in impact is notable in the year 2009-2010,signifying that control gains are fragile and must be sustained toeliminate malaria.

Heavy Metal Contaminated Food Crops Irrigated with Wastewater in Peri Urban Areas, Zambia

Studies on peri urban farming in Zambia have not adequately tackled the issues pertaining to heavy metal contaminated wastewater irrigation farming. The study investigated heavy metal contamination of water, soils and crops at two peri urban areas in Zambia. Two study sites were New Farm Extension in Mufulira Town in the Copperbelt Province and Chilumba Gardens in Kafue Town in Lusaka Province. The heavy metals investigated were lead, copper, cobalt, nickel and chromium. These heavy metals were found to be higher than acceptable limits in wastewater used to irrigate crops and there are potential human health risks associated with consumption of heavy metal contaminated food crops which have implications on the livelihoods of people. Samples of water, soil and crops were collected and analysed for lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The data on heavy metals was analysed using mean, standard error and T-test. The results indicated that the levels of heavy metals in wastewater, soil and food crops were above acceptable limits at two study sites. It can be concluded that there was heavy metal contamination of wastewater, soil and food crops at the two peri-urban areas in Zambia. The study highlighted the actual levels of heavy metal contaminant uptake in food crops consumed by the peri urban population. The information from this study can be used by the relevant authorities to develop appropriate measures for monitoring and control of heavy metal contamination in wastewater irrigation farming systems in peri urban areas inZambia.

A retrospective evaluation of the quality of malaria case management at twelve health facilities in four districts in Zambia

Objective:To establish the appropriateness of malaria case management at health facility level in four districts in Zambia.Methods:This study was a retrospective evaluation of the quality of malaria case management at health facilities in four districts conveniently sampled to represent both urban and rural settings in different epidemiological zones and health facility coverage.The review period was from January to December 2008.The sample included twelve lower level health facilities from four districts.The Pearson Chi-square test was used to identify characteristics which affected the quality of case management.Results:Out of 4891 suspected malaria cases recorded at the 12 health facilities,more than 80%of the patients had a temperature taken to establish their fever status.About 67%(CI_(95)66.1-68.7)were tested for parasitemia by either rapid diagnostic test or microscopy,whereas the remaining22.5%(CI_(95)213.1-23.7)were not subjected to any malaria test.Of the 2247 malaria cases reported(complicated and uncomplicated),71%were parasitologicaily confirmed while 29%were clinically diagnosed(unconfirmed).About 56%.(CI_(95)53.9-58.1)of the malaria cases reported were treated with artemether-lumefantrine(AL),35%(CI_(95)33.1-37.0)with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine,8%(CI_(95)6.9-9.2)with quinine and 1%did not receive any anti-malarial.Approximately 30%of patients WHO were found negative for malaria parasites were still prescribed an anti-malarial,contrary to the guidelines.There were marked inter-district variations in the proportion of patients in WHOm a diagnostic tool was used,and in the choice of anti-malarials for the treatment of malaria confirmed cases.Association between health worker characteristics and quality of case malaria management showed that nurses performed better than environmental health technicians and clinical officers on the decision whether to use the rapid diagnostic test or not.Gender,in service training on malaria,years of residence in the district and length of service of the health worker at the facility were not associated with diagnostic and treatment choices.Conclusions:Malaria case management was characterised by poor adherence to treatment guidelines.The non-adherence was mainly in leans of:inconsistent use of confirmatory tests(rapid diagnostic test or microscopy)for malaria;prescribing anti-malarials which are not recommended(e.g.sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine)and prescribing anti-malarials to cases testing negative.Innovative approaches are required to improve health worker adherence to diagnosis and treatment guidelines.

Age and geochemistry of the granitoid from the Lunte area,Northeastern Zambia:Implications for magmatism of the Columbia supercontinent

The Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Bangweulu Block has long been controversial.Paleoproterozoic granites consisting of the basement complex of the Bangweulu Block are widely exposed in northeastern Zambia,and they are the critical media for studying the tectonic evolution of the Bangweulu Block.This study systematically investigated the petrography,zircon U-Pb chronology,and petrogeochemistry of the granitoid extensively exposed in the Lunte area,northeastern Zambia.The results show that the granitoid in the area formed during 2051±13-2009±20 Ma as a result of Paleoproterozoic magmatic events.Geochemical data show that the granites in the area mainly include syenogranites and monzogranites of high-K calc-alkaline series and are characterized by high SiO2 content(72.68%‒73.78%)and K_(2)O/Na_(2)O ratio(1.82‒2.29).The presence of garnets,the high aluminum saturation index(A/CNK is 1.13‒1.21),and the 1.27%‒1.95%of corundum molecules jointly indicate that granites in the Lunte area are S-type granites.Rare earth elements in all samples show a rightward inclination and noticeably negative Eu-anomalies(δEu=0.16‒0.40)and are relatively rich in light rare earth elements.Furthermore,the granites are rich in large ion lithophile elements such as Rb,Th,U,and K and are depleted in Ba,Sr,and high field strength elements such as Ta and Nb.In addition,they bear low contents of Cr(6.31×10^(−6)‒10.8×10^(−6)),Ni(2.87×10^(−6)‒4.76×10^(−6)),and Co(2.62×10^(−6)‒3.96×10^(−6)).These data lead to the conclusion that the source rocks are meta-sedimentary rocks.Combining the above results and the study of regional tectonic evolution,the authors suggest that granitoid in the Lunte area were formed in a tectonic environment corresponding to the collision between the Tanzania Craton and the Bangweulu Block.The magmatic activities in this period may be related to the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent.