Zhang Heng's Seismoscope( 1):Its Emergence

The emergence of Zhang Heng's seismoscope has a profound historical background. This paper intends to explore the formation and material basis of Zhang Heng's scientific thought. It appears that the simple intention of "observing visions and distinguishing good fortune or misfortune"was his motivation to develop the seismoscope. Tracing its historical background,the authors proposed in this paper that the development of this seismoscope started around 128 A. D., and based on perceptual knowledge, two ideas about earthquakes came into being,i. e.,earthquake location could be judged according to the instrument shaking direction, and the earthquake and earth split were essentially different. In the instrument manufacture,Zhang Heng advocated a principle of "making utensils to imitate cosmos". By this principle,the following three problems were readily solved: the seismoscope imitated the response of the suspension system to earthquakes( i. e. natural seismoscope). Technically,the trigger mechanism of the latch was used for reference,and it recorded the physical evidence of earthquake occurrence by an ingenious way of a ball dropping from a dragon's mouth. The solution of these three key problems lead to the emergence of the seismoscope in 132 A. D. and the successful detection of an earthquake in 134 A. D. His invention deepened humanity's knowledge of natural laws, and promoted the development of science and technology in that time and later.

Reconstruction of Mechanical Principles of Zhang Heng's Seismoscope

The difficulties in the reconstruction of Zhang Heng’s Seismoscope come mainly from the lack of understanding of its mechanical principles. Such a discrepancy affects the rational reconstruction of the external form of the seismoscope and the fair assessment of its position in science. In connection with the two basic conjectures on its basic principles over the past hundred years: namely, the suspended pendulum and the upright rod, the authors have conducted a comprehensive study from the viewpoint of modern seismology. In this study, various aspects are involved, such as the properties of the seismoscope, its description in the “History of the Latter Han Dynasty", the structure and movement of the central pillar, historical earthquakes in the Longxi region, earthquake intensity in Luoyang, and modern seismograms from the Luoyang seismic station. The result shows that Zhang Heng’s seismoscope works following a suspended pendulum principle; it is triggered to move by seismic Rayleigh waves; and resonance plays the role of amplification. The long-prevailing conjecture of the upright rod, which was mistakenly called the “inverted pendulum" for a time, is believed to be improper. Both theory and practice show that it cannot be used in a seismoscope and will lead to an irrational reconstruction of the external form.

ZHANG Heng’s Seismometer and Longxi earthquake in AD 134

Longxi earthquake was the only earthquake example, which ZHANG Heng＇s Seismometer had detected. Therefore this event attracted the attention of the academic circle and also served as crucial evidence to examine the rationality of the reconstructed model of the seismometer. But for a long time, owing to the fact that the Jincheng-Longxi earthquake on February 28, AD 138 was mistaken as the event went against the historical records, it was refuted by the researches of both in China and abroad. By making careful textual research of historical records, especially by analyzing the description of Longxi earthquake of Houhan Shu, by studying the historical background exposed by historical literatures at that time, ZHANG Heng＇s biography, his poems and place names of Han Dynasty, by comparing five earthquakes occurred in Qing Dynasty and their attenuation of seismic intensity, the conclusion can be drawn that the Longxi earthquake should take place on December 13, AD 134 （the third year of Yangjia reign）. As a rough assessment, the epicenter was in Tianshui area and the magnitude was about 7. Due to the political corruption and inability to scientifically explain earthquake phenomenon at the end of Eastern Han Dynasty, a tragedy occurred during the later years of ZHANG Heng＇s life that had direct relations with the earthquake successively occurred in AD 133 and AD 134 after invention of seismometer in AD 132. In order to analyze the ground motion at Lingtai caused by the event in AD 134, the digital broad-band seismic records of three Longxi earthquakes in recent years recorded by Luoyang seismic station are used. The numerical modelings are made from three aspects of seismic magnitude definition, digital broad-band seismograms and empirical Green＇s function method. The results have shown that the maximum horizontal displacement at Lingtai is between 6-8 mm, and the maximum acceleration is less than 10^-2 m/s^2. These results have played an important role in quantitative test of the scientific reconstruction model of ZHANG Heng＇s Seismometer.

Zhang Heng’s Seismoscope(3):Disappearance & Scientific Value

The ancient idea of Heavenly Punishment confused natural phenomena with social issues,which resulted in Zhang Heng’s tragedy in his later years and seismoscope. The instrument might have been lost in the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. A series of extremely serious chaotic social events caused by war took place,such as a fire in Luoyang,forging coins by destroying copper wares,relocation of the capital,sharp population decrease,and the destruction of the Ling Observatory. Zhang’s scientific thought and successful practice had played an important role in ideological enlightenments at the primary stage of modern seismology at the end of the nineteenth century. There is a glorious course of"innovation—inheritance—re-innovation"of scientific and technical development from the inception Zhang Heng’s seismoscope to the modern seismograph invented by Milne,et al.

Zhang Heng's Seismoscope( 2):Historical Materials and Investigation

Historical data regarding Zhang Heng's seismoscope is not singular proof. Actually,the four earliest historical documents,i. e.,Continuation of Historiography of Han Dynasty, Historiography of the Later Han,Book of the Later Han and Ding Record all have relevant records of its structure,size,principle,response to earthquake and actual applications. These five aspects are supported by archaeological research,unearthed cultural relics, historical earthquakes and modern seismological study. These historical materials contain a great deal of specific information about this ancient seismoscope. In conclusion, the authenticity and reliability of Zhang Heng's seismoscope are verified.

Extensive numerical simulations on competitive growth between the Edwards–Wilkinson and Kardar–Parisi–Zhang universality classes

Extensive numerical simulations and scaling analysis are performed to investigate competitive growth between the linear and nonlinear stochastic dynamic growth systems, which belong to the Edwards–Wilkinson(EW) and Kardar–Parisi–Zhang(KPZ) universality classes, respectively. The linear growth systems include the EW equation and the model of random deposition with surface relaxation(RDSR), the nonlinear growth systems involve the KPZ equation and typical discrete models including ballistic deposition(BD), etching, and restricted solid on solid(RSOS). The scaling exponents are obtained in both the(1 + 1)-and(2 + 1)-dimensional competitive growth with the nonlinear growth probability p and the linear proportion 1-p. Our results show that, when p changes from 0 to 1, there exist non-trivial crossover effects from EW to KPZ universality classes based on different competitive growth rules. Furthermore, the growth rate and the porosity are also estimated within various linear and nonlinear growths of cooperation and competition.

On the Translation of Reduplicative Words in Chinese Form AABB——Analysis of Examples from Zhang Pei-ji's Selected Modern Chinese Essays 1-4

The reduplicative Chinese words in type AABB is a very special form in Chinese language, which is worth researching and analyzing. Through plenty of examples cited in the translation from Chinese to English by the translator Zhang Pei-ji in the four volumes of his translation works, the writer analyzes the phenomenon of translating AABB reduplicative words through examples collected manually in order to summarize the basic rules and principles in doing translation like this. The paper might be useful and helpful in researching translation and Chinese.

Contributions of Fuqing ZHANG to Predictability,Data Assimilation,and Dynamics of High Impact Weather:A Tribute

This article reviews Fuqing ZHANG’s contributions to mesoscale atmospheric science,from research to mentoring to academic service,over his 20-year career.His fundamental scientific contributions on predictability,data assimilation,and dynamics of high impact weather,especially gravity waves and tropical cyclones,are highlighted.His extremely generous efforts to efficiently transmit to the community new scientific knowledge and ideas through mentoring,interacting,workshop organizing,and reviewing are summarized.Special appreciation is given to his tremendous contributions to the development of mesoscale meteorology in China and the education of Chinese graduate students and young scientists.

On the 2002 U. S. Mid-Term Election Zhang Yanyu and Wang Wenfeng are both assistant research professors at the Division for American Studies in China Institute of Contemporary International Relations

The first mid-term election of the U. S. in the new century took place on November 5, 2002. One third of the senators from the 107th Congress (34 out of 100), all representatives (435), 36 state governors, and numerous local officials and legislators were to be elected or reelected. The resounding victory of the GOP in the congressional elections and the fact that the Democrats only got three more.

Zhang Weishe n:A Pion eer in the Developme nt and In dustrial Production of Penicillin in New China

The research and development of penicillin started with dificulty before 1949 and achieved certain results.In 1951,after the founding of the People’ s Republic of China,Zhang Weishen,as the only Chinese scientist who had been trained and worked in a penicillin research and development center in the United States for many years,overcame many difficulties and returned to China.In 1953,with the efforts of Zhang Weishen and his colleagues,China realized the industrialized production of penicillin,alleviating the urgent needs of the masses.Antibiotics has also become the first discipline to achieve major scientific and technological achievements after the founding of the New China.In the mid-1950s,the technical breakthrough in the localization of lactose substitutes marked the localization of the raw materials of the penicillin-producing culture medium,which paved the way for the industrialized production of penicillin with Chinese characteristics.Antibiotics have become one of the most widely used and affordable drugs for hundreds of millions of patients in China,and China has since ended the humiliating history of the "Sick Man of East Asia".

Discussion on manufacturing techniques of Chen Zhang Pot

The Chen Zhang Pot, made in the late Warring States period is an openwork bronze pot with gold and silver inlay. It was identified as a first-class historical relic of the nation by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage in 2001. To explore its manufacturing techniques, XRF, CT and X-Ray photograph microscopic observation were adopted for the non-destructive examination of the Chen Zhang Pot. The analysis data show that many parts of the Chen Zhang Pot were cast separately, and then assembled. It also shows that the composition proportion of each part of the Chen Zhang Pot is different; and the bronze color, hardness and tensile strength are different for each alloy proportion. A variety of decoration techniques were adopted in the manufacturing process, which make the color more diverse and gorgeous. The openwork decoration is the most complex part of the pot, and the gold and silver decoration technique also represents the high level manufacturing technology in the Warring States period. In summary, the Chen Zhang Pot is a unique art treasure, and as a specimen it allows us to study the bronze casting technology in the Warring States period.

乳酸盐与渗透胁迫对干酪乳酪杆菌Zhang的损伤机理及保护措施

目的:探究乳酸盐与渗透压胁迫对干酪乳酪杆菌Zhang的抑制作用并寻求解决方案。方法:分别使用乳酸钠、乳酸铵与氯化钠对菌体营造有机盐胁迫与渗透压胁迫,测定完全抑制浓度并绘制耐渗透曲线,通过测定菌体密度、活菌数、细胞损伤来观察LCZ受到的生理损伤与相容性溶质的保护效果。通过分批培养与恒定pH分批培养探究渗透压升高的关键因素,通过稀释发酵液以达到降低渗透压的效果,测定稀释后样品菌体密度、活菌数、干重得率的变化。结果:乳酸铵由于自身特性对LCZ具有强烈抑制作用;乳酸钠对LCZ的抑制作用较为温和,对LCZ起到的主要抑制作用是高渗抑制。L-脯氨酸对高渗环境下LCZ生物量积累及细胞活性均有显著保护作用,最优添加量为2 g/L。稀释发酵液处理对恒定pH补料培养菌体密度与活菌数的提升效果显著,最终发酵液OD_(600nm)与活菌数可达到19.68±0.429与(3.439±0.110)×10^(10)CFU/mL,分别是未稀释处理的1.61倍与1.46倍。结论:L-脯氨酸能够在一定程度上缓解高渗下LCZ的活性损伤。通过稀释发酵液处理降低发酵后期渗透压,能极大地提升发酵水平及细胞活性,研究结果为工业化生产及应用提供参考。

植物乳杆菌P8和干酪乳杆菌Zhang对母猪繁殖性能、血清生化指标和养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究植物乳杆菌P8和干酪乳杆菌Zhang对母猪繁殖性能、血清生化指标和养分消化率的影响。选择48头、第4胎次的长白×大白二元妊娠母猪,随机分为4组,每组12头,每头1个重复,饲养在定位栏内。对照组饲喂基础日粮,3个试验组分别在基础日粮中添加植物乳杆菌P8 3×10^(9)CFU/kg、干酪乳杆菌Zhang 3×10^(9)CFU/kg、复合菌3×10^(9)CFU/kg(植物乳杆菌P81.5×10^(9)CFU/kg+干酪乳杆菌Zhang1.5×10^(9) CFU/kg)。试验期从母猪妊娠期80 d开始至仔猪21 d断奶结束,测定母猪繁殖性能指标;于试验结束前1 d早晨母猪空腹采血测定血清生化指标;试验结束前3 d开始连续3 d收集母猪新鲜粪样,测定养分消化率。结果表明:与对照组相比,植物乳杆菌P8组、干酪乳杆菌Zhang组和复合菌组均提高了母猪的窝产活仔数、健仔数和初生窝重(P<0.05),干酪乳杆菌P8组和复合菌组提高了仔猪断奶个体重和断奶窝重(P<0.05);干酪乳杆菌P8组和复合菌组母猪血清尿素氮较对照组分别降低了8.81%和10.76%(P<0.05);与对照组相比,3个试验组均提高了母猪日粮粗蛋白质和钙的消化率(P<0.05)。由此可见,妊娠母猪日粮中添加3×10^(9)CFU/kg植物乳杆菌P8、干酪乳杆菌Zhang和复合菌均可提高母猪繁殖性能以及饲料养分粗蛋白质和钙的消化率。

Preface to the Special Issue:Predictability,Data Assimilation,and Dynamics of High Impact Weather-In Memory of Dr.Fuqing ZHANG

It has been two and a half years since Fuqing ZHANG,a distinguished professor in the Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science at the Pennsylvania State University(PSU),passed away unexpectedly on 19 July 2019.This special issue is to commemorate Prof.Fuqing ZHANG,who has made tremendous contributions on predictability,data assimilation,and the dynamics of high impact weather.

The Protection and Inheritance of the Traditional Papermaking Process: A Case Study of the Zhang Paper Workshop

The Zhang Paper Workshop preserving the complete traditional papermaking process has been praised by experts as “the living fossil of Chinese papermaking”. Due to the impact of industrial papermaking, however, the traditional papermaking has gradually lost its market advantage, and the Zhang Paper Workshop prevailing for a time is already on the decline. In order to retain this precious cultural heritage, for more than 10 years, the Gleaners has spared no effort to provide various efforts to papermakers and has found a way out for the manual papermaking, and results have been achieved. How to protect and inherit the traditional papermaking process under the premise of conserving the ecological environment and maintaining the integrity of the papermaking process, and establish the Zhang Paper Workshop as a place for spreading the concept of nature conservation and cultural heritage protection is an urgent problem to be solved. This requires the support of policies, the investment of funds and the upgrading of technology, as well as the promotion of understanding and the cultivation of feelings.

A Response to the Letter of Da-Lin Zhang

We appreciate many of Zhang’s critical comments and constructive recommendations(Zhang 2002) for the reform of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences (AAS). An annualAAS Editorial Board meeting was held on 19 December 2001 at the Institute of AtmosphericPhysics (IAP) of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Zhang’s letter (Zhang 2002) was distributed to

Storm Deposits of the Sinian Zhangqu Formation in Northern Anhui——An Upward Shallowing Carbonate Sequence

This paper studies. for the first time, the storm deposits of a carbonate sequence in the Sinian ZhangquFormation in northern Anhui. In the formation. a great number of calcareous trider sponge spicules were dis-covered in a distal storm turbidity sequence, which have provided further evidence for the correlation of theSinian Systems in North and South China from a view point of palaeontology.

Minister Zhang Weiqing on the Goals Of China's Family Planning Programme

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Professor Zhang Yu-zhen's medication rule in treating metrorrhagia and bleeding based on data mining

Objective:To explore the medication rules of Professor Zhang Yuzhen in treating the bleeding period of metrorrhagia and metrostaxisthe,and to explore the treatment of the disease.Methods:Collected 520 prescriptions of Professor Zhang Yuzhen in the treatment of patients with the bleeding period of metrorrhagia and metrostaxis,and analyzed the regularity of medication by using"TCM inheritance assist platform(V2.5)".Results:According to the analysis,the top 30 most frequently used herbs for treating the bleeding period of metrorrhagia and metrostaxisthe were Codonopsis pilosula,Trogopterus dung,Cattail pollen,Motherwort,Cornus,Ophiopogon japonicas,Schisandra,Tortoiseshell,Panax notoginseng,Radix Paeoniae Alba,etc.Core combination 35 In the group,the core prescription has 1 hemostasis,followed by 2 hemostasis,and evolves to get 3 new prescriptions.Conclusion:Professor Zhang Yuzhen's medication for the treatment of metrorrhagia and metrostaxisthe is mostly Gan Wen's product.The treatment is based on the three organs of the liver,spleen,and kidney,and the disease is treated with"tonifying the kidney and benefiting qi,reducing blood stasis and stopping bleeding".

INVESTIGATION OF BEHAVIOR OF AMMONIUM SULFATE ON SURFACE OF IRON OXIDE Rong Sheng LI~*, Jing Feng CHEN, Hun YANG, Wu Yang ZHANG Dept. of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023,

hhen ammonium sulfate-iron oxide is treated below 573 K, ammonium sulfate can spontaneously desperse on the surface of iron oxide. Simultaneously ammonium sulfate decomposes to some extent. During or after the dispersion, sulfate ion can interact with Fe atom on the surface of iron oxide to form a sort of surface sulfato complex of Fe and thus is transformed from the isolated into the bidentately bound form. Above 573 K the sulfato complex of Fe will gradually decompose with a further increase in temperature.