Comparative Analysis of Metaphors of “Flowers” in English and Chinese Poetry from the Perspective of Cognitive Metaphor Theory

Poetry,as a crucial form of literary expression,often employs metaphor as a common rhetorical device.According to the perspective of cognitive metaphor theory,metaphor transcends its traditional linguistic boundaries and is recognized as a profound cognitive mechanism,manifesting as a broader cognitive phenomenon.This article is based on metaphorical examples of“flowers”in Chinese and English poetry,carefully selecting representative cases for in-depth analysis.The aim is to compare the imagery of“flowers”in Chinese and English poetry,observe their similarities and differences,thereby fostering a better understanding of poetry in both languages.Through this study,we not only delve into the intricacies of metaphor within poetry but also shed light on the distinct interpretations of the symbol of“flowers”in different cultural contexts,expanding our appreciation for the cultural diversity inherent in poetry.

Diversity and Application of Herbaceous Flowers in Urban Road Greening in Hefei City

In urban road greening,the planting of ground cover flowers is essential,and herbaceous flowers are an important part.Through the investigation on the diversity of herbaceous flowers in urban road green spaces of Hefei City,the types,colors,application frequency and planting of herbaceous flowers in urban road green spaces were statistically analyzed,and the application forms of herbaceous flowers in the road greening of Hefei City were studied.The characteristics and problems of herbaceous flowers in the road greening of Hefei City were found,and some development suggestions were put forward.

Study on Skin Care Efficacy of the Active Ingredients in Camellia Japonica Flowers at High and Low Altitudes

The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.

Optimal ultrasonic extraction condition and determination of polysaccharides in Tilia amurensis flowers

Seven extracting temperatures （25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85℃） and extracting time （30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 min） were designed for selecting the optimal extracting time and extracting temperature for ultrasonic extraction of T. amurensis flowers. Polysaccharides from T. amurensis flowers were isolated and determined by spectrophotometry. Results show that the optimal ultrasonic temperature was 75℃ and ex tracting time 52 min. The content of polysaccharides in T. amurensis flowers measured by anthrone--H2SO4 colorimetry under 580 nm, was 9.74% with 0.47% of relative standard deviation （RSD, n=3）. This study demonstrated that ultrasonic extraction method was simple, and the color of the treated samples was stable in 4 h. The average recovery value for the polysaccharides measured was 99.48%±1.01%, with 0.112% of RSD （n=3）.

A Method to Improve Photographing Function of Common Digital Camera to Small Flowers and Fruits

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to solve the problem of photographing small flowers and fruits with a common digital camera in field. [Method] Firstly, the photographic mode of a common digital camera was set as ＂macro＂ （or ＂soft snap＂ ） and ＂flash off＂. Secondly, the small flower or fruit was magnified with a magnifying glass, and then the magnified flower or fruit was automatically focused with the digital camera lens. After automatic focusing, the shutter button was pressed and the photograph finished. [Result] With this method, the clear inflo- rescence or floral photographs of Eragrostis pilosa （ Gramineae ） , Bidens biternata （Compositae） and Tribulus terrester （Zygophllaceae） were obtained in field. [ Conclusion] The optical system of a digital camera has been changed by the magnifying glass, which improves the photographic function of a common digital camera to small flowers and fruits, and also easily gets their clear photographs.

Analysis of Flavone Content in Honey of Pomegranate Flowers

[Objective] The aim was to analyze content of flavones in honey of pomegranate flowers. [Method] Contents of total flavones in 24 honey samples of pomegranate flowers from Mengzi City in 2011 and 2012 were measured as per- spectrophotometry method with acetone as an extractant and rutin as a control. [Result] The average content of flavones in honey of pomegranate flowers was at （2.36±1.36）mg/100 g in 2011 and significantly higher than that in 2012 at （1.71± 0.53）mg/100 g. Analysis was conducted on flavones content in different batches and the results indicated that content of flavones in honey in different batches changed from increasing to decreasing, namely, the content was maximal in peak flowering stage, followed by late flowering stage and initial flowering stage. [Conclusion] The research provides references for development, use and function exploration of the honey of pomegranate flowers.

The Sterilization Technology of Medicinal Flowers

This paper reviewed the latest progress on the sterilization technology of medicinal flowers, and briefly introduced its principle and application. Compared with the traditional chemical sterilization and autoclave sterilization techniques, irradiation sterilization, light radiation sterilization and gas sterilization own their unique advan- tages for different drugs sterilization requirements, which are worth further promotion.

Separation and Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Pistillate Flowers between Different Mulberry Cultivars

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the proteins related to pistillate flower development in different mulberry cultivars. [Method] The total proteins of the pistillate flowers of two mulberry cultivars Dal0 （Morus atropurpurea Roxb.） and SG01 （Morus muIticaulis Perr.） were extracted, separated and detected through two- dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE） and mass spectrometry. [Result] There was sig- nificant difference in the expression of proteins from the pistillate flowers of different mulberry cultivars. From the 2-DE images of Dal0 and SG01, 445_＋17 and 425_＋12 protein spots were respectively detected. The expression levels of 75 protein spots differed significantly. Thirteen spots those were expressed at high levels and well separated were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and nine of them were identified successfully. The nine proteins are involved in the glycometabolism, protein and amino acid metabolism and defense responses during the development of mulberry pistillate flower after they were pollinated. [Conclusion] The findings will provide reference for further study on the molecular mechanism of mulberry pistillate flower de- velopment.

Empirical Study on Management of Flowers Tourism

The paper had illustrated the construction of Yanling Famous Flowers and Trees Science Park and highlighted its important position as scalized,standardized and corporatization demonstration based on development of flower industry and basic condition of the park.Through interview and sample survey of flower enterprises,it concluded that the park had vigorous support from government,good service concept,strong consciousness for developing flowers tourism,and scaled development.And meantime,it pointed out three problems in park's management which were problems about enterprise's flower production characteristic,about the concept of farmers of land transference,and about enterprises.Finally,from the perspective of park's management,it put forward some suggestions on flowers tourism development.In terms of flowers tourism development,it should enhance characterization,scale and standardization of enterprises production,explore diversified methods for land transference,and strengthen peasant-workers' skill and thought training.In terms of supportive policy,it should intensify the park's identification,pay attention to protection of ecological environment,create tourist products of local feature,enhance publicity and highlight participation and experience projects.

Research on the Vase Preservative of Anthurium seherzerianum Cut Flowers

[Objective] The research aimed to study the vase preservative of Anthurium seherzerianum cut flowers and provide reference for the planting and preservative method selection of A.seherzerianum.[Method] Using Tropical＇s spathe,one kind of common cut blossoms of A.seherzerianum as experimental materials,three different formula of vase solutions were used.And it was compared with common preservative formula of A.seherzerianum to study the vase preserved liquid of A.seherzerianum.[Result] Formula 3 was the optimum vase preservative,which was composed of 4% sucrose,0.08% NaCl,0.01% Ca（H2PO4）2·H2O,0.01% Chinese medicine antiseptic （ethonal extract from coptis）,0.1 mol/L NaOH,0.1 mol/L citric acid and 10 mg/L 6-BA.The preserved period reached 23 days,13 days longer than CK.The appreciative period reached 31 days,18 days longer than CK,with significant effects.In formula 3,water loss in A.seherzerianum spathe was decreased obviously,which was favorable for maintaining water content in tissues.The cell membrane permeability was reduced and the peroxidation of membrane ester was inhibited.The accumulation of MDA was decreased and SOD activity was increased.The protective enzyme activity of cells was enhanced and the content of proline and soluble sugar were increased and the respiration rate was reduced.[Conclusion] The formula（4% sucrose ＋ 0.08% NaCl＋ 0.01% Ca（H2PO4）2＋0.01% Chinese medicine antiseptic（ethonal extract from coptis）＋ 0.1 mol/L NaOH＋0.1 mol/L citric acid and 10 mg/L 6-BA）achieved the purpose of prolonging the preservative period of A.seherzerianum spathe and prolonging the preservative period of A.seherzerianum effectively.

New taxa of Berberis (Berberidaceae) with greenish flowers from a biodiversity hotspot in Sichuan Province, China

A new species,Berberis viridiflora X.H.Li,and a new variety,Berberis sanguinea Franch.var.viridisepala X.H.Li,L.C.Zhang & W.H.Li are described and illustrated from Baoxing County,a biodiversity hotspot located on the eastern edge of Hengduan Mountains in Sichuan Province,Southwest China,Both new taxa resemble B.sanguinea Franch.var.sanguinea,but B.viridiflora differs by the greenish flowers,and the petals being truncate,obtuse,or undulate at apex;while B.sanguinea var.viridisepala differs by the greenish or yellowish green flowers.Morphological features of the pollen grains of B.sanguinea and the two new taxa are revealed by scanning election microscope.B.sanguinea var.sanguinea displays obvious similarities with a sympatric congener,Berberis multiovula T.S.Ying in the morphology of flowers,stems and leaves,especially its ovule number varies greatly from 2 to 9,thus,B.multiovula characterized by the5-ovuled ovary is reduced to a synonymy of B.sanguinea var.sanguinea.On the basis of field surveys and study of herbarium specimens,a total of 16 species and varieties of Berberis are recorded from Baoxing County,and a key is provided.Among the 16 taxa,most phenotypic variations in Chinese Berberis can be displayed,including the habit of plants,most morphological variations of stems,branches and leaves,all types of inflorescences,all color types of flowers,and nearly all types of the shape and color of fruits.Baoxing County and its adjacent Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries possibly constitute an active diversification center of Berberis in eastern Hengduan Mountains of China.

Early Cretaceous Archaefructus eoflora sp. nov. with Bisexual Flowers from Beipiao, Western Liaoning, China

Recently, whether Archaefructus has bisexual multi-parted flowers or just inflorescences of unisexual flowers, and whether it is ancestral to all angiosperms or a derived eudicot have been debated. Here, from the same Yixian Formation, NE China, we report a new Archaefructus species, A. eoflora sp. nov., with the generic characteristics of dissected leaves and bisexual reproductive axes. It is entirely preserved with roots, rhizome, shoots and protogynous reproductive organs at different developmental stages. Its lateral and main fertile shoots form a pseudo-indeterminate pattern, while the reproductive branches on the main shoot form a cymose inflorescence. Subtended by 1-2 bract-like leaves, the section of stamen clusters changes into a much shorter section of carpels that have one row of orthotropous ovules. Significantly, one cluster bearing two carpels and one stamen between the two sections demonstrates a true bisexual flower, an important step of the origin of floral bisexuality, and the homology between the stamen and carpel. The complex reproductive axes represent a mix between flowers and inflorescences, and suggest that A. eoflora sp. nov. possesses the potential to evolve into a variety of diverse flower types as found in modern basal and early fossil angiosperms. A comparison with other two species also leads to a revision of the generic diagnosis.

Volatiles from Sophora japonica flowers attract Harmonia axyridis adults(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is a common generalist predator in China and is occasionally found gathering on the Chinese pagoda tree, Sophora japonica, in summer. In a field investigation, we found that H. axyridis adults preferred S. japonica during its flowering period even though their optimal prey(aphid) is absent at this time. In addition, male and female adults were attracted to S. japonica flowers to a similar extent in a Y-tube olfactometer assay. Using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection(GC-EAD), we identified a flower odor component(nonanal) that elicited a significant electrophysiological response in H. axyridis. Electroantennogram(EAG) dose-dependent responses revealed that the amplitude of the adult beetle's EAG response increased with increasing concentration of nonanal, peaking at 10 mg mL^(–1). In Y-tube olfactometer behavioral tests, H. axyridis adults preferred a 10 mg mL^(–1) nonanal source over a 100 mg mL^(–1) diluent. Under field conditions, the adults were significantly attracted to both concentrations(10 and 100 mg mL^(–1)), and high concentrations generally had greater attraction. All these results suggest that nonanal, a volatile compound of S. japonica flowers, greatly attracts H. axyridis adults. This study provides a basis for the development of synthetic attractants of H. axyridis, with the potential to promote biocontrol services of this generalist predator in the native area(e.g., China) and to suppress its population by mass trapping in its invasive areas.

Exploitation of Wild Flowers and the Sustainable Development of Flowers Industry in China

This article introduced the new methods on the research of the wild flowers and plants idioplasmic resources, elaborated the introduction and domestication and exploitation of wild flowers and plants idioplasmatic resources and the sustainable development of flowers and plants industry in China, and put forward some proposals on the existing question and the prospects for the development.

Correlation of the temporal and spatial expression patterns of HQT with the biosynthesis and accumulation of chlorogenic acid in Lonicera japonica flowers

Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate transferase(HQT)is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid(CGA)in the flowers of Lonicera japonica.However,the spatiotemporal expression patterns of HQT and its relationship to the dynamics of CGA biosynthesis,transport,and storage remain largely unknown.In this study,we collected L.japonica flower samples at different growth stages(S1–S6)and examined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of HQT and the dynamic accumulation patterns of CGA using a combination of molecular and cytological techniques.Our results suggest that the spatiotemporal expression pattern of HQT is directly correlated with dynamic changes in CGA accumulation and distribution in L.japonica flowers.We further show that CGA is synthesized primarily in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts.CGA synthesized in the cytoplasm first accumulates in specialized vesicles and is then transferred to large central vacuoles for storage by fusion of CGA-containing vesicles with vacuoles.Furthermore,CGA synthesized in the chloroplasts appears to be transferred into the vacuoles for storage by direct membrane fusion between the tonoplast and the disrupted chloroplast membranes.Collectively,our results suggest that CGA is synthesized in chloroplasts and cytoplasm and finally transferred to the vacuole for long-term storage.

Integrating full-length transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals the regulatory mechanisms underlying yellow pigmentation in tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)flowers

Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)is a popular ornamental plant in China due to its showy and colorful flowers.However,yellow-colored flowers are rare in both wild species and domesticated cultivars.The molecular mechanisms underlying yellow pigmentation remain poorly understood.Here,petal tissues of two tree peony cultivars,“High Noon”(yellow flowers)and“Roufurong”(purple–red flowers),were sampled at five developmental stages(S1–S5)from early flower buds to full blooms.Five petal color indices(brightness,redness,yellowness,chroma,and hue angle)and the contents of ten different flavonoids were determined.Compared to“Roufurong,”which accumulated abundant anthocyanins at S3–S5,the yellow-colored“High Noon”displayed relatively higher contents of tetrahydroxychalcone(THC),flavones,and flavonols but no anthocyanin production.The contents of THC,flavones,and flavonols in“High Noon”peaked at S3 and dropped gradually as the flower bloomed,consistent with the color index patterns.Furthermore,RNA-seq analyses at S3 showed that structural genes such as PsC4Hs,PsDFRs,and PsUFGTs in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were downregulated in“High Noon,”whereas most PsFLSs,PsF3Hs,and PsF3’Hs were upregulated.Five transcription factor(TF)genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis were also upregulated in“High Noon.”One of these TFs,PsMYB111,was overexpressed in tobacco,which led to increased flavonols but decreased anthocyanins.Dual-luciferase assays further confirmed that PsMYB111 upregulated PsFLS.These results improve our understanding of yellow pigmentation in tree peony and provide a guide for future molecular-assisted breeding experiments in tree peony with novel flower colors.

Structural Characterization and Retention Time Prediction for Components of Essential Oil of Meconopsis Integrifolia Flowers

A molecular structural characterization （MSC） method called reduced molecular electronegativity-distance vector （MEDVR） was used to describe the molecular structures of 55 components of meconopsis integrifolia flowers. By use of stepwise multiple regression （SMR） and partial least square （PLS） methods, a model with the correlation coefficient （R1） of 0.987 and the standard deviation （SD1） of 1.377 could be obtained. Then through multiple linear regression （MLR）, another model with the correlation coefficient （R2） of 0.989 and standard deviation （SD2） of 1.395 could be constructed. Furthermore, in virtue of variable screening by the stepwise multiple regression technique （SMR）, 8 vectors were selected to build up another model with its correlation coefficient （R3） and standard deviation （SD3） of 0.989 and 1.366, respectively. Then all the three models were evaluated by performing cross-validation with the leave-one-out （LOO） procedure, and the correlation coefficients （QCV） were 0.981, 0.976 and 0.979, respectively. The results show that the models constructed could provide estimation stability and favorable predictive ability.

Optimum harvesting time of herbaceous peony buds for cutting flowers

The herbaceous peony is one of the cut flowers that has become increasingly popular in the international market in recent years. In the study, 11 cultivars of herbaceous peonies suitable for cutting flowers were selected; different harvesting stages （three or four stages） were identified according to bud development observation （bud firmness, bud diameter, sepal angle, petal angle, and color showing）. Moreover, flower development and vase life were also recorded in the experiment of vase. Bud development observation shows that there are great differences in optimum harvesting stage between the culti- vars, especially between the hybrid peony group and lactiflora group. This implies that bud diameter could not be the only indicator for optimum harvesting stage. Bud description, including sepal opening angle, sepal color, petal color showing, and degree of firmness, is necessary for the determination of the harvesting stage. Among the 11 cultivars,‘Pink Hawaiian Coral＇, ‘Red Charm＇, ‘Edulis Superba＇, ‘Red Magic＇, and ‘Sarah Bernhardt＇ should be harvested at stage 1. ‘Duchesse de Nemours＇, ‘Taff＇, ‘Sorbet＇ and ‘Monsieur Jules Elie＇ should be harvested at stage 2. ‘Kansas＇ should be at stage 3 and ‘Karl Rosenfield＇ at stage 4. The determination of optimum harvesting stage for each cultivar is an important element in cut flower production.

Chemical Mechanism of Flower Color Microvariation in Paeonia with Yellow Flowers

Paeonia species are important ornamental plants,including three types:tree peony,herbaceous peony,and Itoh hybrid peony.Paeonia with yellow color is desired and becoming popular.However,the chemical mechanism of the formation of yellow flowers in Paeonia is still unclear.In this study,14 representative samples were selected:four samples of three species of Paeonia,four herbaceous peony cultivars,three lutea hybrid tree peony cultivars,and three Itoh hybrid peony cultivars.The petal extracts of the samples were determined by HPLC-DAD and HPLCQ-TOF-MS/MS.In total,29 flavonoids were isolated and identified,including 28 flavonol glycosides and one chalcone derivative.There were significant differences in the composition and content of flavonoids in petals of different cultivars(species).The total content of flavonoids was between 19.430 and 143.043 mg·g^−1 DW.Flavonol glycosides were detected in all samples.Chalconaringenin 2′-O-glucoside was detected from one herbaceous peony cultivar‘Golden Wheel’lutea hybrid tree peony cultivars,and Itoh peony cultivars.The content of chalconaringenin 2′-O-glucoside in the samples was more than 43% of total flavonoids.The pigment type and content of lutea hybrid tree peonies and Itoh hybrid peonies are similar.Total flavonoids,especially quercetin 3-O-galloylglucoside and chalconaringenin 2′-O-glucoside contribute greatly to the formation of yellow flowers of Paeonia.The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the chemical mechanism for yellow flower coloration of Paeonia,and lay the foundation for yellow flower breeding of Paeonia.

Bougainvillea spectabilis flowers extract protects against the rotenone-induced toxicity

Objective:To investigate the effect of two extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis(B. spectabilis) flowers with yellow and pink/purple on brain oxidative stress and neuronal damage caused in rats by systemic rotenone injection. Methods:Rotenone 1.5 mg/kg was given three times per week alone or in combination with B. spectabilis flowers extracts(25 mg or 50 mg) via the subcutaneous route for 2 weeks. Brain concentrations of the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde(MDA),reduced glutathione,nitric oxide(nitrite),the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta(Il-1β) as well as butyrylcholinesterase,and paraoxonase-1(PON-1) activities,were determined. Histopathology and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry were also performed. Results:Rotenone resulted in significant increases of brain MDA(the product of lipid peroxidation),and nitric oxide content along with decreased brain reduced glutathione. There were also marked and significant inhibition of brain PON-1 and BCh E activities and increased Il-1β in brain of rotenone-treated rats. B. spectabilis flowers extract itself resulted in brain oxidative stress increasing both lipid peroxidation and nitrite content whilst inhibiting PON-1 activity. The yellow flowers extract inhibited BCh E activity and increased brain Il-1β. When given to rotenone-treated rats,B. spectabilis extracts,however,decreased lipid peroxidation while their low administered doses increased brain GSH. Brain nitrite decreased by the pink extract but showed further increase by the yellow extract. Either extract,however,caused further inhibition of PON-1 activity while the yellow extract resulted in further inhibition of BChE activity. Histopathological studies indicated that both extracts protected against brain,liver and kidney damage caused by the toxicant. Conclusions:These data indicate that B. spectabilis flowers extracts exert protective effect against the toxic effects of rotenone on brain,liver and kidney. B. spectabilis flowers extracts decreased brain lipid peroxidation and prevented neuronal death due to rotenone and might thus prove the value in treatment of Parkinson's disease.