Analysis of Climate Characteristics and Advantages of Climate Resources in Zhangjiakou Region

By analyzing the climate characteristics of Zhangjiakou region,the advantages in its climate resources are explored.Analysis shows that abundant solar energy resources are the fundamental condition for promoting photovoltaic power generation projects and have become an important lever for poverty alleviation work;wind energy is one of the main climate resources in Zhangjiakou City,providing important conditions for the development of wind power generation industry;the Bashang region has a long duration of cold weather and long freezing time,which has not only the inherent climate advantage of conducting ice sports,but also the advantage of natural cold storage;the Bashang region has a long snowfall time,relatively more snowfall days,and a long snow accumulation time,which has a unique climate advantage for developing tourism culture with ice and snow sports as the theme;the climate characteristics of cold winter and cool summer,with natural cooling mechanism,are superior conditions for the development of large-scale modern data information industry.

SHRIMP Geochronology of Volcanics of the Zhangjiakou and Yixian Formations, Northern Hebei Province, with a Discussion on the Age of the Xing'anling Group of the Great Hinggan Mountains and Volcanic Strata of the Southeastern Coastal Area of China

A zircon U-Pb geochronological study on the volcanic rocks reveals that both of the Zhangjiakou and Yixian Formations, northern Hebei Province, are of the Early Cretaceous, with ages of 135-130 Ma and 129-120 Ma, respectively. It is pointed out that the ages of sedimentary basins and volcanism in the northern Hebei -western Liaoning area become younger from west to east, i. e. the volcanism of the Luanping Basin commenced at c. 135 Ma, the Luotuo Mount area of the Chengde Basin c. 130 Ma, and western Liaoning c. 128 Ma. With a correlation of geochronological stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, we deduce that the Xing'anling Group, which comprises the Great Hinggan Mountains volcanic rock belt in eastern China, is predominantly of the early-middle Early Cretaceous, while the Jiande and Shimaoshan Groups and their equivalents, which form the volcanic rock belt in the southeastern coast area of China, are of the mid-late Early Cretaceous, and both the Jehol and Jiande Biotas are of the Early Cretaceous, not Late Jurassic or Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Combining the characteristics of the volcanic rocks and, in a large area, hiatus in the strata of the Late Jurassic or Late Jurassic-early Early Cretaceous between the formations mentioned above and the underlying sequences, we can make the conclusion that, in the Late Jurassic-early Early Cretaceous, the eastern China region was of high relief or plateau, where widespread post-orogenic volcanic series of the Early Cretaceous obviously became younger from inland in the west to continental margin in the east. This is not the result of an oceanward accretion of the subduction belt between the Paleo-Pacific ocean plate and the Asian continent, but rather reflects the extension feature, i.e. after the closure of the Paleo-Pacific ocean, the Paleo-Pacific ancient continent collided with the Asian continent and reached the peak of orogenesis, and then the compression waned and resulted in the retreating of the post-orogenic extension from outer orogenic zone to inner part (or collision zone). The determination of the eruption age of the volcanics of the Zhangjiakou Formation definitely constrains the switch period, which began in the Indosinian and finished in the Yanshanian, that is, 140-135 Ma. The switch is concretely the change from the approximate E-W Paleo-Asian tectonic system to the NE to NNE Pacific system, and the period is also the apex of a continent-continent collision and orogenesis of subduction, being consumed and eventually disappearing of the Paleo-Pacific ancient continent, and all the processes commenced in the Indosinian. While the following post-orogenic large-scale eruption in the Early Cretaceous marks the final completeness of the Paleo-Pacific structure dynamics system.

Spatiotemporal evolution and driving forces of changes in rural settlements in the poverty belt around Beijing and Tianjin： a case study of Zhangjiakou city, Hebei Province

The rural settlement is one of important aspects to understand regional human-environment relationships. Zhangjiakou city, located in the poverty belt around Beijing and Tianjin, was used as an example to analyze the evolution of rural settlements during 1985–2010 through the use of statistical and spatial analysis methods. The results demonstrate the following:(1) the area of rural settlements expanded from 665.76 to 928.14 km2 during 1985–2010. Rural settlements in prefecture city of Zhangjiakou were significantly agglomerated in terms of their spatial distribution, which presented an approximately normal distribution over the entire period. Rural settlements were usually distributed within regions where the terrain niche had an elevation of between 900 and 1500 m, and a slope from 5? to 20?;(2) there were significant regional differences in the density and size distribution of rural settlements in Zhangjiakou. The density of rural settlements in 2010 was higher than that in 1985, while there was a clustered distribution of rural settlements in 2010. There was a significant high value cluster in the size distribution, and a local negative correlation between the size and density distribution of rural settlements in Zhangjiakou;(3) rural economic development, investment in agricultural technology, and infrastructure improvement played important roles in the evolution of rural settlements. There were spatial differences in the relationship between the distribution of rural settlements and socio-economic factors in Zhangjiakou. This study provides practical guidance for the achievement of urban and rural integration development and the promotion of a new form of countryside construction.

Zircon U-Pb Ages of Bottom and Top Parts of the Zhangjiakou Formation in Lingyuan Area(West Liaoning Province) and Luanping Area (North Hebei Province) and Their Significance

In Lingyuan region of West Liaoning Province, the Zhangjiakou Formation (J_3z) and the Yixian Formation (K_1y) display an angular unconformity. That is, the Lower Mesozoic strata of the Zhangjiakou Formation are ENE (near E-W) oriented, while the overlying strata of the Yixian Formation exhibit an NNE orientation. The results of LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages show the Zhangjiakou Formation formed from about 130 Ma to 132 Ma in Lingyuan and 135 Ma to 136 Ma in Luanping (North Hebei Province), respectively. Three conclusions can be drawn: (1) The Zhangjiakou Formation in Lingyuan is comparable to that in Luanping, with the volcanic rocks of the Zhangjiakou Formation from Lingyuan being younger than those from Luanping. (2) 5-6 Ma difference between the top of the Zhangjiakou Formation and the bottom of the Yixian Formation in Lingyuan proves the angular unconformity between the two formations; and it reflects that the 5-6 Ma interval period is the main period of the transition of tectonic framework in Mesozoic in North Hebei and West Liaoning. In the interval period, the magmatic action went up to high tide in Mesozoic in the northeast of China. Moreover, after the interval period, the “Rehe fauna” developed into “erupted” period. This reflects that the interval period is also an important biological interface in Northern Hebei and Western Liaoning. (3) The Dabeigou Formation in Luanping should correspond to the upper part of the Zhangjiakou Formation, but not to the lower part of the Yixian Formation.

Change of Ecological Footprint and Analysis of Ecological Sustainability——Taking Zhangjiakou City as an Example

This paper researches the ecological sustainability of Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, China, using the ecological footprint model. According to the study we find that Zhangjiakou City was in the situation of ecological deficit from 1990 to 2000 and the deficit had the enlarging tendency. In 1990 the per capita ecological footprint was 0.964 and the per capita ecological capacity was 0.5 l 8, thus it can be calculated that the per capita ecological deficit was 4）.446. However in 2000, the per capita ecological footprint increased to 1.068, at the same time the per capita eco- logical capacity decreased to 0.471, then the per capita ecological deficit in 2000 was 4）.597. Furthermore, this paper studies the ecological sustainability of the city from the changes of the ecological footprint of per 10,000 yuan GDP and the productivity of ecological system. Finally the authors point out the shortage of the model and the way to improve it.

Research on the Willingness to Accept Compensation and Compensation Sharing of Returning Land for Farming to Forestry in Zhangjiakou and Chengde Region

[Objective] The aim was to study the willingness to accept compensation and compensation sharing of returning land for farming to forestry in Zhangjiakou and Chengde region.[Method] Based on the investigation of farmers’ willingness to accept ecological compensation in Zhangjiakou and Chengde region,farmers’ willingness to accept compensation was quantized,and the calculation model of sharing rate of ecological compensation was established,finally the sharing rate of ecological compensation was calculated choosing water supply quantity as reference.[Result] Farmers’ willingness to accept compensation in Zhangjiakou and Chengde region was 2 740.5 yuan/(hm2·a),and returned farmland area was 429 700 hm2 in 2008,so the willingness to accept ecological compensation was up to 1.178 billion yuan/a.In addition,the ecological compensation sharing rate of government was 37.60% in Beijing,42.75% in Tianjing and 19.64% in Tangshan,and their ecological compensation funds were 443,504 and 231 million yuan,respectively.[Conclusion] The study could provide important foundation for the establishment of ecological compensation standard and implementation of ecological compensation in Zhangjiakou and Chengde region.

The Development Status and Countermeasures of Foxtail Millet Industry in Zhangjiakou City Under the Background of the Constructing Two Districts of the Capital

Foxtail millet is drought-resistant and water-saving.It is a typical environmentally friendly crop with high economic and social benefits.In the context of constructing"Two districts of the capital",it is imperative to develop the foxtail millet industry in view of the ecological conditions of Zhangjiakou City.Based on the analysis of the development status of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City,this study pointed out the current problems in the development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City,and put forward specific suggestions for the development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City in the future.

Influence of 2022 Winter Olympics on Tourism Development of Zhangjiakou City and the Countermeasures

Mega-event is an important driving force for the development of urban tourism industry. As a co-host city of 2022 Winter Olympics, Zhangjiakou will encounter new opportunities in tourism development. This paper build a dynamic model about the influence of Olympics on urban tourism industry, and put forward specific strategies for the city promoting its tourism development by taking the opportunity of hosting the Winter Olympics.

Analysis on the Gale and Dust Weather in Zhangjiakou City on May 11,2011

On May 11,2011, the gale and dust weather appeared in Zhangjiakou City. By analyzing the conventional meteorological data, it was found that the gale and dust weather occurred by the combined effect of the cold air splitting from the bottom of the high-altitude cold vortex and the Mongolian cyclone. The strong cold advection in the middle and lower layers provided the gale weather with driving force. The humidity conditions at middle and lower layers in Zhangjiakou City and its upstream region contributed to the weather process. Finally, the strong and wide rise district provided a more favorable power condition for the maintenance and transmission of the dust to the eastern region.

Zhangjiakou Vegetables

Zhangjiakou is one of the five national bases of vegetables production in China. It enjoys two sources of vegetables. One

Zhangjiakou Foods

Zhangjiakou is blessed with plenty of sources of food. In recent years, it has vigorously developed new export commodities, which are welcomed all over the world, especially in Japan. These new food products include: "rice" locust, bull sinew cluster, wheat-head fish, Chizhao

Zhangjiakou City

Zhangjiakou, a famous and historical, city in northwest Hebei Province, borders Beijing and Chengde in the east, Baoding in the south. Shanxi Province in the west, and Inner Mongolia in the northwest and north. The total area is 36, 873 square kilometers. The city is rich in natural resources, mineral resources in particular. There are more than 1, 200 proven deposits and reserves of 26 ores such as gold, silver, coal, iron. lead, zinc and copper are fairly rich. The reserves of gold, silver, zinc, manganese, phosphate, zeolite, graphite, lime. marble, tuff, emerald, bentonite,

Zhangjiakou Mechanical Products

Cuban President Fidel Castro highly praised the products of Zhangjiakou’s Xuanhua Building Machinery Plant at a national conference in 1990. On the president’s recommendations, the Cuban ambassador to China conducted an on-the-spot investigation and expressed his appreciation of the plant’s products. Besides Cuba, the plant’s products also enjoy a high reputation among customers in Pakistan, Chile, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Ghana and Southeast Asia. Zhangjiakou had its

Geological Structure and Quaternary Activity of the Zhangjiakou Fault, Northern China

Based on detailed field investigations, this paper describes the geometrical characteristics and tectonic activities of the Zhangjiakou fault at the northwest of Beijing. This fault strikes mainly northwest to west, short parts of which strike near east to west, dipping north, and extends over a length of 70km. It is a major geological and geomorphologicai margin, controlling the neotectonic movement in this region. On the south side of the Zhangjiakou fault are the Late Quaternary unconsolidated deposits, forming basins; while on the other side are Mesozoic volcano debris and Pre-Mesozoic metamorphic rocks, forming lower mountains and hills. The Zhangjiakou fault consists mainly of high-angle inverse strike-slip fault and partially of normal strike-slip fault. Among these, the north-dipping NW-NWW-trending secondary faults, constituting the main fracture of the fault, have inverse characteristics; those near the EW-trending secondary faults are links of the former faults, with a smaller length and normal faulting characteristics. Thus, the Zhangjiakou fault is a north-dipping inverse and partially south-dipping normal strike-slip fault. The Zhangjiakou fault has been continuously active since the Quaternary. With the exception of the western end extension, which has been active since the late Pleistocene, the main part of the fault has been active since the Holocene. The central main segment of the Zhangjiakou fault is more active. Since the mid-late period of the late Pleistocene, the average vertical slip rate of a single fault has been over 0. 07mm/a - 0. 30mm/a. The Zhangjiakou fault has multi-slip surfaces, and the total vertical slip rate reaches 1.33mm/a, estimated from the Qingshuihe river terraces and the relevant drilling data.

Climatic Change Characteristics of Thunderstorm in Zhangjiakou City

In order to understand the climatic change trend and characteristics of thunderstorm in Zhangjiakou City,and provide climate background basis for the thunder prevention and lightning disaster reduction in the region,observation data of the thunderstorm at Zhangjiakou ground meteorological station from 1960 to 2013 were statistically analyzed by linear fitting,climate trend rate,M-K test,guaranteed rate method and so on. The results showed that the average annual thunderstorm days reached 37. 7 d in Zhangjiakou City from 1960 to 2013,and was in the moderate thunderstorm range. In nearly 54 years,thunderstorm day was reducing at the rate of about 1. 21 d /10 a in the city. There was thunderstorm in other three seasons except winter,and thunderstorm frequently occurred in summer. Summer thunderstorm day was reducing at the rate of about 1. 29 d /10 a,which caused the reduction of the annual one. In summer,thunderstorm day of July reduced most significantly. There were two key points of abrupt reduction,which occurred in 1971 and 1998,on the change of thunderstorm days in Zhangjiakou in recent 54 years. The first thunderstorm date had an advancing trend in recent years,while the final date had not an obvious change. The possibility of thunderstorm was very small from late October to next March in Zhangjiakou City. The first thunderstorm date occurred mostly before middle May,and the period from middle and late May to early and middle September was the high incidence of thunderstorm. The thunderstorm occurred mostly in the NW direction,with the least in E and SE directions,and dissipated mostly in SE direction,with the least in NW and W directions.

Zhangjiakou Beef Cattle

Zhangjiakou city is in a vast area and enjoys rich resources of grass for animals. The city has unique and favorable conditions

Scenario simulation and landscape pattern dynamic changes of land use in the Poverty Belt around Beijing and Tianjin: A case study of Zhangjiakou city, Hebei Province

Land use/cover change has been recognized as a key component in global change and has attracted increasing attention in recent decades. Scenario simulation of land use change is an important issue in the study of land use/cover change, and plays a key role in land use prediction and policy decision. Based on the remote sensing data of Landsat TM images in 1989, 2000 and 2010, scenario simulation and landscape pattern analysis of land use change driven by socio-economic development and ecological protection policies were reported in Zhangjiakou city, a representative area of the Poverty Belt around Beijing and Tianjin. Using a CLUE-S model, along with socio-economic and geographic data, the land use simulation of four scenarios-namely, land use planning scenario, natural development sce- nario, ecological-oriented scenario and farmland protection scenario-were explored accord- ing to the actual conditions of Zhangjiakou city, and the landscape pattern characteristics under different land use scenarios were analyzed. The results revealed the following： （1） Farmland, grassland, water body and unused land decreased significantly during 1989-2010, with a decrease of 11.09%, 2.82%, 18.20% and 31.27%, respectively, while garden land, forestland and construction land increased over the same period, with an increase of 5.71%, 20.91% and 38.54%, respectively. The change rate and intensity of land use improved in general from 1989 to 2010. The integrated dynamic degree of land use increased from 2.21% during 1989-2000 to 3.96% during 2000-2010. （2） Land use changed significantly throughout 1989-2010. The total area that underwent land use change was 4759.14 km2, accounting for 12.53% of the study area. Land use transformation was characterized by grassland to for- estland, and by farmland to forestland and grassland. （3） Under the land use planning sce- nario, farmland, grassland, water body and unused land shrank significantly, while garden land, forestland and construction land increased. Under the natural development scenario, construction land and forestland increased in 2020 compared with 2010, while farmland and unused land decreased. Under the ecological-oriented scenario, forestland increased dra-matically, which mainly derived from farmland, grassland and unused land. Under the farm- land protection scenario, farmland was well protected and stable, while construction land expansion was restricted. （4） The landscape patterns of the four scenarios in 2020, compared with those in 2010, were more reasonable. Under the land use planning scenario, the land- scape pattern tended to be more optimized. The landscape became less fragmented and heterogeneous with the natural development scenarios. However, under the ecologi- cal-oriented scenario and farmland protection scenario, landscape was characterized by fragmentation, and spatial heterogeneity of landscape was significant. Spatial differences in landscape patterns in Zhangjiakou city also existed. （5） The spatial distribution of land use could be explained, to a large extent, by the driving factors, and the simulation results tallied with the local situations, which provided useful information for decision-makers and planners to take appropriate land management measures in the area. The application of the combined Markov model, CLUE-S model and landscape metrics in Zhangjiakou city suggests that this methodology has the capacity to reflect the complex changes in land use at a scale of 300 m×300 m and can serve as a useful tool for analyzing complex land use driving factors.

Using water isotopes and hydrogeochemical evidences to characterize groundwater age and recharge rate in the Zhangjiakou area,North China

Despite the increasing depletion of the groundwater at the Zhangjiakou aquifer system in the northwest of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,little information is available on the hydrological process of groundwater in this region.In this study,we utilized water isotopes composition(51sO,5D and 3H)of groundwater,river and precipitation to identify the characteristics of hydrochemistry,groundwater age and recharge rates in different watersheds of the Zhangjiakou area.Results showed that the river water and groundwater could be characterized as HCO3-Mg Na,HCO3 CI-Na and HCO3-Mg Na,HCO3 CI-Na,HCO3 CI-Na Mg types,respectively.The 5D and 5180 values in precipitation were linearly correlated,which is similar to the Global Meteorological Water Line(GMWL).Furthermore,the decreasing values of the 6D and 5180 from precipitation to surface water and groundwater indicate that groundwater is mainly recharged by atmospheric precipitation.In addition,the variation of 3H concentration with depth suggests that groundwater shallower than around 100 m is generally modern water.In contrast,groundwater deeper around 100 m is a mixture of modern and old waters,which has longer residence times.Groundwater showed a relatively low tritium concentration in the confined aquifers,indicating the groundwater recharged might be relatively old groundwater of over 60 years.The flow velocity of the groundwater in the study area varied from 1.10 to 2.26 m/a,and the recharge rates ranged from 0.034 to 0.203 m/a.The obtained findings provide important insights into understanding the groundwater recharge sources and hydrochemistry in the Zhangjiakou area,in turn developing a sustainable groundwater management plan.

A Study on Spatial Variation of Water Security Risks for the Zhangjiakou Region

Zhangjiakou region is situated in an agro-pastoral ecotone with a fragile ecosystem. While it has limited surface water resources available and serious groundwater over-exploitation, the city is located in the water conservation zone for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development area, so its water security is crucial for the entire Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Therefore, it is of vital significance to determine the zoning management of water resources and decision-making according to the magnitude of water resource security risks. This study built an indicator system for water security risk assessment in line with the principles of scientific validity, comparability, operability, and data availability, and this system gives weights to these indicators using the AHP approach. County-level multi-source data for the study area, based on water resource zones, were collected by using mathematical statistics and 3 S technology. With normalized data and a weighting method the water security risks were calculated. The results showed large spatial variations of water security risks in Zhangjiakou on the scales of geomorphic and administrative units as well as river basins. High-risk areas are extensive in the Bashang Plateau, and extremely high risk values are found in the Baxia areas. On the watershed scale, high-risk areas are mainly distributed in the inland river basins and the Yongding River basin. The risk values of the Luanhe River, Chaobai River and Daqing River basins in the Zhangjiakou region tend to decrease from north to south. For the northern and western areas of the Bashang Plateau, the factor of "vulnerability of the disaster-prone environment" contributes the most to the water security risk level. Agricultural water use constrains industrial and ecological water use, but in the context of inadequate water resource endowments, the urban population concentration and industrial development are the main causes of water shortages and water pollution so they contribute more to water security risks. This study of the spatial variation of water security risks in Zhangjiakou can provide an important scientific reference for zone-based management and decision-making for reducing the water security risks in the farming-pastoral ecotone.

Evolution of Landscape Pattern and Tourism Service Value in Zhangjiakou City

Zhangjiakou is a northern Chinese city that hosted the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games. As an important ice and snow tourist destination, it is essential to investigate Zhangjiakou’s rate of landscape pattern change,the landscape ecological security level, and ecosystem service value, particularly the tourism ecological service value during its construction. With land use data from 2000 to 2020, this study comprehensively analyzed the dynamic changes in Zhangjiakou, including land use dynamics, the land use transfer matrix, landscape vulnerability,landscape disturbance, ecosystem service value, tourism ecological service value, and other aspects. The results show that the landscape pattern in Zhangjiakou was greatly disturbed from 2015 to 2018, and the landscape ecological security was threatened in the process of landscape pattern adjustment. By 2020, after the landscape pattern was adjusted and stabilized, the landscape ecological security was restored, and the ecosystem service value was significantly improved, especially the tourism ecological service value. The results of this study will play an important role in promoting the optimization of Zhangjiakou’s ice and snow landscape pattern and the improvement of tourism ecological value. In addition, it provides important lessons for the development of other ice and snow tourist destinations.