Water and nitrogen footprint assessment of integrated agronomic practice management in a summer maize cropping system

The footprints of water and nitrogen(WF and NF)provide a comprehensive overview of the type and quantity of water consumption and reactive nitrogen(Nr)loss in crop production.In this study,a field experiment over two years(2019 and 2020)compared three integrated agronomic practice management(IAPM)systems:An improved management system(T2),a high-yield production system(T3),and an integrated soil-crop management system(ISCM)using a local smallholder farmer’s practice system(T1)as control,to investigate the responses of WF,Nr losses,water use efficiency(WUE),and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)to IAPM.The results showed that IAPM optimized water distribution and promoted water use by summer maize.The evapotranspiration over the whole maize growth period of IAPM increased,but yield increased more,leading to a significant increase in WUE.The WUE of the T2,T3,and ISCM treatments was significantly greater than in the T1 treatment,in 2019 and 2020respectively,by 19.8-21.5,31.8-40.6,and 34.4-44.6%.The lowest WF was found in the ISCM treatment,which was 31.0%lower than that of the T1 treatment.In addition,the ISCM treatment optimized soil total nitrogen(TN)distribution and significantly increased TN in the cultivated layer.Excessive nitrogen fertilizer was applied in treatment T3,producing the highest maize yield,and resulting in the highest Nr losses.In contrast,the ISCM treatment used a reduced nitrogen fertilizer rate,sacrificing grain yield partly,which reduced Nr losses and eventually led to a significant increase in nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen recovery.The Nr level in the ISCM treatment was34.8%lower than in the T1 treatment while NUE was significantly higher than in the T1 treatment by 56.8-63.1%in2019 and 2020,respectively.Considering yield,WUE,NUE,WF,and NF together,ISCM should be used as a more sustainable and clean system for sustainable production of summer maize.

Effects of Land Management Practices on Soil Water in Southwestern Mountainous Area, China

The effects of selected land management practices （cross-sloping tillage, ridge culture, organic manure, and straw mulch） on soil water conservation in a southwestern mountainous area, China, were studied during November 2002 to November 2004. The experimental field is divided into three parts based on soil layer depths, 0-60 cm （part Ⅰ）, 0-40 cm （part Ⅱ）, and 0- 20 cm （part Ⅲ）, and they all had the same slope azimuth （SE）, slope （10°）, and slope type （linear）. The experimental plots were subjected to the following treatments： cross-sloping tillage （CST）; cross-sloping tillage with organic manure （CST/ OM）; cross-sloping tillage with straw mulch （CST/SM）; contour ridge culture （CRC）; contour ridge culture with organic manure （CRC/OM）; and contour ridge culture with straw mulch （CRC/SM）, to identify the effects of management practices on soil water. Water contents were determined for soil samples collected, using a 2.2 cm diameter manual probe. Soil water was monitored once every five days from Nov. 20, 2002 to Nov. 20, 2004. The results indicated that, in the study stages, an integration of rainfall, evaporative losses, and crop transcription controlled the basic tendencies of profile （mean） soil water, while land management practices, to a certain extent, only modified its amount, distribution, and routing. Moreover, these modifications also mainly focused on the first 20 cm depth of topsoil layer. When each management practice was compared with control treatment, season changes of profile （mean） soil water were pronounced, while interannual changes among them were not significant. More comparisons indicated that, in the study stages, contour ridge culture had better effects than cross-sloping tillage. And under the same tillage, the combination of organic manure could achieve more than straw mulch. These management practices should be recommended considering the effectiveness of soil and water management techniques in the southwestern mountainous area, China.

Stormwater Management Practices and Green-Blue Infrastructure in Urban Areas: an Overview

Water quality,flooding risk,and water consumption in urban areas are emerging issues.Urban impervious surfaces increase stormwater runoff,affecting ecosystems and leading to hydrogeological instability and flooding risk.Sustainable urban design strategies can contribute to counteract the negative impact of anthropic activities both at city-scale and global scale.Green and Blue Infrastructure(GBI)approaches,in particular,are an alternative to stormwater traditional management.In Europe,Sustainable Drainage System implementation copes with impervious surfaces to achieve water quality,amenity,and biodiversity increase.Best Management Practices,developed mainly in the USA,focus on specific measures for sustainable stormwater treatment.Water Sensitive Urban Design,spread in Australia and England,also aims to minimise the impact of developed areas preventing flood risk,limiting water consumption and enhancing environmental quality.In the USA and Canada,Low Impact Development offers design strategies to manage runoff and deliver structural practices to mimic predevelopment processes of infiltration,filtration and detention.

Water and Nitrogen Management Effects on Biomass Accumulation and Partitioning in Two Potato Cultivars

Biomass accumulation and partitioning into different plant parts is a dynamic process during the plant growing period, which is influenced by crop management and climate factors. Adequate knowledge of biomass partitioning is important to manage the crops to gain maximum partitioning of assimilates into plant parts of economic significance, i.e. tubers in potato. This study was conducted using two potato cultivars grown in a sandy soil with center pivot irrigation under full irrigation (FI;irrigation to replenish 100% of water loss by evapotranspiration [ET]) and deficit irrigation (DI;replenish only 80% ET) and two nitrogen(N) rates (pre-plant + in-seasonN rates of 56 + 112 or 168 + 336 kg/ha). Plant samples were taken on 22, 44, 66, and 98 days after seedling emergence (DAE). With high N rate, tuber biomass of ‘Umatilla Russet’ cultivar in relation to total plant biomass varied from 23% - 88% and 25% - 86% over 22 to 98 DAE for the FI and DI treatments, respectively. The corresponding partitioning ranges were 30% - 93% and 38% - 93% at the low N rate. With respect to the‘Ranger Russet’ cultivar, biomass partitioning to tubers ranged from 36% - 82% and 23% - 84% for the FI and DI, respectively, at the high N rate, and 29% - 87% and 39% - 95% at the low N rate. Overall, this study demonstrated that within the range of N rate and irrigation treatments the biomass portioning into tubers was largely similar in both cultivars.

Review on the Impact of Climate Change on Great Lakes Region’s Agriculture and Water Resources

This study investigates the multifaceted impacts of climate change on the Midwest region of the United States, particularly the rising temperatures and precipitation brought about by hot weather activities and technological advances since the 19th century. From 1900 to 2010, temperatures in the Midwest rose by an average of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit, which would also lead to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Precipitation is also expected to increase due to increased storm activity and changes in regional weather patterns. This paper explores the impact of these changes on urban and agricultural areas. In urban areas such as the city of Chicago, runoff from the increasing impervious surface areas poses challenges to the drainage system, and agriculture areas are challenged by soil erosion, nutrient loss, and fewer planting days due to excessive rainfall. Sustainable solutions such as no-till agriculture and the creation of grassland zones are discussed. Using historical data, recent climate studies and projections, the paper Outlines ways to enhance the Midwest’s ecology and resilience to climate change.

徐州市农村供水县域统管实践与思考

徐州市积极探索农村供水县域统管模式,通过市级统领规划,全域统筹推进,县区统一管理,提高农村供水保障水平,促进城乡供水一体化。通过探讨徐州市农村供水县域统管的实践与思考,为相关区域的供水管理及实施提供借鉴与参考。

Assessment of the Effects of Poultry Litter on Surface Runoff Water Quality from Agricultural Lands

The use of pelletized poultry litter (PPL) as a substitute for inorganic fertilizers is increasingly being en-couraged in states like Delaware which have a considerable surplus of poultry litter. However, we know very little about the impacts of PPL on runoff water quality and whether it is an environmentally-sound and sus-tainable alternative to inorganic fertilizer. To address these questions we compared the exports of nutrients (NH4-N, NO3-N and PO4-P) and trace elements (As, Cu, and Zn) in surface runoff from agricultural plots receiving PPL, raw poultry litter (RPL), urea and no-fertilizer (control) treatments. The study was conducted on agricultural land located in Middletown, Delaware with corn as the cover crop. The experimental plots were 5 m wide and 12 m long with reduced tillage and no-tillage management practices. Sampling was con-ducted for six natural rainfall events from April through August 2008. Nutrient (NH4-N, NO3-N and PO4-P) exports from plots receiving PPL were less than those with urea or raw litter applications. While exports of trace elements from the PPL treatment exceeded those from urea, they were much lower than the corre-sponding exports from the RPL treatments. Mass exports of nutrients and trace elements were correlated with event size (rainfall amount) but were not correlated with timing of event (days since litter application). Results from this study suggest that the use of PPL in combination with no-tillage may provide an environ-mentally safe alternative to synthetic fertilizers.

Potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting to meet outdoor water demand in arid regions

The feasibility of rooftop rainwater harvesting （RRWH） as an alternative source of water to meet the outdoor water demand in nine states of the U.S. was evaluated using a system dynamics model developed in Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation. The state of Arizona was selected to evaluate the effects of the selected model parameters on the efficacy of RRWH since among the nine states the arid region of Arizona showed the least potential of meeting the outdoor water demand with rain harvested water. The analyses were conducted on a monthly basis across a 10-year projected period from 2015 to 2024. The results showed that RRWH as a potential source of water was highly sensitive to certain model parameters such as the outdoor water demand, the use of desert landscaping, and the percentage of existing houses with RRWH. A significant difference （as high as 37.5%） in rainwater potential was observed between the projected wet and dry climate conditions in Arizona. The analysis of the dynamics of the storage tanks suggested that a 1.0-2.0 m3 rainwater barrel, on an average, can store approximately 80% of the monthly rainwater generated from the rooftops in Arizona, even across the high seasonal variation. This interactive model can be used as a quick estimator of the amount of water that could be generated, stored, and utilized through RRWH systems in the U.S. under different climate conditions. The findings of such comprehensive analyses may help regional policymakers, especially in arid regions, to develop a sustainable water management infrastructure.

高含水老油田化学驱综合治理新方法及工程实践路径

针对胜利高含水老油田化学驱在科学、技术、管理、工程四个角度面临的开发矛盾,以渤76块为典型单元,在工程实践中进行具体对策分析,构建了“适、专、快、集”的老油田化学驱综合治理新方法。“适”指在老油田科学开发方式转化上,构建不同油藏类型老油田化学驱最佳介入时机模型,提出了在含水率相对较低的阶段,是适合化学驱的有利时机,高效开发方式需“适”介入。“专”指在老油田开发技术应用上,改变传统聚合物先溶解后注入的开发思路,研制可控相转化聚合物,使聚合物先注入后溶解,解决炮眼剪切降解的难题,提高油水流度控制能力,老油田开发矛盾需“专”治理。“快”指在老油田综合管理模式上,改变传统方式,即矿场提问题、研究院设计方案、化工厂生产驱油剂的“串联”管理模式,提出充分发挥矿场、研究院、生产厂三方优势的“并联”管理模式,形成针对单一油藏的产品工业化工艺包以及产业化落地方案,老油田开发技术实现“快”转化。“集”指在老油田工程应用实践上,打破老油田化学驱地面大规模建站的工程工艺模式,采用集约化撬装配注设备,实现老油田化学驱的集约快速配注,老油田工程工艺实现“集”应用。运用上述方法,在胜利油田渤76块综合含水率上升初期,实施由水驱转为可控相转化聚合物驱,实施后一年即见到明显的降水增油效果,单井日产油水平增加8.6t/d,综合含水率降低3.1%,验证了综合治理模式的可行性,为高含水老油田化学驱高效开发提供了有效路径。

施氮量对川东南冬水田稻鱼共作系统下杂交稻产量和土壤养分的影响

【目的】利用川东南冬水田区连续多年稻鱼共作系统,研究施氮(N)量对免耕栽培杂交稻产量形成和土壤养分的影响,为制定稻鱼共作系统下免耕栽培杂交稻长期、合理的氮肥管理策略提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2022年在川东南冬水田区开展了5年大田定位试验,供试杂交稻品种为蓉优1015和内6优103,耕作方式为免耕。设置N 0、45、90、135 kg/hm^(2)4个施氮水平,分别记作N_(0)、N_(45)、N_(90)、N_(135)。在水稻收获期,调查杂交稻产量及产量构成因素,分析0—20 cm土层土壤全量和速效氮、磷、钾含量,以及有机质含量和pH,通过回归分析,研究施氮量与水稻产量和土壤养分因子含量变化之间的关系。【结果】稻鱼共作系统下,年份、施氮量对杂交稻产量及产量构成的影响达极显著水平。5年间,杂交稻产量与施氮量均呈极显著正相关(r=0.9070^(**)~0.9720^(**)),与低氮量处理N_(45)相比,N_(90)和N_(135)处理杂交稻产量分别增加了6.37%~26.53%、9.11%~25.11%,单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数也显著增加。而N_(90)处理杂交稻产量与N_(135)处理相当或更高。逐步回归分析结果表明,杂交稻产量构成(单位面积有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重)与产量的偏相关系数达显著或极显著水平(t=2.20*~9.17^(**))。通径分析结果表明,杂交稻单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数对产量的直接贡献(分别为0.8754和0.4987)和总贡献(分别为0.6364和0.3598)较大,表明单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数是影响产量的主要因素。在N_(0)、N_(45)处理下,土壤全氮、碱解氮含量随稻鱼共作年限的增加而下降,而在N_(90)、N_(135)处理下随稻鱼共作年限的增加而增加。土壤全氮、碱解氮含量随施氮量增加而提高,而全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾含量则随施氮量增加而下降。杂交稻产量与土壤养分含量呈极显著正相关,可见提高磷素、钾素供给能力是稻鱼共作系统杂交稻高产的重要基础。【结论】川东南冬水田区稻鱼共作系统下,年施氮90 kg/hm^(2)可以提高杂交水稻的单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数,进而维持甚至提高水稻产量。连续施用中、高量氮肥还可以提升土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,且随稻鱼共作年限延长呈增加趋势;土壤pH值则随稻鱼共作年限延长呈下降趋势。

基层水利高职特岗生教学管理探索与实践

针对基层水利单位多为地处偏远、工作多人员少,面临人才引不进、技术人员流动性大的难题,为了满足基层水利单位的需要,湖南省决定定向培养2500名水利特岗生,从2020年起共培养五届。湖南水利水电职业技术学院承担了专科层次水利特岗人员培养工作,作者从基层水利高职特岗生的特征入手,分析了700余名特岗生培养过程中的特殊性,结合学校的实际从教学管理机制、人才培养方案制订、提升水利和基层的认同等方面进行了对策探索。

沂沭泗流域综合治理管理研究

2024年是习近平总书记发表保障国家水安全重要讲话十周年,习近平总书记关于治水的重要论述为新时代治水指明了前进方向、提供了根本遵循。文章总结了沂沭泗水利管理局贯彻落实习近平总书记关于治水的重要论述取得的成效,梳理新阶段高质量发展面临的问题和挑战,提出打造“安全、美丽、智慧、和谐”沂沭泗流域的思路举措。

我国水污染防治资金项目成效、管理经验与优化实施建议

水污染防治资金自2015年设立以来,中央和地方政府部门在加强与规范资金项目管理方面开展了大量工作,为提高资金使用效益发挥了重要作用。但目前针对水污染防治资金项目管理的研究较少,也缺少相关经验做法总结。基于环境状况公报、绩效评价等数据,分析了项目在推动水质改善、促进生态修复、建立长效机制、带动社会投入等方面取得的成效;从资金投向、项目谋划、资金分配、资金使用、绩效评价等方面梳理总结了水污染防治资金设立以来的项目管理经验,并通过调研提炼了部分省(区)在制度建设、项目谋划、过程监管、绩效管理等方面的典型做法;同时,分析了现阶段水污染防治资金项目管理存在的资金支持范围有待拓宽、项目谋划系统性有待提升、技术保障有待加强、绩效管理有待优化等问题。为进一步提升资金项目管理水平、提高资金使用效益,提出如下建议:结合新时期水生态环境保护重点任务和地方实际需求,合理拓宽资金支持范围;坚持流域统筹,提升项目谋划系统性;制定完善技术指导文件,强化技术保障;完善绩效管理制度,加强成效监管。

浙江20年治水实践彰显“节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力”治水思路真理伟力

2014年3月14日,习近平总书记站在中华民族永续发展的高度,提出“节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力”的治水思路,为统筹解决我国水安全问题提供了科学指南和根本遵循。在浙江工作期间,习近平同志高度重视水利工作,系统擘画了浙江科学治水蓝图,指引浙江走上先行先试之路。文章梳理了浙江20年治水历程与“节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力”治水思路的思想渊源和实践成效,立足浙江在推进中国式现代化进程中“勇当先行者、谱写新篇章”的新定位新使命,提出深入践行“节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力”治水思路、争创水利现代化先行省的思路举措。

引江济淮工程施工期环保工作管理与实践

大型引调水工程具有规模大、建设周期长、建设占地多、弃土弃渣多、施工期对环境影响大等特点。面对国家对环境治理的逐渐加大和对环境保护工作的高标准和严要求,做好施工期的环境保护工作不能在表面做样子,而是必须采取一系列手段和措施去落实,保证工程建设的绿色发展。根据引江济淮工程施工期环保管理与实践,提出相应的环境管理要点。

节水型高校建设的实践探索

节水型高校建设是应对水资源短缺挑战、推动可持续发展的重要举措,通过政策引导、技术创新、管理优化和文化培育等多维度实践探索,高校正逐步转变成水资源高效利用的典范。国家层面的《全面建设节水型高校行动方案(2023—2028年)》更是明确了具体目标与路径,推动节水型高校建设迈向新高度。基于此,首先分析我国节水型高校建设工作的开展情况,其次分析高校用水的特点和建设节水型高校的主要措施,最后探讨建设节水型高校的效益。

智慧治理视域下流域管理机构官方微信公众号的传播实践

微信公众号是水利信息传播和用户互动的重要渠道之一,基于智慧治理视角,系统分析了水利部下设七大流域管理机构的官方微信公众号推文类型、形式等传播数据,剖析了流域管理机构微信公众号的传播状况和现实困境。研究结果表明,七大流域管理机构的官方微信公众号均能积极回应社会关切,在传播重大会议、行业政策方面发挥着无可替代的作用,但也存在着政务功能架空、资源共享壁垒等难题。指出水利行业在新媒体建设方面需进一步把握传播规律、打造融媒体矩阵、强化政务互动并创新表达模式。

雄安治水名臣崔维雅生平订补二题

崔维雅为清代前期治水名臣,《清史稿》记载其里籍为河北大名,通过与《畿辅通志》《江南通志》《浙江通志》等省志史料记载对比,发现《清史稿》记载有误,崔维雅里籍应为今河北安新,《畿辅通志》中的两处不同里籍记载应是导致《清史稿》记载有误的原因。关于崔维雅《河防刍议》一书,结合魏裔介所作书序,写作背景应是其任职江南按察使时期,成书不晚于康熙十五年春季,在此后康熙二十一年至二十三年间,该书对于朝野治河方略及决策产生了影响。对此书的评价以及具体主张,应有客观分析,对于不同的治水官员之间的矛盾分歧应客观看待。

环境保护中水污染治理策略的研究与实践

本文对水污染治理的现状、策略、技术、政策与管理措施以及实践案例进行了综合分析。首先,介绍了当前水污染形势,指出了水污染治理的紧迫性和重要性。其次,概述了常见的水污染治理技术和方法,分析了各种治理策略的优缺点及适用范围,并探讨了多种治理策略的综合应用。然后,分析了政府在水污染治理中的政策导向和管理措施,并提出了加强政策配套措施的建议。最后,通过实践案例分析,深入探讨了水污染治理工作的成效和问题,并指出未来实践需借鉴及改进的方向。本文旨在为加强水污染治理工作提供参考和借鉴,以促进水环境质量的持续改善。

STORM WATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES THAT MAXIMIZE AQUIFER RECHARGE

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