Mechanism of aqueous fructus aurantii immaturus extracts in neuroplexus of cathartic colons

AIM: To examine the effect of aqueous fructus aurantii immaturus(FAI) extracts on the intestinal plexus of cathartic colons.METHODS: Cathartic colons were induced in rats with dahuang,a laxative used in traditional Chinese medicine. Once the model was established(after approximately 12 wk),rats were administered mosapride(1.54 mg/kg) or various doses of aqueous FAI extracts(1-4 g/kg) for 14 d. Transit function was assessed using an ink propulsion test. Rats were then sacrificed,and the ultramicrostructure of colonic tissue was examined using transmission electron microscopy. The expression of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4(5-HTR4) and neurofilament-H was assessed in colon tissues using real-time PCR,Western blot,and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS: Mosapride and high dose(4 g/kg) of aqueous FAI extracts significantly improved the bowel movement in cathartic colons compared to untreated model colons as measured by the intestinal transit rate(70.06 ± 7.25 and 72.02 ± 8.74,respectively,vs 64.12 ± 5.19; P < 0.05 for both). Compared to controls,the ultramicrostructure of cathartic colons showed signsof neural degeneration. Treatment with mosapride and aqueous FAI extracts resulted in recovery of ultrastructural pathology. Treatment with mosapride alone upregulated the gene and protein expression of 5-HTR4 compared to untreated controls(P < 0.05 for both). Treatment with aqueous FAI extracts(≥ 2 g/kg) increased 5-HTR4 m RNA levels(P < 0.05),but no change in protein level was observed by Western blot or immunohistochemistry. The m RNA and protein levels of neurofilament-H were significantly increased with mosapride and ≥ 2 g/kg aqueous FAI extracts compared to controls(P < 0.05 for all).CONCLUSION: Aqueous FAI extracts and mosapride strengthen bowel movement in cathartic colons via increasing the expression of 5-HTR4 and neurofilament-H.

Chromatographic fingerprint analysis of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus by HPLC-DAD and chemometric methods

An efficient method for quality control of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (FAI),a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was established. A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD) procedure coupled with chemometric methods was developed for fingerprint analysis,qualitative analysis and quantitative determination of this herb. In qualitative and quantitative analyses,heuristic evolving latent projection (HELP) method was employed to resolve the overlapping peaks of the tested samples. Two bioactive components,namely hesperidin and naringin,are confirmed and determined,together with four flavonoids compounds tentatively identified including two new ones. From fingerprint analysis,the fingerprint data were processed with correlation coefficients for quantitative expression of their similarity and dissimilarity. The developed method based on an integration of chromatographic fingerprint and quantitative analysis is scientific,and the obtained results can be applied to the quality control of herb medicine.

GC-MS Analysis and Antibacterial Activity Study of Volatile Oil from 11 Kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus Processed Products

[Objectives]To study the volatile components and antibacterial effects of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products.[Methods]11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products were obtained according to the traditional processing method,the volatile oil was extracted by steam distillation,and the composition of volatile oil in the 11 kinds of processed products was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).the relative percentage content of each component in these 11 kinds of processed products was determined using the peak area normalization.The drug sensitivity activity of the volatile oil of these 11 kinds of processed products was tested using the K-B paper diffusion method and the minimum inhibition volume fraction of volatile oil of these 11 kinds of processed products was tested using the microdilution method.[Results]The highest yield of volatile oil of 11 kinds of these processed products was baking(5.193%),and the lowest was stir-bake to scorch(1.998%).A total of 36 chemical components were identified from the volatile oils of these 11 kinds of processed products.The components with the most volatile oil were stir-bake to scorch(24 kinds),and the components with the least volatile oil were the method of processing with rice-washed water(15 kinds).They contain 8 kinds of common chemical components,such as limonene,linalool,myrcene,α-pinene.The highest content of limonene came from processing with honey(60.93%),the lowest came from processing with rice-washed water(55.25%);the highest content of linalool came from processing with rice-washed water(7.139%),the lowest came from processing with honey(5.436%);the highest content of myrcene came from processing with honey(1.899%),the lowest came from stir-bake to scorch(1.632%);the highest content ofα-pinene came from raw Aurantii Fructus Immaturus(2.355%),and the lowest came from stir-bake to scorch(1.618%).The volatile oil of these 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products has good antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.[Conclusions]The oil yields of volatile oils of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products are different,the content of limonene is significantly different,and the changes of other chemical components and their contents are not significantly different.The volatile oil of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products has certain antibacterial effect.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of naringin and neohesperidin after oral administration of flavonoid glycosides from Aurantii Fructus Immaturus in normal and gastrointestinal motility disorders mice

Objective: To compare the pharmacokinetics of naringin and neohesperidin after oral administration of Zhishi total flavonoid glycosides(ZSTFG) extracted from Aurantii Fructus Immaturus in normal and gastrointestinal motility disorders(GMD) mice.Methods: ZSTFG was orally given to normal and GMD mice induced by atropine or dopamine. The plasma samples were incubated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase, the total(free + conjugated) naringenin and hesperitin were extracted with acetonitrile. The validated HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study.Results: The results showed that, compared with the normal group, AUC0–∞, AUC0–tand Cmaxfor total naringenin and hesperitin were significantly higher(P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), while CLZ/F for total naringenin and hesperitin was significantly lower(P < 0.01) in the GMD group. Tmax, t1/2 z, MRT0-t, and MRT0-∞for naringenin were longer(P < 0.01) in the GMD group than those in the normal group.Conclusion: The results showed that there were significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters of naringenin and hesperitin between normal and GMD groups. It was suggested that the absorption of naringenin and hesperitin was increased, and the elimination processes of naringenin and hesperitin were slower in the GMD group than the normal group. The data are of value for further pharmacological studies of ZSTFG and would be useful to provide a reference for improving the therapeutic regimen of ZSTFG in clinical trials.

发酵枳实残渣对仔猪生长性能、抗氧化能力和肠道健康的影响

本试验旨在探究发酵枳实残渣对仔猪生长性能、抗氧化能力和肠道健康的影响。选取32头体重为(7.65±0.18)kg杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪,随机分为4组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头猪。各组分别饲喂发酵枳实残渣添加水平为0(对照组)、4%(4%FF组)、8%(8%FF组)、12%(12%FF组)的试验饲粮。试验期30 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,8%FF组的平均日增重和平均日采食量显著提高(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,8%FF组的血清总蛋白(TP)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著提高(P<0.05),4%FF、8%FF、12%FF组的血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著提高(P<0.05),4%FF和8%FF组的血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,8%FF组的空肠绒毛高度、杯状细胞数量和绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著提高(P<0.05),空肠隐窝深度显著降低(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,8%FF和12%FF组的空肠闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)、超氧化物歧化酶1(SOD1)和核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)的mRNA相对表达水平显著提高(P<0.05),8%FF组的空肠封闭蛋白(Occludin)的mRNA相对表达水平显著提高(P<0.05)。5)与对照组相比,8%FF和12%FF组的结肠拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05),结肠厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05);4%FF和8%FF组的结肠乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05),12%FF组的结肠普氏菌属(Prevotella)相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05),4%FF、8%FF和12%FF组的结肠链球菌属(Streptococcus)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加发酵枳实残渣对仔猪生长性能无负面影响,并且能提高机体抗氧化能力,改善肠道形态,增加肠道微生物多样性,最终改善仔猪的生长性能。本试验条件下,仔猪饲粮中发酵枳实残渣添加水平以8%为宜。

枳实化学成分和药理作用研究进展及其质量标志物预测分析

枳实作为临床常用理气中药,其化学成分主要包括黄酮类、生物碱类、香豆素类和挥发油类,药理作用主要为调节胃肠运动、抗氧化、抗炎、保肝等。本文在综述了枳实化学成分和药理作用的基础上,从植物亲缘、传统药性、药理作用和成分可测性方面对枳实的质量标志物进行预测分析,建议将柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、川陈皮素、野漆树苷、柠檬烯、芳樟醇等化学成分纳入枳实质量标志物的考虑范畴,以期为完善枳实质量评价体系和提高质量标准提供科学依据。

基于UPLC-MS/MS探讨枳实中黄酮类化合物与辛弗林药动学的相互影响

目的:基于超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS),探讨枳实中黄酮类化合物与辛弗林药动学的相互影响,为引入黄酮类化合物作为枳实的质量定量控制指标提供科学依据。方法:取24只SD大鼠,随机分为6组(n=4),A组为辛弗林+6种黄酮类化合物(新橙皮苷、柚皮苷、芸香柚皮苷、橙皮苷、川陈皮素和野漆树苷),B组为辛弗林单独给药,C组为辛弗林+柚皮苷,D组为辛弗林+新橙皮苷,E组为6种黄酮类化合物单独给药,F组采用等体积的0.9%氯化钠溶液处理,均灌胃给药。取给药后不同时间点的血浆,测定血浆中柚皮苷、新橙皮苷和辛弗林含量,应用DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数。利用UPLC-MS/MS方法测定血药浓度。结果:A组大鼠新橙皮苷清除率为(9337.88±8373.94)L/h·kg,显著高于E组的(2558.22±610.87)L/h·kg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组、D组大鼠新橙皮苷的分布体积分别为(2549.72±1381.42)、(1668.41±394.73)L/kg,均明显低于E组的(23388.87±6089.53)L/kg,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组大鼠辛弗林的平均停留时间为(2.50±0.63)h,较B组、C组和D组[(1.62±0.11)、(1.70±0.17)和(1.57±0.08)h]更长,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:辛弗林对新橙皮苷的消除率和分布影响较大,枳实中的黄酮类化合物可延长辛弗林的平均停留时间。

不同基原枳实水煎液黄酮类成分及抗氧化活性差异研究

目的 比较不同基原枳实水煎液黄酮类成分和抗氧化活性差异,为枳实的质量评价和临床用药提供参考。方法 建立HPLC法同时测定枳实水煎液中8种黄酮类成分(芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、柚皮素、橙皮素、川陈皮素、桔皮素)的含量,结合多元统计分析化学成分差异;采用DPPH法和ABTS法测定不同基原枳实水煎液的抗氧化活性,以灰色关联度分析和双变量相关性分析评价枳实水煎液中8种成分含量与抗氧化活性的相关性。结果 含量测定及统计分析结果表明不同基原枳实水煎液主要差异成分为柚皮苷和新橙皮苷,其中甜橙枳实水煎液中几乎不含柚皮苷和新橙皮苷,而酸橙枳实水煎液中这两种成分含量较高;抗氧化活性结果表明酸橙枳实水煎液抗氧化活性显著优于甜橙枳实水煎液(P <0.05);灰色关联度分析和双变量相关性分析显示,酸橙枳实水煎液中抗氧化作用的核心药效组分是橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、川陈皮素;甜橙枳实水煎液抗氧化作用的核心药效组分是芸香柚皮苷、橙皮素、川陈皮素。结论 本研究建立了HPLC法同时测定枳实水煎液中8种黄酮类成分的含量;不同基原枳实水煎液黄酮类成分含量与抗氧化能力均存在差异。

高效液相色谱法同时检测枳实及枳壳药材中12种黄酮苷类成分

目的建立同时检测枳实、枳壳药材中12种黄酮苷类成分的高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为284 nm(圣草次苷、新北美圣草苷、芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、枸橘苷、柚皮素、橙皮素)、330 nm(橙皮内酯、川陈皮素、橘红素),柱温为35℃,进样量为10μL。结果上述成分质量浓度分别在0.19~46.61μg/mL、0.17~43.27μg/mL、0.20~51.07μg/mL、11.34~756.01μg/mL、0.41~101.28μg/mL、20.58~1028.79μg/mL、0.20~50.49μg/mL、0.10~25.25μg/mL、0.10~26.63μg/mL、0.24~11.96μg/mL、0.21~52.64μg/mL、0.55~27.51μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好;检测限均不大于0.10μg/mL,定量限均不大于0.41μg/mL;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验结果的RSD均小于2.0%;平均加样回收率为92.90%~114.33%,RSD为0.30%~1.98%(n=9)。结论所建立的方法简便、可靠,可用于同时检测枳实、枳壳药材中12种黄酮苷类成分。

超声辅助深共晶溶剂高效提取枳实辛弗林的工艺优化及提取动力学分析

为了研究超声辅助深共晶溶剂提取枳实辛弗林的最佳工艺条件及该提取过程的传质动力学模型,本研究采用Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验结合Box-Behnken响应面法对超声辅助深共晶溶剂提取枳实辛弗林的关键工艺参数进行优化,基于Fick第二定律建立超声辅助深共晶溶剂提取枳实辛弗林的提取动力学模型,通过测定在不同功率、不同提取时间下提取液中的辛弗林的质量浓度,对模型进行拟合验证,求解相应的动力学参数。结果表明,最优提取溶媒为一水甜菜碱-乳酸组成的深共晶溶剂(摩尔比1∶3,含水量50%),最佳工艺为:液料比39 mL/g,超声功率220 W,超声时间20 min,在此条件下,辛弗林得率为0.4284%,与模型预测值接近,且优于传统水回流提取法、85%乙醇回流提取法、超声辅助14%乙醇提取法、超声辅助70%甲醇提取法和超声辅助水提法。对动力学实验数据拟合得到的动力学一般方程和指数方程与动力学模型相关性良好,推算出了相应的速率常数、相对萃余率等动力学相关参数,拟合得到了半衰期和有效扩散系数回归方程,为枳实辛弗林的提取工艺优化和深入理论研究提供数据参考。

基于线粒体自噬PINK1/Parkin信号通路的枳实、麸炒枳实和烫枳实对功能性消化不良大鼠治疗作用比较

目的基于线粒体自噬PINK1/Parkin信号通路对比枳实、麸炒枳实和烫枳实对功能性消化不良(FD)大鼠的治疗作用。方法将36只大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、多潘立酮组、枳实组、麸炒枳实组、烫枳实组。除正常组外其他各组采用碘乙酰胺灌胃结合夹尾刺激法制作FD大鼠模型。造模结束后各给药组给予相应药液灌胃,模型组和正常组给予等体积生理盐水灌胃,持续14 d。造模和给药时,记录大鼠饮食量、饮水量和体质量。给药结束后,测定大鼠小肠推进率,苏木-伊红(HE)染色观察胃组织损伤情况,Western blot检测自噬相关蛋白PINK1、Parkin、Beclin-1、p62的表达。结果与模型组比较,各给药组小肠推进率提高。在造模期间,与正常组比较,各组大鼠的体质量增长减慢,平均日饮食量降低,模型组大鼠平均日饮水量降低。在给药期间,与模型组比较,多潘立酮组、麸炒枳实组和烫枳实组平均日饮食量增加;与模型组比较,麸炒枳实组PINK1、Parkin蛋白表达增加,烫枳实组p62蛋白表达提高、Beclin-1蛋白表达降低,枳实组Beclin-1蛋白表达降低。结论枳实、麸炒枳实和烫枳实治疗FD的作用机制可能与抑制PINK1/Parkin信号通路激活有关,麸炒枳实对FD大鼠的治疗效果优于枳实和烫枳实。

基于网络药理学探讨白术-枳实改善胰岛素抵抗分子机制研究

目的基于网络药理学探讨白术、枳实改善胰岛素抵抗(IR)的分子机制。方法从中药数据库获取白术、枳实的主要活性成分及靶点,通过疾病数据库获取IR靶点,取交集。对二者交集靶点进行蛋白质互作(PPI)分析,构筑PPI网络;进行富集分析,构建“成分-IR靶点-通路”网络;最后进行分子对接验证。结果白术-枳实改善IR的主要活性成分为木犀草素、川陈皮素、柚皮素等,核心靶点有肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、肿瘤蛋白P53(TP53)、蛋白激酶B(AKT1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等;分子对接验证显示,大部分核心靶点与主要活性成分的结合活性较好。白术、枳实改善IR的生物学过程包括激素应答、细胞对脂质的反应、调节炎症反应等,作用于内分泌抵抗、HIF-1、AMPK等信号通路,功能主要为调节糖脂代谢等。结论白术、枳实可能通过木犀草素、川陈皮素等活性物质对AMPK、NF-κB等信号通路发挥调节作用,初步揭示了二者多成分、多靶点、多通路改善IR的作用机制。

枳实多元质量控制指标的稳定性研究

目的:比较性状、水分、浸出物、生物碱和黄酮类成分的变化情况,考察枳实在大生产贮藏条件下的质量稳定性。方法:建立枳实柚皮苷、新橙皮苷的含量测定方法;同时结合《中国药典》2020年版枳实项下关键检测指标对不同贮存期的枳实进行质量评价。结果:高效液相色谱法检测枳实中柚皮苷、新橙皮苷含量,方法简单,准确可靠;枳实采用中药材包装用编织袋包装,在阴凉干燥处贮藏24个月,各关键质控指标均无明显变化。结论:采用多元的质量控制指标可更全面反映枳实稳定性期间的质量变化情况。枳实药材大生产条件下,在阴凉干燥处贮藏的复验期为24个月。

基于UPLC-Q-TOF/MS技术的枳实大鼠血清药物化学研究

目的:运用血清药物化学方法分析大鼠口服枳实后的入血成分,初步阐明其可能的药效物质基础。方法:采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C_(18)(3.0 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相梯度洗脱,飞行时间质谱作为检测器分析样品。通过比较枳实提取物、空白血浆以及给药血浆的图谱差异,根据保留时间、精确相对分子质量、二级质谱裂解碎片及代谢产物的中性丢失等,鉴定大鼠灌胃给予枳实提取物后的血中原形成分及其代谢产物。结果:在给药后的大鼠血清中分析表征了21个入血成分,其中15个原形成分、6个代谢产物。结论:借助UPLC-Q-TOF/MS方法鉴定了大鼠口服枳实后血清中的化学成分,初步分析了枳实的入血成分,为阐明枳实质量标志物提供了理论依据。

反相高效液相色谱法测定枳实、枳壳中橙皮甙和柚皮甙的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定了枳实和枳壳中的橙皮甙和柚皮甙含量。色谱柱为HypersilODS1柱(250mm×4 6mmi d ),流动相为乙腈 0 5%乙酸溶液(体积比为22∶78),流速为1 0mL/min,检测波长为283nm。柚皮甙和橙皮甙的线性范围分别为0 060g/L～0 604g/L和0 0125g/L～0 125g/L,柚皮甙和橙皮甙的平均回收率分别为97 1%和95 3%。该方法具有操作简便、分析快速、准确等优点。

枳壳和枳实化学成分的HPLC-ESI-MS分析

目的分析比较枳壳、枳实的化学成分.方法采用HPLC-ESI-MS法,Symmetry ShieldTMRP18色谱柱(150 mm×3.9 mm,5 μm)(Waters,Milford,MA,USA).流动相:A为0.6%醋酸水溶液,pH=2.5;B为甲醇.采用梯度洗脱:20%～40%B(0～48 min),40%B(48～54 min),40%～55%B(54～60 min),55%～95%B(60～75min),95%B(75～85 min),95%～20%B(85～90 min).体积流量:0.7 mL/min.温度为室温,检测波长为283 nm.Surveg质谱检测器.结果鉴定了柚皮苷、柚皮苷元、新橙皮苷、橙皮苷、辛弗林等成分,并测定了它们在枳壳、枳实中的含量.枳壳、枳实药材的主要化学成分种类相同,但含量不同.结论HPLC-ESI-MS法可用于枳壳和枳实的研究.

枳实饮片中3类化学成分含量测定

目的：测定枳实饮片中3类成分含量。方法：HPLC测定黄酮类成分橙皮苷和柚皮苷含量、生物碱类辛弗林含量，药典法测定挥发油含量。结果：10个批次的饮片中橙皮苷含量为1．25％～16．6％，柚皮苷含量为0％～13．9％，相差很大。其中有3个批次的饮片中不含有柚皮苷，而橙皮苷含量却很高。柚皮苷与橙皮苷的含量之和相差不大，为10．8％～16．6％；辛弗林含量为0．0585％～0．676％；挥发油含量为0．1％～2．2％，差异较大。结论：枳实饮片3类化学成分含量差别很大。

枳实黄酮对功能性消化不良大鼠胃肠动力的影响

目的探讨枳实黄酮类成分对功能性消化不良大鼠胃肠动力的影响及其可能机制。方法健康成年Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、多潘立酮组、橙皮苷组、新橙皮苷组、柚皮苷组。测定各组大鼠胃排空速率、小肠推进比,采用酶联免疫分析方法测定胃动素(MTL)及血管活性肠肽(VIP)。结果模型组大鼠胃排空率与小肠推进比明显低于正常对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01);应用枳实黄酮各组后,大鼠胃排空率与小肠推进比增加,与正常对照组和多潘立酮组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。模型组大鼠MTL明显低于正常对照组(P<0.05),VIP明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。应用橙皮苷后胃动素明显增加,与正常对照组和多潘立酮组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论枳实黄酮可改善功能性消化不良大鼠的胃排空和小肠推进,其中橙皮苷对胃动力的作用可能与其增加MTL有关。

响应面法优化微波辅助提取枳壳中总黄酮工艺

利用响应面法对枳壳中总黄酮的微波提取工艺条件进行优化。在单因素试验基础上,利用中心组合设计原理及响应面法分析建立二次回归模型。以微波功率、提取时间、乙醇体积分数为自变量,柚皮苷、橙皮苷得率的综合指标为响应值,研究各因素及其交互作用对总黄酮得率的影响。利用模型的响应曲面图及其等高线图,确定微波提取枳壳中总黄酮的最佳工艺参数为枳壳粉碎颗粒度为40～60目、液料比100:1(mL/g)、乙醇体积分数58.8%、微波功率447W、提取时间3.9min,在此条件下,柚皮苷、橙皮苷的提取得率分别达到50.21、4.96mg/g,与理论预测值基本吻合。

中药枳实与枳壳挥发油成分对比分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取枳实与枳壳挥发油,用GC-MS对其成分进行定性、定量对比分析。鉴定出枳实挥发油成分中的15个化合物,占提取所得挥发油总量的93.81%。主要成分为柠檬烯(41.20%)、芳樟醇(26.10%)、异松香烯(7.32%)、1,3,3-三甲基-2-乙烯基-环己烯(5.56%)。鉴定出枳壳挥发油成分中的51个化合物,占提取所得挥发油总量的99.87%,主要成分为柠檬烯(40.90%)、芳樟醇(13.13%)、2-十一烷酮(10.80%)、γ-松油烯(8.66%)。研究结果表明枳实与枳壳挥发油的化学成分大部分相似,柠檬烯是枳实、枳壳具有理气作用的物质基础。