Geochemical characterization of the metasedimentary rocks of the Yaounde Group within the southernmost North Equatorial tectonic belt:insights into geodynamic evolution

The Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Yaounde Group on the northern edge of the Congo Shield in Central Africa were investigated to understand their provenance and depositional environment.Petrography,geochemistry,and field evidence helped to subdivide the metasediments into paragneiss,mica schist,chlorite schist,and quartzite which were derived from greywacke,shale,quartz arenite,litharenite protoliths.They are immature with some mature samples,moderately weathered and reworked Neo-and Post-Archean metasediments.Rare earth element signatures(Chondrite Eu/Eu^(*)≤1),enrichment of light rare earth elements over the heavy ones,and the La/Sc ratio(>0.7)are compatible with those of the intermediate and felsic sources from the upper continental crust.These metasediments were deposited in the continental arc setting and have evolved during Proterozoic times according to the Wilson cycle to form the West Gondwana including NE Brazil.

LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Zircon Geochronology of Basic Dikes within Maxianshan Rock Group in the Central Qilian Orogenic Belt and Its Tectonic Implications

A large number of basic dikes, which indicate an important tectonic-magmatic event in the eastern part of the Central Qilian （祁连） orogenic belt, were found from Maxianshan （马衔山） rock group, Yongjing （永靖） county, Gansu （甘肃） Province, China. According to the research on the characteristics of geology and petrology, the basic dike swarms, widely intruded in Maxianshan rock group, are divided into two phases by the authors. U-Pb isotope of zircons from the basic dikes above two phases is separately determined by LA-ICP-MS in the Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Northwest University, China and the causes of formation of the zircons are studied using CL images. The formation age of the earlier phase of metagabbro dikes is （441.1±1.4） Ma （corresponding to the early stage of Early Silurian）, and the age of the main metamorphic period is （414.3±1.2） Ma （corresponding to the early stage of Early Devonian）. The formation age of the later phase of diabase dike swarms is （434±1.0） Ma （corresponding to the late stage of Early Silurian）. The cap- tured-zircons from diabase dike swarms saved some information of material interfusion by Maxianshan rock group （^207pb/206pb apparent ages are （2 325±3）-（2 573 ±6） Ma）, and some zircons from diabase dike swarms also saved impacted information by tectonic thermal event during the late period of Caledonian movement （^206pb/^238U apparent ages are （400±2）-（429±2） Ma）. By combining the results of the related studies, the basic dikes within Maxianshan rock group were considered to be formed in the transfer period, from subductional orogeny towards collisional orogeny, which represents geological records of NW-SE extension during regional NE-SW towards intense compression in the Central Qilian block.

Further Study on Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of the Boninitic Rocks from Bikou Group, Northern Yangtze Plate

Compared with the major and trace elements of typical boninite, the metabasalts collected from the Nanfanba （南范坝）-Miaowanli （庙湾里） region in the Bikou （碧口） block could be treated as boninite characterized by low-Si, low-Ti, low-P, high-Mg^2 and high Al2O3/TiO2, consistent with geochemical features of boninite. The normal mid-ocean ridge basalt （N-MORB） normalized spider diagram displays fairly depleted high field strong elements （HFSE） （Zr, Y, Ti）. Enriched refractory elements （Cr, Co, Ni） as well as light rare earth elements （LREE）-depleted chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns suggest the boninitic magmas are derived from an extremely depleted mantle wedge in the presence of a hydrous fluid, meanwhile signifying the source region had previously undergone a high degree partial melting process yielding primary magmas with enriched large ion lithophile elements （LILE）. In addition, almost all the samples in the Nb-Zr-Y and Ti-Zr-Y discrimination diagrams were plotted in the island arc basalt （IAB） field. Coupled with the island arc tholeiitic （IAT） basalt in the study region, therefore, the geochemical characteristics of the studied rocks indicate the meta-basalts probably occurred in a fore-arc subduction setting. This conclusion may be of great significance for the further study of the tectonic background of the Bikou volcanism.

Test analysis of stress characteristics on reinforcing rock slope with group anchorage cable

To research the reinforcement effect of a rock slope with group anchorage cables and the stress characteristics of pre-stressed anchorage cables in the fractured surface, the rock slope calculated model of a wedge block within the double-slide face was established by using the finite difference software according to the actual slope project combined with indoor model test. The pre-stress loss rule of the anchorage cable and the distribution of axial force and the force-transferring mechanism of the anchorage cable were analyzed during simulation. Also, based on the displacement contour and the safety factor of the calculated results, the quantitative analysis for the reinforcement ef- fect of the rock slope with group pre-stressed anchorage cable was discovered. The results computed by the software conform with the data in the experiment, which can prove the effectiveness and correctness of parameter selection and model building. Keywords group anchorage reinforcement, rock slope, joint fissure, pre-stressed anchorage cable, stress characteristics

REE geochemistry of the Zhoutan Group metasedimentary rocks in central Jiangxi Province,Southeast China

Detailed REE and trace elements geochemical studies of the Zhoutan Group metasedimentary rocks in central Jiangxi Province, China, and rock-forming minerals such as garnet were conducted and the results showed that the REEs are partly present in the rock-forming minerals and are dominantly contained in the lattice of accessory minerals. In the process of metamorphism the REEs between garnet porphyroblast and rock and the partitioning of REEs between garnet and the host rock is obviously controlled by the chemical composition of the system. The REEs compositions of metamorphic veins and their minerals display remarked lanthanide tetrad effects and the element pairs Zr-Hf, Y-Ho, Pb-Nd and U-Th have also experienced a certain degree of fractionation with respect to the metasedimentary rocks and they can be used as discriminating indicators to some extent for the occurrence of fluid processes in the process of metamorphism of the Zhoutan Group.

Rock Assemblages and Formation Ages of the Baishuijiang Group in the Southwest Qinling Orogenic Belt, Northwest China

The Baishuijiang Group, located in the southwest Qinling orogenic belt, is divided into three belts according to the characteristic of the matrix and rock blocks based on the large scale geological mapping. The north belt and south belt are composed of abyssal mudstone and siltstone, and limestone, chert and basic and ultrabasic rock blocks. The middle belt consists of a few limestone blocks and turbidites, which were formed in the trench environment. At present, in the Baishuijiang Group, many fossils were found in matrix and rock blocks, the fossils contain the Cambrian small shell fossils(Xiao, 1992;Tao et al., 1992), Silurian chitinozoas, scolecodonts and spores, and Ordovician graptolites, and middle Devonian Coral and conodonts in limestone and chert blocks(Wang et al., 2011a), and Permian radiolarians in the matrix(Wang et al., 2007). The volcanic rock blocks have undergone different degree of metamorphism. Their geochemical characteristics indicate that the rocks are similar to oceanic island arc and seamount(Wang et al., 2009), and SHRIMP U-Pb dating yielded ages from Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic(Yan et al., 2007;Wang et al., 2009, 2011b). Therefore, comprehensive analysis of regional data, the Baishuijiang group is an accretionary complex which was consisted of matrix and blocks, and was finally formed during Permian-Triassic.

Study on critical conditions for rock failure by means of group renormalization

A study of the characteristics of the accumulative rock failure and its evolution byapplication of the group renormalization method were presented. In addition, the interactionand long-range correlated effects between the immediate neighboring units was studied.The concept of mechanical transference for model OFC, employed in the study ofself-organized criticality, and the coefficient a were introduced into the calculation model forgroup renormalization. With the introduction, mechanisms for the drastic increase and decrease of failure intensity of rocks were investigated under similar macro-conditions.

THE STUDY OF META-BASIC-ULTRABASIC ROCKS IN THEPROTEROZOIC DANZHOU GROUP,NORTHERN GUANGXI:A NEW VIEW

Recent geological study and survey on the scale of 1: 50000 in northern Guangxi have made some advancements: meta-basic-ultrabasic rocks which occured as bedding injection sheets in the Sanrnenjie formation of the Proterozoic Danzhou group and caused contact metamorphism or hydrothermal alteration in adjacent wallrocks, were originated in extensional environment. Basic rocks belong to deep-sea tholeiite. TLe meta-basic -ultrabasic rocks sufferred intense deformation partitioning, resulting in lenticular network which was composed of mylonite zones in highly de formed field and lensoids in less- or non-deformed field. This structural pattern was explained as "melange" or "non-rooted cool intrusion " by previous workers. The deformation partitioning was mainly pure shearing in the early stage plus simple shearing in the later stage. This evolution was closely related to progressive deformation of the Guangxi orogeny.

Geochemical Characteristics of Proterozoic Mafic Dykes from the Bomdila Group of Rocks, NE Lesser Himalaya, India

The mafic dykes from the Paleoproterozoic Bomdila Group of metasedimentary rocks,Arunachal Pradesh,NE Lesser Himalaya,India have been analyzed for major and trace elements geochemistry essentially to understand their

REE Geochemistry of Some Metamorphic Rock Types of the Late Archean Fuping Group and Their Anatectic Derivatives in Pingshan,Hebei Province,China─A Preliminary Study

The Late Archean Fuping Group of the Xiaojiao area in Pingshan County, HebeiProvince consists mainly of three metamorphic rock types of supracrustal affinity, i. e., K-feldspar leucoleptite, biotite leptite-gneiss and hornblendic rocks. Their anatectic derivativesformed in the initial stage of anatexis are petrochemically of K-feldspar granitic, trondhjemiticand granodioritic compositions respectively, and in general have inherited the main petrochemi-cal features from their parent rock types. Probably due to the fact that they contain less REE-rich accessory minerals as compared with their parent rocks, the anatectic derivatives are ingeneral lower in ∑REE content. But both the derivatives and their parent rocks have similarREE patterns, which serves as an additional indication of the genetic relationship betweenthem.

Reconstruction of protoliths of metamorphic rocks and tectonic setting of Wolegen Group

Parametamorphic rocks from Arong County in southeastern Inner Mongolia- Daxinganling district are regarded as Proterozoic in age, belonging to the Wolegen Group and composed of volcanoclastic and sand- stone in origin, and have been disputed in tectonic setting. Because of the stability in metamorphism, the rare earth elements indicate the features of their protoliths. The authors integrated the petrologic methods with the geochemical parameters which include ЕREE, ЕLREE/NHREE, δCe, δEu, La/Yb, Sm/Nd, Th/Sc and the standard values of chondrite. The results show that the protoliths of Wolengen Group may be a group of volcanoclastic and continental margin clastic rocks, and their tectonic setting is the continent island arc.

Geochemistry of Platinum Group Elements in Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks of Xinjie Intrusion

The platinum group elements (PGE) in the mafic ultramafic suite in the Xinjie layered intrusion and associated basalts and syenites were analyzed using neutron activation techniques after fire assay preconcentration. On this basis, the geochemistry of the platinum group during the magmatic stage is discussed. With respect to PGE distribution, the Xinjie layered intrusion is similar to the Bushveld ferruginous ultramafic series and is distinct from komatiite and Alpine type peridotite. It is also similar to the Emeishan basalt in PGE characteristics, implying that the original magmas of them may be of the same type.

中国大规模盐穴储氢需求与挑战

氢能是来源广泛且低碳清洁的能源,大力发展氢能产业是实现双碳目标和应对全球能源转型的重要举措。在氢能“制备―储存―运输―应用”全产业链中,储氢难问题长期制约着氢能产业高质量发展。盐穴储氢具有成本低、规模大、安全性高和储氢纯度高等突出优势,是未来氢能大规模储备的重要发展方向,也是我国能源低碳转型的重大战略需求。综合调研了我国制氢产业和氢能消费现状,分析了我国盐穴储氢的需求。调研了国外利用盐穴储存天然气和氢气的技术及工程现状,总结了我国盐穴储气库发展和建设历程。对比了利用盐穴储存天然气、氦气、压缩空气和氢气的异同点,提出我国盐穴储氢面临三大科技挑战:层状盐岩氢气渗透与生化反应、盐穴储氢库井筒完整性管控、储氢库群灾变孕育与防控。研究成果明确了我国氢气储备需求的快速增长趋势和大规模盐穴储氢的重点攻关方向。

纳米颗粒改变碳酸盐岩凝析气藏储层润湿性评价

为了改变凝析气藏近井储层润湿性,有效解除凝析气反凝析伤害,采用X射线衍射、低温N 2吸附和扫描电子显微镜观测等方法,对氟化SiO 2纳米颗粒结构特征进行了研究,评价了不同矿物含量碳酸盐岩岩心对氟化SiO 2纳米颗粒的吸附程度;通过开展接触角测定、自发渗吸、岩心驱替单相和两相渗流实验,研究了纳米颗粒吸附前后岩石润湿性、自发渗吸效率、单相渗流压差、油气两相相对渗透率曲线以及凝析油采收率的变化。结果显示:氟化SiO 2纳米颗粒形状近似均匀球体,平均颗粒粒径为30.34 nm,平均孔径为20.00 nm;氟化SiO 2纳米颗粒在碳酸盐岩表面的吸附量随孔隙度的增大而增加,但在低渗透岩心中,吸附量和润湿接触角的变化幅度还随方解石含量的增加而增大;纳米颗粒吸附后岩石的油气两相共渗区变宽,等渗点向左上方移动,最大油气相对渗透率均大幅增加,束缚水饱和度和残余油饱和度明显降低;氟化SiO 2纳米颗粒能在约10 min内吸附在岩石表面,将强亲油、强亲水的液体润湿型岩石转变为中间(气体)润湿型,降低孔隙中毛管压力和凝析油渗流阻力,提高气、油两相的相对渗透率,达到解堵提产增效的效果。该研究结果具有极大的现场应用推广价值。

辽东宽甸钴矿勘查区变基性岩地球化学特征和年代学研究

以辽东宽甸钴矿勘查区南辽河群里尔峪组变基性岩为研究对象,通过全岩地球化学组成和锆石年代学研究,讨论了里尔峪组变基性岩形成的构造背景以及钴的来源。地球化学分析结果显示,钻孔中变基性岩为正斜长角闪岩,具有一致的稀土元素配分模式,弱Eu负异常,显示E-MORB的地球化学特征。详细的矿物化学分析和地质温压计算结果表明,含辉石斜长角闪岩(ZK2-1)记录了峰期高角闪岩相变质温压条件,p=0.82~1.00 GPa和t=712~751℃;(含辉石)斜长角闪岩(ZK1-1和ZK3-1)记录了峰后退变质阶段的温压条件,分别为p=0.42~0.81 GPa和t=688~759℃、p=0.59~0.85 GPa和t=703~739℃。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明,变基性岩中变质锆石记录的年龄为1857~1850 Ma。综合宽甸地区变基性岩地球化学和年代学结果,推测其原岩为古元古代中期拉斑玄武岩,形成于伸展环境,并且在其形成过程中岩浆经历了显著的地壳物质混染,暗示古元古代中期打开的洋盆规模可能有限。通过与南、北辽河群变基性岩全岩地球化学特征对比研究,认为宽甸地区变基性岩不是钴矿化的主要成矿物质来源,有关钴矿化的物质来源仍需进一步研究。

巴基斯坦东部海域中生代地层发现与油气意义

巴基斯坦海域历经60余年油气勘探,长期以新生界为主要目标,对中生代地层展布、构造演化特征等认识不清。巴基斯坦东部海域中—新生代时期经历了复杂的构造—沉积演化过程,新生代受喜马拉雅隆升影响而沉积了巨量陆缘碎屑物质,因此是研究诸多重大基础科学问题的极佳场所。受白垩纪晚期区域火成岩影响,对该区中生代地层是否存在、如何展布等问题一直存在较大争议,这极大限制了区域油气勘探活动的开展。本研究基于新采集的高品质二维地震剖面,突破了火成岩层的屏蔽作用,通过地震反射界面刻画、地震波组特征分析和层速度分析等手段,揭示了中生代地层在巴基斯坦东部海域广泛分布,中生代地层受控于同期活动的强烈伸展断陷作用,被隆坳相间的构造古地理格局分割在多个规模不等的次级凹陷内部。整体厚度800~10000 m,表现为东南厚、西北薄,向北和向西超覆,最大沉积厚度位于研究区东南和西北两个区域,该套地层在陆域下印度河盆地已证实为重要烃源岩层,因此海域中生代地层的发现有效拓展了该区未来油气勘探方向和潜在价值。

急倾斜脉群钨矿开采过渡区围岩力学环境变化特征研究

随着现代化采矿工艺的发展,急倾斜脉群矿体正由传统的浅孔留矿法向更高效的阶段矿房法转变,采区围岩力学环境扰动规律也随之改变,特别是在2种采矿方法接替的开采过渡区,可能存在围岩力学环境分布规律的盲区。基于声发射测定的初始地应力采用FLAC3D软件模拟研究了过渡区开采中段采区围岩的力学环境变化特征。结果表明:①上部采区经浅孔留矿法回采出矿后,采区上下盘围岩受到拉应力作用且存在采场边帮松脱的趋势,单脉采场间围岩受应力作用不均匀导致上下端位移交错分布,采区上下盘围岩及单脉采场间围岩以剪切塑性区为主,有发生剪切破坏的风险。②下部采区经阶段矿房法回采出矿后,采区的应力集中现象更加明显,采场顶板出现沉降趋势,采区上下盘围岩向竖直方向变形且两采区位移较连续,采区的顶底板主要为拉伸塑性区且上下盘围岩存在较大范围的剪切塑性区,预示着采区围岩可能同时存在张拉和剪切破坏风险。③对采空区及时进行废石嗣后充填能够有效抑制应力集中现象。矿山在开采过渡区生产时应严格控制上下部相邻采场的开采、充填时序,避免超前开采,进而最大程度抑制应力集中导致的围岩变形、失稳等不利影响。

准噶尔盆地卡姆斯特地区石树沟群砂岩地球化学特征及其对源岩的指示

为揭示卡姆斯特地区石树沟群的源岩性质和构造背景,探讨其对砂岩型铀成矿作用的影响,对该区的石树沟群砂岩开展了岩石学及地球化学研究。结果表明,石树沟群砂岩以岩屑砂岩为主,成熟度低,富集Cs、U、Cr、Hf,亏损Nb、Ta、Th;整体具轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损、Eu负异常特征,与卡拉麦里造山带中酸性岩浆岩稀土元素特征具有相似性;沉积物源为卡拉麦里造山带,源岩主要为富铀的中酸性岩浆岩,形成构造背景为活动大陆边缘-大陆岛弧环境。石树沟群的源岩为砂岩型铀成矿提供了物质来源。

深井跨采巷道群开采扰动模拟分析与围岩控制对策研究

针对工作面开采扰动下底板巷道围岩控制难题,以安居煤矿1315工作面跨采底板巷道群为研究背景,通过数值模拟及现场实践的方法,分析了上覆工作面回采过程中巷道围岩的应力和塑性区分布特征。研究结果表明:工作面推进至终采线100 m时,超前支承压力在水平方向影响范围约35.8 m,在竖直方向影响范围约37.8 m。底板巷道按照到工作面距离的大小先后受到回采影响,具有过程性。针对3_(上)煤底板巷道群围岩受扰动变形等特点,提出“锚网索+T型钢带+金属网”联合支护技术方案。现场监测表明,支护方案对底板巷道群围岩变形量控制效果显著,确保了工作面下覆巷道群在回采期间的稳定使用。

内蒙古狼山宝音图群变沉积岩碎屑锆石年代学特征:华北北缘西段中-新元古代构造演化记录

宝音图群分布于内蒙古中西部狼山的格尔敖包沟、宝音图、巴音前达门和图古日格一带,构造位置处于华北克拉通、阿拉善地块和中亚造山带的交界部位,主要由云母片岩、石英岩、变基性岩和大理岩组成。关于宝音图群的沉积时代下限和物源亲缘性一直存在争议。本文对狼山地区宝音图群不同地区碎屑锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年分析。结果显示,宝音图群变沉积岩中的碎屑锆石多为岩浆锆石,多数发育变质增生边,其中格尔敖包沟地区碎屑锆石呈现5个主峰值年龄段(950Ma、1300Ma、1500Ma、1800Ma和2500Ma附近)和2个次峰值年龄段(720Ma和2100Ma附近),最年轻的碎屑锆石谐和年龄为700±8Ma,形成于新元古代,可以代表宝音图群最大沉积年龄,是目前发现的宝音图群最年轻碎屑锆石。获各琦地区碎屑锆石呈现2个主峰值年龄段(1500Ma和1700Ma附近)和3个次峰值年龄段(840Ma、1300Ma和1900Ma附近)。宝音图地区碎屑锆石呈现1个主峰值年龄段(1700Ma附近)和4个次峰值年龄段(840Ma、1000Ma、1400Ma和2200Ma附近)。巴音前达门地区碎屑锆石呈现3个主峰值年龄段(1800Ma、1900Ma和2500Ma附近)和3个次峰值年龄段(770Ma、970Ma和1300Ma附近)。帮帮敖瑞地区碎屑锆石呈现3个主峰值年龄段(920Ma、1200Ma和1500Ma附近)和1个次峰值年龄段(710Ma附近)。图古日格地区碎屑锆石呈现1个主峰值年龄段(1900Ma附近)和5个次峰值年龄段(1100Ma、1300Ma、2300Ma、2500Ma和3100Ma附近)。通过碎屑锆石年龄图谱对比及年龄χ2分布分析发现,宝音图群变沉积岩原岩整体都沉积于离散背景中,狼山北部的宝音图群变沉积岩(图古日格和巴音前达门地区)的物源来自于华北克拉通,可能记录了哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件;狼山西南部的宝音图群变沉积岩(格尔敖包沟、帮帮敖瑞、获各琦和宝音图地区)的物源来自于阿拉善地块,可能记录了罗迪尼亚超大陆的裂解事件。