Experimental Study on Effect of Compound Biejia Ruangan Prescription (复方鳖甲软肝方) on High Resolution Computerized Tomographic Images in Bleomycin Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis Rats

Objective: To study the therapeutic effect of Com pound Biejia Ruangan prescription (CBRP) on rat model with pulmonary fibrosis in duced by bleomycin. Methods: Fifty four male Sprague Dawley rats were rando mly divided into 6 groups (9 rats in each group). From the first day to the 28th day of the experiment, except to those in the sham model control group that were treated with normal saline, the same amount of bleomycin injection as the n ormal saline given to the control group was given through endotracheal instillat ion to all the rats in all the other groups. From the 29th day of the modeling, CBRP solution of different dosages was respectively injected into the rats in th e high, moderate and low CBRP dose group, while equal volume of normal saline w as given to those in the sham model control group and the model control group , and an equal volume of prednisone solution was given to rats in the prednisone group. On the 80th day, the high resolution computerized tomographic (HRCT) images were observed on an equal footing, and HRCT pathology was correlativel y studied. Results: Different HRCT pathological changes were shown in th e rats with pulmonary fibrosis, such as lung consolidation, thickening of interl obular septum and interlobular mesenchyma as well as lobular deformation, nodule shadow, abnormal brochiovascular tract, thickened pleura with irregular junctio n and polished glass like dense shadows. Honeycomb lung was observed in some cases. Pathological sections showed fibrotic proliferation of lung tissues and noticeable pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. CBRP could improve HRCT images of rats with pulmonary fibrosis, and lower fibrotic p roliferation of the lung tissue.Conclusion: CBRP plays its therapeutic role possibly through its effect on the structure of the lung in rats with pulmonary fibrosis.

Opioid Prescriptions in Women: Is the Data Accurate?

Background: In 2012, U.S. health care providers wrote more than 259 million opioid prescriptions, which is twice as many as in 1998. Approximately 1 in 10 women report the use of opioids for pain management during pregnancy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that between 2008 and 2012, 39% of reproductive-aged women on Medicaid had filled a prescription for opioid medication each year, as did 28% of women with private insurance. The opioid epidemic extends to the state of New Jersey (NJ);however, limited data is available regarding opioid prescriptions among Medicaid and private insurance patients within the state. Objective: Evaluate opioid prescriptions filled in reproductive-aged women presenting in labor at a community teaching hospital in suburban New Jersey. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using data obtained from patient records and the New Jersey Prescription Monitoring Program (NJPMP) database. We enrolled 200 patients that were admitted in labor between May 2015 and May 2016. Data was collected from reproductive-aged women during the one year preceding labor admission. We compared our findings to national data reported by the CDC using Chi-square analysis. Maternal demographic data were extracted from patient records and included age, insurance status (private insurance, Medicaid, and no insurance), race, and ethnicity. The primary outcome was opioid prescriptions filled. Results: Of the 200 women admitted in labor, 129 had private insurance, 63 had Medicaid, and 8 had no insurance. We found that 5.4% (7/129) of patients with private insurance, 4.8% (3/63) of patients with Medicaid, and 12.5% (1/8) of patients with no insurance filled opioid prescriptions. Overall, 5.5% (11/200) of women filled opioid prescriptions during the study period. Opioid prescriptions confirmed via NJPMP were significantly lower than rates reported by the CDC in Medicaid (4.8% vs. 41.4%, p-value 0.001) and private insurance (5.4% vs. 29.1%, p-value < 0.001) patients, respectively. Conclusion: Rates of opioid prescriptions filled were lower among our suburban cohort of women in New Jersey than national rates reported by the CDC. We did not confirm that patients with Medicaid filled more prescriptions than patients with private insurance. These discrepancies raise the question of whether a federal prescription monitoring program would better capture data than state-wide programs. Further research is needed to ensure that prescription monitoring programs are actually capturing accurate data.

Understanding of He Hongfang’s Prescription(何鸿舫方)

He Hongfang(何鸿舫),a medical scholar in the Qing Dynasty,was the 24th descendant of He’s family in Jiangnan Region.He was famous in Shanghai during the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu for his medicine and calligraphy.This article introduces two frames of prescriptions of He Hongfang in the Shanghai Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine for appreciation。

嗜蓝孢孔菌新种Fomitiporia yanbeiensis S. Guo&L. Zhou液体发酵培养条件研究

[目的]本研究是对Fomitiporia yanbeiensis S.Guo&L.Zhou液体发酵培养基的营养源和培养条件进行探索。[方法]以发酵培养液中的菌球生物量、菌丝生长速度和菌球萌发活力指数为主要指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对发酵工艺的培养的温度、pH值、碳源、氮源、接种量进行优化筛选,研究最佳的发酵培养基配方,并对发酵菌丝体和子实体的功能性成分测定对比。[结果]液体发酵培养中最佳的发酵培养条件为:温度27℃、起始pH为8.0、接种量为11%、碳源是海藻糖、氮源是豆粕粉,最佳的培养基配方为海藻糖2.0%、豆粕粉3.5%、KH_2PO_4(0.05%)、MgSO_4(0.025%),该条件下菌球生物量最高为2.36g·100mL^(-1)。发酵菌丝体的三萜类化合物、β-葡聚糖和黄酮含量均高于子实体。[结论]通过对发酵工艺的筛选优化,为该菌的人工驯化和功能性食品开发奠定了基础。

嗜蓝孢孔菌新种Fomitiporia yanbeiensis S.Guo & L.Zhou菌丝培养条件研究

Fomitiporia yanbeiensis S.Guo&L.Zhou是从山西雁北地区沙棘腐木上分离获得的嗜蓝孢孔菌属的新种,这个种类具有特殊功能成分,具有很高的药用价值。该研究对其菌丝培养条件即温度、pH值、碳源营养、氮源营养进行了试验和分析。结果表明,该菌菌丝体在人工培养基上容易生长,其最适生长温度为25℃,在最适温度下30d左右可长满平皿。最适培养条件:pH为6.0,碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为蛋白胨。这些结果为该菌的人工驯化栽培和功能食品开发提供了参考和依据。

The Zhou’s Method for Solving the Euler Equidimensional Equation

In this work, we apply the Zhou’s method [1] or differential transformation method (DTM) for solving the Euler equidimensional equation. The Zhou’s method may be considered as alternative and efficient for finding the approximate solutions of initial values problems. We prove superiority of this method by applying them on the some Euler type equation, in this case of order 2 and 3 [2]. The power series solution of the reduced equation transforms into an approximate implicit solution of the original equations. The results agreed with the exact solution obtained via transformation to a constant coefficient equation.

A Modern Fairyland: On Mr. Zhou Tienong's Visit to Denmark

At the invitation of the Danish-Chinese Business Forum(DCBF),Zhou Tienong,Vice-Chairman of the 11thNational People’s Congress Standing Committee and President of CAFIU,led a CAFIU delegation to visit Denmark from June 9thto 12th.When we arrived in Copenhagen at 10:30 pm,looking at the skyline of the copper domes

梓醇-川芎嗪方对SAMP8小鼠认知功能的改善作用及机制

目的:探讨梓醇-川芎嗪方(CT)对快速老化(SAMP8)小鼠认知功能的改善作用及其机制。方法:将50只14周龄SAMP8小鼠随机分为模型(Model)组、梓醇-川芎嗪方低剂量(CT-L)组、中剂量(CT-M)组、高剂量(CT-H)组、盐酸多奈哌齐组(DH组),10只14周龄快速衰老模型对照(SAMR1)小鼠作为对照(Control)组。Control组及Model组均以生理盐水灌胃,各用药组以相应药物灌胃,每日1次,连续8周。采用自主活动实验、筑巢行为实验、新物体辨别实验、Morris水迷宫实验等行为学观察。行为学观察后,检测各组小鼠海马组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)1-42、p-Tau、核因子-κB(NF-κB)p65、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)及活性氧(ROS)水平,检测各组小鼠血清NF-κB p65、NLRP3、TNF-α、IL-1β及ROS含量。结果:与Model组比较,DH、CT-M、CT-H组小鼠自主活动次数、筑巢行为评分升高、对新物体辨别时间增加、新旧物体辨别时间比值升高、逃避潜伏期明显缩短、跨平台次数和目标象限停留时间增加(P<0.05)。与CT-L组比较,CT-M组、CT-H组、DH组小鼠的自由活动次数、筑巢行为评分升高、探索新物体辨别时间明显增加、新旧物体辨别时间比值升高、逃避潜伏期明显缩短、跨平台次数和目标象限停留时间增加(P<0.05)。与CT-M组比较,CT-H组小鼠的自由活动次数、筑巢行为评分升高、探索新物体辨别时间增加、新旧物体辨别时间比值升高、逃避潜伏期明显缩短、跨平台次数和目标象限停留时间增加(P<0.05)。与DH组比较,CT-H组小鼠的自由活动次数、筑巢行为评分升高、探索新物体辨别时间增加、新旧物体辨别时间比值升高、逃避潜伏期明显缩短、跨平台次数和目标象限停留时间增加(P<0.05)。与Model组比较,DH组和CT-M、CT-H组小鼠海马组织中SOD及GSH水平升高,Aβ_(1-42)、p-Tau、NF-κB p65、NLRP3、TNF-α、IL-1β及ROS水平下降,小鼠血清NF-κB p65、NLRP3、TNF-α、IL-1β及ROS水平下降(P<0.05)。与CT-L组比较,CT-M组、CT-H组、DH组小鼠海马组织中SOD及GSH水平升高,Aβ_(1-42)、p-Tau、NF-κB p65、NLRP3、TNF-α、IL-1β及ROS水平下降,小鼠血清NF-κB p65、NLRP3、TNF-α、IL-1β及ROS水平下降(P<0.05)。与CT-M组比较,CT-H组小鼠海马组织中SOD及GSH水平升高、Aβ_(1-42)、p-Tau、NF-κB p65、NLRP3、TNF-α、IL-1β及ROS水平下降,小鼠血清NF-κB p65、NLRP3、TNF-α、IL-1β及ROS水平下降(P<0.05)。与DH组比较,CT-H组小鼠海马组织中SOD及GSH水平升高、Aβ_(1-42)、p-Tau、NF-κB p65、NLRP3、TNF-α、IL-1β及ROS水平下降,小鼠血清NF-κB p65、NLRP3、TNF-α、IL-1β及ROS水平下降(P<0.05)。结论:梓醇-川芎嗪方可能通过改善氧化/还原失衡状态,抑制脑内炎症反应从而改善SAMP8小鼠的认知功能障碍,且其量效关系呈正相关。

The Zhou’s Method for Solving the White-Dwarfs Equation

In this work we apply the differential transformation method (Zhou’s method) or DTM for solving white-dwarfs equation which Chandrasekhar [1] introduced in his study of the gravitational potential of these degenerate (white-dwarf) stars. DTM may be considered as alternative and efficient for finding the approximate solutions of the initial values problems. We prove superiority of this method by applying them on the some Lane-Emden type equation, in this case. The power series solution of the reduced equation transforms into an approximate implicit solution of the original equation.

Prof. Zhou Peiyuan, A Shining Star in China's Scientific and Educational Community

Prof. Zhou Peiyuan (P.Y.Chou) was a celebrated scientist, educationalist and social activist well-known both at home and abroad. He was an outstanding leader in the Chinese science and technology community, a founder of modern mechanics in China, a fighter dedicated to world peace and an international envoy of peace and goodwill sent by the Chinese people as well as a peopleto-people diplomat for the promotion ofinternational exchange and cooperation in science and technology.

Progress in Reform of China's Education and Pro tection of Citizens' Right to Educatio n ——An Interview with Zhou Ji, Minister of Education

Following is a transcript of an interview by our staff reporter with Zhou Ji, Minister of Education, on a range of questions concerning China's education. These include how China is reforming its education system, what the Chinese Government has done to protect the right of citizens to education, as well as the investment made by the state in education.

Zhou Enlai's Life Story Airson TV

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A Study of Health Prescribing for Children with Tourette’s Disorders in Children’s Health Education Specialty Care Clinics

Objective:This study designs and implements the health prescription of children’s health education specialized nursing clinic based on the physical and mental characteristics of children with Tourette’s syndrome.Methods:Applying the evidence-based nursing model and nursing intervention theory based on the survey research by searching China Knowledge Network,Wanfang Database and Wipro Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database,the study collected the literature on the health prescription intervention research in children’s Tourette’s disorders health education in children’s health education of specialized nursing outpatient clinic for review and combined with the specialty characteristics to formulate“Children’s Tourette’s Disorder Health Education Prescription.”Results:Tourette’s syndrome in children is a common pediatric neurological disorder,mainly manifested as involuntary,rapid and repeated muscle twitching and vocal tics,which brings serious psychological pressure and life disturbance to the affected children.Conclusion:For children with Tourette’s syndrome,healthcare professionals should give enough care and understanding to the children and their parents,provide timely and effective health education to them,help them improve their bad behavioral habits,establish correct cognitive attitudes,enhance self-confidence,improve patient compliance,reduce the frequency of recurrence,reduce the incidence of complications and promote children’s physical and mental health development.

梓醇-川芎嗪方调控STAT3改善阿尔茨海默病神经可塑性的机制研究

目的:探讨梓醇-川芎嗪(CT)方对阿尔茨海默病(AD)的作用及转录激活蛋白3(STAT3)的影响。方法:将野生型C57BL/6J小鼠作为对照组(Control),同时将粉样前体蛋白/早老素1双转染小鼠按照随机数字表法随机分为模型组(Model)、低剂量梓醇-川芎嗪方组(CT-L)、高剂量梓醇-川芎嗪方组(CT-H),每组6只。CT-L组和CT-H组分别给予梓醇-川芎嗪方药50、100 mg/kg灌胃处理。Control组和Model组均给予等体积的生理盐水灌胃。每日1次,连续灌胃8周。水迷宫实验探索梓醇-川芎嗪对AD小鼠学习记忆能力的影响,免疫组化检测海马组织中生长相关蛋白43(GAP-43)的表达。海马神经元HT-22细胞分为空白对照组(Control组)、模型组(Model组)、低剂量梓醇-川芎嗪方组(CT-L组)、高剂量梓醇-川芎嗪方组(CT-H组)、STAT3敲除+梓醇-川芎嗪方组(CT+siSTAT3组)。通过Aβ_(1-42)构建体外AD模型,通过转染siSTAT3构建STAT3沉默的神经元模型,并加入高、低剂量的梓醇-川芎嗪方培养24 h,细胞活性检测(CCK-8)检测细胞活力,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测Cyclin D1、Ki-67、B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、NF200、GAP-43、STAT3和磷酸化的STAT3(p-STAT3)蛋白表达水平,Brdu检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术和末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记测定法(TUNEL)染色检测细胞凋亡。结果:梓醇-川芎嗪方可以明显缩短APP/PS1双转染小鼠的逃避潜伏期,提高目标象限停留时间和目标象限停留次数,上调海马组织GAP-43的表达,其中高剂量的梓醇-川芎嗪方作用更显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。梓醇-川芎嗪方可以恢复AD模型细胞的活力和增殖能力,上调Cyclin D1、Ki-67、NF200、GAP-43和STAT3蛋白的表达,下调凋亡相关蛋白Bax的表达并恢复了抗凋亡Bcl-2蛋白的水平,其中高剂量梓醇-川芎嗪方的作用更显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。而沉默STAT3逆转了梓醇-川芎嗪方对AD神经元增殖和对NF200、GAP-43蛋白表达的促进作用,阻断了梓醇-川芎嗪方对AD神经元的抗凋亡作用(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:梓醇-川芎嗪方可以显著改善AD模型小鼠的认知和记忆能力,且其效应具有剂量依赖性。其作用机制可能与促进神经元细胞的增殖,降低凋亡,调控STAT3的表达从而促进神经元的可塑性有关。

朱氏滋脾固肾方Ⅰ号对慢性肾脏病2~4期脾肾气虚证症状评分、SCr及BUN的影响

目的:探讨朱氏滋脾固肾方Ⅰ号治疗慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)2~4期脾肾气虚证的临床效果及对症状评分、血清肌酐(Serum creatinine,SCr)、血清尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)等指标的影响。方法:选取CKD 2~4期患者60例,依据随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各30例。对照组采取西医常规治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上联合朱氏滋脾固肾方Ⅰ号治疗,两组患者均持续治疗12周,后续治疗在专科门诊随访。比较两组临床效果、症状评分、生活质量评分、肾功能指标水平(SCr、BUN)及不良反应情况。结果:观察组总有效率为86.67%(26/30),高于对照组的60.00%(18/30)(P<0.05)。治疗后两组各项症状评分、SCr及BUN水平均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),生活质量评分均上升(P<0.05),且观察组上述指标下降或上升较对照组显著(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:朱氏滋脾固肾方Ⅰ号治疗CKD 2~4期脾肾气虚证患者具有显著疗效,可以改善患者肾功能及生活质量。

中药Ⅰ号方对APP/PS1双转基因模型小鼠APP代谢的影响

目的研究中药I号方对APP/PS1双转基因模型小鼠APP代谢的影响。方法将5月龄APP/PS1双转基因模型小鼠随机分为模型组(vehicle)、中药Ⅰ号方低剂量组(0.6 g/kg)、中剂量组(1.2 g/kg)和高剂量组(2.4 g/kg),并以同窝阴性小鼠作为正常对照组(wild-type,WT),每组16只,雌雄各半。给药小鼠每天灌胃一次,模型组和正常对照组分别给予等体积的双蒸水灌胃。给药四个月后,用免疫组化和Western blot检测淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)及其代谢产物和分解酶的变化。结果 Western blot结果显示,与模型组相比,治疗组低剂量、中剂量和高剂量给药组能显著降低APP分解酶(ADAM10和BACE1)(P<0.01)及APP的分解产物的量,如:β-CTF(C99)、α-CTF(C83)、s APPα、s APPβ(P<0.01)。结论中药I号方通过影响APP的分解过程减少淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid peptide,Aβ)的生成,减少脑内老年斑的沉积。

梓醇-川芎嗪方干预APPswe/PS1dE9双转基因阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠的作用机制研究

目的:探究梓醇-川芎嗪方干预APPswe/PS1dE9双转基因阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠的作用机制。方法:将3月龄C57BL/6J野生型小鼠为对照组(control组),构建阿尔茨海默病模型后,将同月龄APPswe/PS1dE9双转基因小鼠随机分为模型组(model组)、梓醇-川芎嗪方低剂量组(CT-L组)、梓醇-川芎嗪方中剂量组(CT-M组)、梓醇-川芎嗪方高剂量(CT-H组)、安理申组,对照组及模型组均给予生理盐水灌胃,各用药组以相应药物灌胃,每日灌胃1次,连续8周。对各组小鼠进行行为学观察,检测各组小鼠海马组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)及血清中β淀粉样蛋白42(Aβ42)。结果:行为学观察:与model组比较,CT-M组、CT-H组、Arceipt组长时程学习和参考记忆能力、自主探究能力、情景识别记忆能力、短期工作记忆能力、条件恐惧记忆能力,缓解焦虑、抑郁状态等7项行为学指标均明显好转(P<0.01);与CT-L组比较,CT-M组、CT-H组、Arceipt组7项行为学指标均明显好转(P<0.05或P<0.01);与CT-M组比较,CT-H组7项行为学指标均明显好转(P<0.05);与Arceipt组比较,CT-H组7项行为学指标均明显好转(P<0.05)。生化检测方面:与model组比较,CT-M组、CT-H组、Arceipt组海马组织SOD、GSH-Px水平均升高,AChE活性、iNOS、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA水平及血清Aβ42水平均降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);与CT-L组比较,CT-M组、CT-H组、Arceipt组海马组织SOD、GSH-Px水平均升高,AChE活性、iNOS、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA水平及血清Aβ42水平均降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);与CT-M组比较,CT-H组海马组织SOD、GSH-Px水平均升高(P<0.05),AChE活性、iNOS、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA水平及血清Aβ42水平均降低(P<0.05);与Arceipt组比较,CT-H组海马组织SOD、GSH-Px水平均升高(P<0.05),AChE活性、iNOS、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA水平及血清Aβ42水平均降低(P<0.05)。结论:梓醇-川芎嗪方可以改善阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠的长时程学习和参考记忆能力、自主探究能力、情景识别记忆能力、短期工作记忆能力、条件恐惧记忆能力,缓解焦虑、抑郁状态,且其效应呈剂量依赖性,高剂量梓醇-川芎嗪方优于安理申。其作用机制可能与提高海马组织SOD、GSH-Px水平,降低AChE活性及iNOS、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA、Aβ42水平有关。

Appropriate prescribing in the elderly: Current perspectives

Advances in medical therapeutics have undoubtedly contributed to health gains and increases in life expectancy over the last century. However, there is growing evidence to suggest that therapeutic decisions in older patients are frequently suboptimal or potentially inappropriate and often result in negative outcomes such as adverse drug events, hospitalisation and increased healthcare resource utilisation. Several factors influence the appropriateness of medication selectionin older patients including age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, high numbers of concurrent medications, functional status and burden of co-morbid illness. With ever-increasing therapeutic options, escalating proportions of older patients worldwide, and varying degrees of prescriber education in geriatric pharmacotherapy, strategies to assist physicians in choosing appropriate pharmacotherapy for older patients may be helpful. In this paper, we describe important age-related pharmacological changes as well as the principal domains of prescribing appropriateness in older people. We highlight common examples of drugdrug and drug-disease interactions in older people. We present a clinical case in which the appropriateness of prescription medications is reviewed and corrective strategies suggested. We also discuss various approaches to optimising prescribing appropriateness in this population including the use of explicit and implicit prescribing appropriateness criteria, comprehensive geriatric assessment, clinical pharmacist review, prescriber education and computerized decision support tools.

东周S形饰辨析

S形饰最早出现于春秋晚期,流行于战国中晚期,到秦代之后消失。从其器形、纹饰、涂锡工艺、在秦墓中所占的比例、分布的区域等方面推测,S形饰为戎人特有的器物,这支戎人与秦人交好。S形饰的结构、与长冠的拟合、出土信息等表明,其为悬挂在腰间的明器化腰带饰。

Evidence for accuracy of pain assessment and painkillers utilization in neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in Calabria region,Italy

During the clinical course of dementia,beside cognitive impairment and memory loss,a very complex challenge is posed by the neuropsychiatric symptoms（NPSs）.Accurate evaluation and treatment of pain impacts positively the agitation of demented patients aged ≥ 65 years.To gather information on the utilization of pain killers in demented patients a preliminary survey has been conducted in collaboration with the Calabrian Pharmacovigilance Territorial Service of the health district of Catanzaro（Italy）.The study has taken into consideration the prescriptions of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine during the period ranging from July 2015 to June 2016 and the percentage of patients treated against pain with non steroidal antinflammatory drugs,opioids,and anticonvulsants have been monitored.The latter have been evaluated statistically for difference between the treatment before（pre） and after（post） the settlement of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors（ACh EI） or memantine therapy.The results do support accuracy in painkillers utilization in the course of dementia in the regional population of Calabria（Italy）.