Chemical Constituents of Pu-erh Tea and Its Inhibition Effect on α-amylase in vitro

[Objective]The aim was to clarify the chemical substance basis of hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects of Pu-erh Tea. [Method]Pu-erh Tea was extracted with 95% ethanol,followed by petroleum ether,chloroform,ethyl acetate and n-butanol extraction,after the further purification and through the NKA-9 macroporous resin and many times of Sephadex column chromatography,two compounds were isolated,in the same time,the effect of Uracil and Gallic acid on α-amylase was studied. [Result]The Uracil and Gallic acid were isolated and identified respectively from Pu-erh Tea and the Uracil was firstly isolated from Pu-erh Tea; Gallic acid had strong inhibition on α-amylase. [Conclusion]It could provide some theories on the hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects of Pu-erh Tea.

Study on Pu-erh Tea Methanol Extracts on Antibacterial Activity of Several Plant Pathogens

[Objective] The aim was to study Pu-erh tea methanol extracts on antibacterial activity of several plant pathogens and provide reference for application of Pu-erh tea in agriculture disease prevention and control.[Method]The inhibitive effect of Pu-erh tea methanol extracts on several plant pathogens was studied by adopting mycelium growth rate method.[Result] The results showed that Pu-erh tea methanol extracts had inhibitive effects on Thanatephorus cucomeris(Frank)Donk,Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum,Fusa...

Analysis of α-amylase Inhibitor Content Change in Pu-erh Tea During Pile-fermentation Process

The study was to investigate the changes of α-amylase inhibitor content in Pu-erh tea during pile-fermentation process. Pu-erh tea samples from two regions of Shuangjiang County and Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County of Yunnan Province at various fermentation stages were used as experimental materials to investigate the effect of different fermentation stages on the inhibitory effect to α-amylase; and the change law of the inhibitory effect of c-amylase inhibitor during processing was meanwhile studied by determining the contents of tea polyphenol and amino acid. The results showed that crude meterial of Pu-erh tea presented strong inhibitory effect to α-amylase; this inhibitory effect assumed a de： creasing trend to the minimum at the middle stage of fermentation, whereafter it increased to some extent. Made tea also showed a strong inhibitory effect to α-amylase. During whole processing period, contents of tea polyphenol and amino acid generally assumed a remarkably decreasing trend. Our results provided references for further isolating co-amylase inhibitor from Pu-erh tea and discussing the mechanism of its health care function.

Factors Influencing the Effects of Theabrownin in Pu-erh Tea on Scavenging DPPH Radicals

[Objective] This study aimed to explore factors influencing the effects of theabrownin in Pu-erh tea on scavenging DPPH radicals. [Method] Taking Pu-erh tea as main research object, theabrownin in Pu-erh tea from tea piles with different times of mixture, stored for different years and processed by both the old and new techniques were extracted and isolated. And DPPH method was used to study the effects of theabrownin solution and tea liquor on scavenging radicals and their antioxidant activity. [Result] The result showed that the theabrownin content in Pu-erh tea from tea piles with one to four times of mixture revealed a first declining and subsequently rising trend. Under different pH conditions, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of 1 mg/ml theabrownin solution made from tea piles with different times of mixture decreased gradually with the increase of pH, and all the rates were lower than that of the control vitamin C solution; the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin from tea samples stored for different years and produced by different techniques dropped slowly within pH range 3.0-6.0; when pH was higher than 6.0, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin from tea samples produced by both new and traditional techniques in 2001 declined obviously, while the declining trend was not obvious in either the black tea or the Pu-erh tea produced by new technique in 2005. Under different theabrownin concentrations, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin solution made from tea piles with different times of mixture ascended as the concentration increased and the highest rate occurred in tea pile with four times of mixture, reaching up to 46.56%±0.88%; for tea samples stored for different years and produced by different techniques, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin rose gradually with the increase of the theabrownin concentration; the rate of radical scavenging of theabrownin in the black tea ascended obviously and that in Pu-erh tea was decreasing within the concentration range of 0.04 -0.06 mg/ml. At pH6.0, the DPPH radical scavenging ability of theabrownin in 0.1 mg/ml theabrownin solution and tea liquor containing 0.1mg/ml theabrownin from tea piles with different times of mixture ascended with the time of mixture; solution made from tea samples produced by different techniques in different years, the DPPH radical scavenging ability of theabrownin solution and tea liquor followed： Pu-erh tea produced by the new technique in 2001 ﹥ Pu-erh tea produced by the old technique in 2001﹥ Pu-erh tea produced by the new technique in 2005. And the DPPH radical scavenging ability of theabrownin in tea liquor containing 0.1 mg/ml theabrownin was higher than that in 0.1 mg/ml theabrownin Solution made from tea samples either with different times of mixture or produced by different techniques in different years. The above results indicated that many factor influenced the effects of theabrownin on eliminating DPPH radicals, including the time of fermentation, fermentation technique, years of storage, concentration and pH all had great influence on the effects of theabrownin on eliminating radicals. To ensure a good effect on scavenging radicals, it is better to prepare theabrownin at pH6.0 with concentration between 0.08 and 0.1 mg/ml for drinking. [Conclusion] Results of this study provide a basis for developing functional products of theabrownin from Pu-erh tea in the future.

Analysis of Monosaccharide Composition of Pu-erh Tea Polysaccaride by Pre-column Derivatization HPLC

[Objective] This study aimed to establish a pre-column derivatization HPLC method for the identification and analysis of monosaccharide composition of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide. [Method] Pu-erh tea polysaccharide was extracted using the wa- ter extraction method, further isolated and purified by DEAE cellulose-52 columns. The obtained tea polysaccharide and four components TPS1, TPS2, TPS3 and TPS, were first derived by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone （PMP）, and then the PMP derivatives of monosaccharide were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatog- raphy （HPLC）. [Result] Pu-erh tea polysaccharide contained eight kinds of monosac- chaddes （mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, grucose, galactose, arabinose, fucose）, without xylose; so it was the same with TPS1; each of TPS2, TPS3 and TPS4 contained seven monosaccharides, while no fucose. [Conclusion] This method is simplified and rapid, which can be used to determine the monosac- charide composition of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide and monosaccharide content.

Characterization of aroma compounds of Pu-erh ripen tea using solvent assisted flavor evaporation coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry

Pu-erh ripen tea becomes popular worldwide owing to its unique taste and aroma.In the present study,volatile compounds from Pu-erh ripen tea were extracted using a solvent assisted flavor evaporation(SAFE)and analyzed with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)and a gas chromatography olfactometry(GC-O).Results demonstrated that 58 major volatile compounds and 24 aroma active substances of Pu-erh ripen tea were identified by GC-MS and GC-O analysis.Among volatile compounds identified,methoxyphenyl compounds were considered as the dominate compounds in the aroma of Pu-erh ripen tea.Further investigation showed that 6 methoxybenzenes were responsible for the aging aroma in Pu-erh ripen tea;α-ionone,3,4-dimethoxytoluene,1,3-dimethoxybenzene,etc.were responsible for the wood-like aroma.Linalool,α-terpineol,α-ionone,β-ionone,and benzeneacetaldehyde were responsible for the floral odor.Compared the odor detection threshold(ODT)among the 8 methoxyphenyl compounds in water,1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed the highest ODT,followed by 3,4-dimethoxyphenol.1,3-dimethoxybenzene(105μg/L)and 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-methylbenzene(100μg/L)were present at relatively low odor threshold values.The result indicated that methoxyphenyl compounds play a vital role in the unique flavor of Pu-erh ripen tea.

Reducing oxidative stress and hepatoprotective effect of water extracts from Pu-erh tea on rats with high-fat diet

Reducing oxidative stress and hepatoprotective effect of Pu-erh tea water extracts on rats fed with high-fat diet were researched for explaining health care of Pu-erh tea.Fifty SD rats were divided into five groups.The body weight was measured once a day.The malondialdehyde(MDA)and glucose(Glu)levels and the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),nitric oxide synthase(NOS),and pyruvate kinase(PK)in serum were determined.Furthermore,the hepatic glycogen level(HGL)and the activities of hepatic total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD),catalase(CAT),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)were also measured after continuous administration for 12 weeks.The result demonstrated that Pu-erh extract caused the decreases in body weight,fat index,MDA and NOS levels,and the increases in hepatic T-SOD,CAT and GSH-Px activities,indicating that the extract may be due to inhibiting the increases of body weight and fat index,reducing oxidant stress state and inhibiting lipid peroxidation,thus decreasing the activities of ALT and AST,and protecting the liver in rat.Meanwhile,the extracts could increase the production of hepatic glycogen and the activity of PK,and reduce glucose level,protecting the liver from the diseases associated with type II diabetes.

Inhibitory Effects of Pu-erh Tea Leaves on Mouse Type IV Allergy

Pu-erh tea is one of post fermented tea manufactured through oxidative maturing by microorganisms. We investigated the preventive effects of pu-erh tea extract on oxazolone-induced type IV allergy in male (ICR) mice. Oral administration of 50 mg/kg water extract of pu-erh tea leaves resulted in significant preventive effects against mouse type IV allergy. The hydrophilic Theabrownin-like fraction (TBW-ND), with a high molecular weight of approximately 12,000 or higher, was prepared from pu-erh tea leaves by a solvent-extraction method, followed by Diaion HP-20 column chro-matography and dialysis. Oral and percutaneous administrations of TBW-ND at doses of 18.7 mg/kg and 0.037 mg/ear also resulted in significant preventive effects, which included preventing increases in levels of the proinflam-matory cytokine interleukin-12. The anti-allergic ingredients in TBW-ND were predicted to be highly complex compounds containing of polyphenols, polysaccharides and/or proteins. The results suggest pu-erh tea leaves could be a beneficial food for protecting against delayed-type allergy.

Detection of composition of functional component theabrownins in Pu-erh tea by degradation method

Habitual tea consumption can reduce the risk of ASCVD morbidity and mortality and all-cause mortality in China,and long-term adherence to this habit can provide greater protection.Pu-erh tea is one of the representatives of post-fermented teas,and the polymers in Pu-erh tea have anti-cancer and anti-hyperlipidemic activities,but their chemical composition is still unknown.In this study,the chemical composition of Pu-erh tea was investigated in detail and eight(1–8)known compounds were isolated.The polymers in Pu-erh tea were also degraded by thiol degradation,and the fragments of quercetin and(–)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate were found in the thiol degradation products of Pu-erh tea polymers by UPLC observation and separation and purification.This is the first time that this fragment was obtained in Pu-erh tea polymer.

Anti-Obesity, Anti-Atherosclerotic and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Pu-Erh Tea on a High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rat Model

Pu-erh tea, a traditional Chinese beverage, has been believed to have many benefits to human health and without side effects. In this study, we systematically analyzed the main active components of Pu-erh tea and investigated its anti-obesity, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-oxidant effects using an obese rat model. Obesity was induced by feeding a high-fat diet and subsequently the experimental obese mice were fed with high-fat diet supplemented with low (2.5%), medium (5%) or high (7.5%) doses of Pu-erh tea powder for 6 weeks respectively. As result, the body weight gain of the rats was decreased by medium and high doses of Pu-erh tea treatments. Furthermore, the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and atherosclerosis index (AI) were significantly lowered by Pu-erh tea compared to the control group. Conversely, high density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-C) level of the rats was significantly elevated by Pu-erh tea treatments. In addition, Pu-erh tea treatments increased the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxides (GSH-Px), whereas reduced the level of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in obese rats. Collectively, our find-ings revealed that Pu-erh tea exerts comprehensive benefits in anti-obesity, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-oxidant effects, therefore can be used as a promising functional food in obesity management.

Pu-erh tea: A review of a healthful brew

Pu-erh tea has been used for thousands of years to treat metabolic diseases.Recognized in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic,a compendium kept by the first traditional Chinese practitioners,it is still highly valued for its hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects.This review reports the processing and bioactive components of pu-erh tea.Recent human and animal studies of pu-erh tea and its potential therapeutic mechanisms have also been summarized.The interaction of liver and gut microbiome regulates the puerh tea biotransformation and endogenous metabolism,and thus contributes to the health benefits.

“金花”菌的分离鉴定及其对紫娟红茶发酵品质的影响

为探究泾阳散装茯砖茶中“金花”菌的种类及其对紫娟红茶品质的影响,从泾阳散装茯砖茶中分离得到谢瓦曲霉(Aspergillus chevalieri),并用其对紫娟红茶进行固态发酵。结果表明,紫娟红茶经发酵后,“金花”菌数量极显著增加,茶汤色泽由亮黄色变为橙红色;同时茶多酚、儿茶素、水浸出物、游离氨基酸、茶黄素和茶红素均整体出现不同程度的下降,而花青素、总黄酮含量整体呈升高的变化趋势。经谢瓦曲霉发酵后的紫娟红茶不仅能有效改善其茶汤色泽滋味,还可以促进紫娟红茶发酵过程中抗氧化物质的释放。

A Study on the Adaptability of Yunnan Tea Cultivars in Southern Fujian

With Camellia sinensis( L.) O. Kuntze cv Fuding Dabaicha as the control,an experiment was conducted to study the adaptability of Yunnan tea cultivars Zijuan,Yunkang 10,Yunkang 14,Foxiang 3,Yuncha 1,Jinggu Dabaicha,Xueya 100,in Zhangzhou,south Fujian tea area,during 2012- 2014. The results show that the tea cultivars( Yunkang 14,Foxiang 3,Jinggu Dabaicha) grow in general conditions;while the cultivars( Zijuan,Yunkang 10,Yuncha 1,Xueya 100) show good adaptability in south Fujian tea area,and they grow in good conditions,and they are as good as the control cultivar Fuding Dabaicha,in terms of bud leaf traits,resistance and chemical quality,etc. So these cultivars are suitable for cultivation in southern Fujian tea area.

不同海拔茶树品种紫娟主要生化成分变化规律分析

以种植于海拔900、1200、1500、1800、2300 m的紫娟成龄茶园为研究对象,分析茶树品种紫娟主要生化成分随海拔高度的变化规律。结果表明,在海拔900~2300 m种植区域,水浸出物含量、茶多酚含量均随海拔升高而降低,在海拔900 m种植区域最高,分别为51.5%、30.3%。随着海拔的升高,氨基酸含量连续升高2次,在海拔2300 m种植区域,氨基酸含量呈明显升高,为3.8%。咖啡碱含量随着种植海拔的升高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在海拔900 m种植区域最高,为4.3%。儿茶素总含量随着海拔的升高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在海拔900 m种植区域最高,达15.88%。在海拔900~1800 m种植区域,花青素含量随着海拔的升高而逐渐升高,在海拔1800 m种植区域,花青素含量达最大值,为18.5 mg/g,在海拔2300 m种植区域,花青素含量降至最低,为14.3 mg/g。

基于广泛靶向代谢组学结合高效液相色谱法分析‘紫娟’和‘迎霜’茶树花代谢物差异

为探究茶树品种‘紫娟’和‘迎霜’茶树花之间的风味差异,基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法的广泛靶向代谢组学技术,检测2个品种茶树花轻发酵样品中非挥发性代谢物的丰度,并对其进行筛选和鉴定;参照茶叶感官审评方法评价2个样品茶树花各项审评因子,采用高效液相色谱法和比色法检测儿茶素类、黄酮类等滋味成分含量。结果表明:‘紫娟’茶树花滋味甘和较鲜、略苦微涩,‘迎霜’茶树花滋味甘和、微苦略涩。2个品种间有酚酸类(56种)、黄酮类(46种)、脂质(26种)、鞣质(19种)、氨基酸及其衍生物(17种)等219种显著差异代谢物。进一步对其代谢通路进行注释分析发现,氨基酸类物质相关代谢途径以及黄酮和黄酮醇代谢途径是‘紫娟’和‘迎霜’茶树花之间的主要差异代谢途径。此外,‘紫娟’和‘迎霜’茶树花中黄酮类总量、花青素总量、儿茶素类和部分生物碱含量差异显著(P<0.05),可溶性糖含量差异不显著。上述结果初步说明了黄酮类化合物使茶树花的滋味具有一定苦涩度,相较于‘迎霜’,‘紫娟’茶树花中部分氨基酸及其衍生物含量上调是其茶汤滋味较鲜的主要原因。

SPME-GC-MS技术结合rOAV分析不同加工工艺紫娟白茶的关键香气物质

为研究不同加工工艺紫娟白茶的关键香气化合物,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Headspace solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS),结合感官审评、PCA验证、OPLS-DA分析以及相对香气活度值(Relative odor activity value,rOAV),分析筛选紫娟白茶的关键香气化合物。结果表明:共检测出82种主要香气组分,以醇类、酯类、杂环及芳香族化合物为主,芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、苯甲醇、β-紫罗兰酮等相对含量较高,rOAV法分析结果显示:1-辛烯-3-醇、α-紫罗兰酮、苯乙醛、水杨酸甲酯等9种挥发性有机化合物对自然萎凋的紫娟白茶(TZW)花果香馥郁且带毫香、辛香、药香的香气形成具有较大贡献,1-辛烯-3-醇、α-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰酮、苯甲醛等9种挥发性有机化合物对复式萎凋紫娟白茶(CZW)果香浓郁且带花香、辛香的香气形成具有较大贡献。OPLS-DA分析结合rOAV发现1-辛烯-3-醇和水杨酸甲酯是TZW与CZW香气差异的关键化合物。综上所述,自然萎凋方式加工的紫娟白茶花果香更加浓郁,可以有效提高紫娟白茶的香气品质。

顶空固相微萃取/GC-MS分析普洱熟茶与安化黑茶香气成分

以紫娟鲜叶制成的普洱熟茶和大叶种鲜叶制成的普洱熟茶和安化黑茶为研究对象,采用全自动顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法分析其香气成分,并比较普洱熟茶与安化黑茶香气成分的差异,同时探明紫娟茶的适制性。结果表明:紫娟普洱熟茶和大叶普洱熟茶在香气组成上差异不大,共有香气成分76种,但和安化黑茶在香气组成上存在明显差异;紫娟普洱熟茶和大叶普洱熟茶香气成分均以杂氧化合物和醇类化合物为主,安化黑茶则以酮类和碳氢化合物为主。紫娟普洱熟茶的香气成分主要是1,2,3-三甲氧基苯、6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五烷酮、十六烷酸、芳樟醇氧化物、咖啡因、1,2,4-三甲氧基苯和植醇等;大叶普洱熟茶的香气成分主要是十六烷酸、咖啡因、1,2,3-三甲氧基苯、植醇、二氢猕猴桃内酯和芳樟醇氧化物等;而安化黑茶的香气成分主要是香叶基丙酮、6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五烷酮、β-紫罗酮、咖啡因、二氢猕猴桃内酯和芳樟醇氧化物等。经对比发现,普洱熟茶和安化黑茶在香型及香气组成上均存在较大差异,这可能与茶叶产地及加工工艺有关。

“紫娟”普洱茶茶褐素的膜分离及其理化性质的初步研究

以"紫娟"普洱茶为原料,分离制备茶褐素,采用膜技术对茶褐素分级,得到含量较多的3 500 Da透出部分和100 000 Da未透出部分,并对两部分进行理化性质分析。结果表明:100 000 Da未透出部分总酸性基团、羧基、酚羟基、多酚类及多糖含量均高于3 500 Da透出部分;100 000 Da未透出部分的多糖由核糖、鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成;而3 500 Da透出部分未检出单糖。研究显示,3 500 Da透出样和100 000 Da未透出部分中均含有-OH、-COOH,推测"紫娟"普洱茶茶褐素属苯多酚类物质,并含有酚性色素、多糖、蛋白质、脂类及生物碱等。

“紫娟”普洱茶茶褐素对高脂饮食大鼠生长发育的影响

以"紫娟"普洱茶茶褐素为对象,研究"紫娟"普洱茶茶褐素对高脂饮食大鼠生长发育的影响。将实验大鼠分为正常对照组,高脂模型组,低、中、高剂量(即动物给药量0.135、0.405、1.215 g/kg)茶褐素组及阳性对照组。观察"紫娟"普洱茶茶褐素对大鼠摄食量、饮水量、体质量、体长、肝脏指数的影响;通过电子显微镜观察茶褐素对实验大鼠肝脏病理变化的影响。结果表明:干预期结束后,"紫娟"普洱茶茶褐素对大鼠的进食、饮水、体长无影响;与高脂模型组相比,茶褐素组能抑制高脂饮食大鼠体质量的增长速度,不同程度地抑制了实验大鼠肝脏的脂变,减少肝脏脂肪沉积,具有预防实验动物脂肪肝形成的作用,中、高剂量茶褐素组效果尤为明显(P<0.5)。

紫鹃茶和苦丁茶中功效成分的提取分离

优选降压效果显著的紫鹃茶和苦味特征明显的苦丁茶为原料,采用微波辅助有机溶剂提取法对紫鹃茶和苦丁茶中的功效成分进行分离提取获得茶提取物,通过添加茶提取物解决整米苦荞茶热加工过程中特征风味和部分功效成分严重缺失的技术难题。结果表明,不同贮藏期的紫鹃茶除茶黄素含量差异不显著外,其余功效成分差异显著(P<0.05)。苦丁茶老叶、嫩叶及其超微粉营养成分存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。通过正交试验优化,紫鹃茶提取最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数65%、微波功率540W、提取时间50s、液料比为10:1,其提取物富含花青素(ΔA示差值0.925),茶多酚27.709%,茶黄素0.707%,茶红素15%,儿茶素259.735mg/g,咖啡碱7.053%;苦丁茶提取最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数55%、微波功率360W、提取时间120s、液料比25:1,其提取物苦味浓烈,含黄酮30.79%、叶绿素0.699mg/g、茶多酚13.619%、咖啡碱4.812%、儿茶素26.161mg/g。紫鹃茶和苦丁茶提取物均可作为苦荞茶风味与功能强化用基料。