Non-polar Solvent Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Volatile Constituents from Dried Zingiber Officinale Rosc.

A new method, non-polar solvent microwave-assisted extraction （NPSMAE）, was applied to the extraction of essential oil from Zingiber officinale Rosc. in closed-vessel system. By adding microwave absorption mediumcarbonyl iron powders （CIP） into extraction system, the essential oil was extracted by the non-polar solvent （ether） which can be heated by CIP. The constituents of essential oil obtained by NPSMAE were comparable with those obtained by hydrodistillation （HD） by GC-MS analysis, which indicates that NPSMAE is a feasible way to extract essential oil from dried plant materials. The NPSMAE took much less extraction time （5 min） than HD （180 min）, and its extraction efficiency was much higher than that of conventional polar solvent microwave-assisted extraction （PSMAE） and mixed solvent microwave-assisted extraction （MSMAE）. It can be a good alternative for the extraction of volatile constituents from dried plant samples.

Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of <i>Zingiber officinale</i>Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)

Zingiber officinale, commonly known as ginger, is a species native of tropical Asia. It is grown and used in tropical countries of America, including Mexico, where it is used for the treatment of throat infections. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of essential oil of Z. officinale rhizome and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the chemical composition of the oil was determined by GC-MS. To determine the antimicrobial activity diffusion, agar dilution and radial growth inhibition methods were employed. Microbial growth curves were performed on the strains most susceptible. It was identified 28 compounds in the essential oil, the most abundant were eudesmol (8.19%), γ-terpinene (7.88 %), a-curcumene (7.28%), alloaromadendrene (6.56%), zingiberene (6.06 %), α-pinene (5.76 %), δ-cadinene (3.84%), elemol (3.39%), farnesal (3.45%), E-β-farnesene (3.57%), neril acetate (2.8%) and β-myrcene (2.94%). In antimicrobial activity, the essential oil inhibited the growth of 15 bacterial strains, 3 of yeast fungi and 4 of mycelia fungi. The most susceptible strains were S. aureus FES-I (MIC = 0.25 mg/mL) S. epidemidis FES-C (MIC = 0.5 mg/mL), E. faecalis ATCC 14506 (MIC = 1.0 mg/mL), C. tropicalis (CMI = 0.125 mg/mL) and T. mentagrophytes (CF50 = 0.08 mg/mL). In the microbial growth curves the essential oil showed bactericidal effect on S. aureus FES-I and S. marcescens ATCC 14756 from the first hour of exposure of the strains to oil, eliminating 99.9% of CFU in concentrations of 0.5 and 0.75 mg/mL respectively. The results validate the medicinal use of Z. officinale in the treatment of diseases of possible infectious origin.

Physico-Chemical Attributes of Essential Oil from Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith Cultivars Grown in Togo

The present study was carried out to evaluate the quality of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet from different areas of Togo on the basis of their essential oil content and composition. The dry rhizomes were pulverised, hydrodistilled and essential oils were analysed using GC and GC/MS techniques. The results revealed that the essential oil yield of Z. zerumbet ranged from 0.75% to 1.00% and was mainly composed by Zerumbone (51.8% - 37.5%) and humulene (21.7% - 28.2%). Z. officinale essential oil yielded from 1.25% to 1.67%, with major components as zingiberene (33% - 39.9%);basibolene (12.7% - 16%), and sesquiphellandrene (13% - 14.7%).

风险冲击对农业文化遗产地农户可持续生计的影响:以安徽铜陵白姜(Zingiber officinale)种植系统为例

农户可持续生计是农业文化遗产保护与发展的关键要素,但遗产系统的濒危性特点和农业的自然再生产与经济再生产交织特征,使得其面临以市场风险和自然风险为主的风险冲击。笔者以中国重要农业文化遗产—安徽铜陵白姜(Zingiber officinale)种植系统为例,依据可持续生计理论构建“风险冲击→生计资本→生计结果”分析框架,并采用形成型指标的结构方程模型,探讨风险冲击对遗产地农户生计资本和生计结果的影响机理,进一步明晰遗产地农户生计资本与生计结果的影响关系。结果表明:(1)遗产地农户遭受市场风险或自然风险时主要依靠动用储蓄、降低现金持有以及减少教育和培训支出等手段来应对,导致遗产地农户金融资本和人力资本存量明显减少。(2)遗产地从事传统农业生产的劳动力老龄化、传统农业技术能力减弱以及传统农业与其他产业有效融合不足等现状,限制了遗产地农户生计结果的改善。(3)遗产地农户生计结果受市场风险的负面影响更为直接,但从总体上看受自然风险的负面影响更大。基于此,农业文化遗产保护与发展应从强化风险冲击应对措施、提高农产品附加价值和推动农文旅有效融合等多方面促进农户生计的可持续性。

Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial properties ot Allium sativum(garlic) cloves and Zingiber officinale(ginger) rhizomes against multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection.Methods:The cloves of garlic and rhizomes of ginger were extracted with 95%(v/v) ethanol.The ethanolic extracts were subjected to antibacterial sensitivity test against clinical pathogens.Results:Anti-bacterial potentials of the extracts of two crude garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes were tested against five gram negative and two gram positive multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates.All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to crude extracts of both plants extracts.Except Enterobacter sp.and Klebsiella sp.,all other isolates were susceptible when subjected to ethanolic extracts of garlic and ginger.The highest inhibition zone was observed with garlic(19.4S mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa).The minimal inhibitory concentration was as low as 67.00 μg/mL against P.aeruginosa.Conclusions:Natural spices of garlic and ginger possess effective anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug clinical pathogens and can be used for prevention of drug resistant microbial diseases and further evaluation is necessary.

Densitometric HPTLC analysis of 8-gingerol in Zingiber officinale extract and ginger-containing dietary supplements,teas and commercial creams

Objective:To develop and validate a simple,accurate HPTLC method for the analysis of 8-gingerol and to determine the quantity of 8-gingerol inZingiber officinaleextract and gingercontaining dietary supplements,teas and commercial creams.Methods:The analysis was performed on 10×20 cm aluminium-backed plates coated with 0.2 mm layers of silica gel 60 F254(E-Merck,Germany)with n-hexane:ethyl acetate 60:40(v/v)as mobile phase.Camag TLC Scanner III was used for the UV densitometric scanning at 569.Results:This system was found to give a compact spot of 8-gingerol at retention factor(Rf) value of(0.39依0.04)and linearity was found in the ranges 50-500 ng/spot(r2=0.9987).Limit of detection(12.76 ng/spot),limit of quantification(26.32 ng/spot),accuracy(less than 2%)and recovery(ranging from 98.22-99.20)were found satisfactory.Conclusions:The HPTLC method developed for quantification of 8-gingerol was found to be simple,accurate,reproducible,sensitive and is applicable to the analysis of 8-gingerol in Zingiber officinaleextract and ginger-containing dietary supplements,teas and commercial creams.

Two New Diarylheptanoids from the Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale

Two new diaryheptanoids, (5S)-5-acetoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3- heptanone (1) and (3S,5S)-3,5-diacetoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane (2) were isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Their structures were elucidated by spectral methods.

Two new compounds from Zingiber officinale

新周期的 diarylheptanoid， 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl )-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-heptane (1 ) ，以及新单音的萜烯， 10-O- β - d-glucopyranosyl-hydroxy cineole (2 ) 从姜 officinale 的根茎被孤立。混合物的结构 1 和 2 被建立基于他们的光谱数据。另外，这些混合物的抗氧化剂活动也被测量。

Evaluation of Various Crude Extracts of <i>Zingiber officinale</i>Rhizome for Potential Antibacterial Activity: A Study <i>in Vitro</i>

In vitro antibacterial activity of crude aqueous and organic extracts of rhizome of Zingiber officinaleRoscoe (ginger) was studied against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) and Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) bacterial strains. The present study reveals that the pattern of inhibition varied with the solvent used for extraction and the organism tested. Plant extracts prepared in organic solvents provided more consistent antibacterial activity as compared to aqueous extracts. Methanol extract was the most active against maximum number of bacterial species tested. Gram-positive bacteria were found the most sensitive as compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was significantly inhibited by almost all the extracts even in very low MIC followed by other Gram-positives. Escherichia coli (a Gram-negative bacterium) was showing the least inhibition with highest MIC values, while Salmonella typhi was found completely resistant. Methanol extract yielded the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins in phytochemical screening. Results of the present study sign the interesting assurance of designing a potentially active antibacterial agent from Zingiber officinale.

Effect of Zingiber Officinale Sucus on contraction of isolated duodenum in rabbits

Objective:Observation of ginger (Zingiber Officinale Sucus, ZOS) effect on rabbit isolated duodenum and to explore the correlation mechanism with M and H1 receptor. To investigate the effects of ZOS on isolated duodenum of rabbits treated with acetylcholine, histamine, atropine and chlorpheniramine respectively. Methods: The optimal concentration of ZOS was 1% and the above drugs were applied to the isolated duodenal segments respectively. The contractile force was recorded by BL-420E biological signal acquisition system. Results: The results showed that ZOS significantly inhibited the contraction of isolated rabbit duodenal smooth muscle in a positive concentration-dependent manner. The mechanism of inhibiting contraction had little correlation with M and H1 receptors. Conclusion: It could inhibit the efficacy of acetylcholine and histamine, and was a synergist for atropine and chlorpheniramine. This study provided a basis for the use of ginger in daily life and the development of combined medication.

Study of the Knowledge of Turmeric <i>Curcuma longa</i>) and Ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>) in the Region of Daloa (Côte D’Ivoire)

Ginger and turmeric are two plants of the Zingiberaceaes family. They are used as spices and in the treatment of many diseases. Despite their importance, data on their knowledge and their uses are scarce. The objective of this work was to assess the knowledge and different uses of ginger and turmeric. A survey was carried out among saleswomen and consumers. The survey reveals that 100% of those surveyed knew about ginger, but fewer people (17.5%) knew about turmeric. The survey identified that ginger tastes more pungent (82.65%) than bitter (17.35%), whilst turmeric’s taste is bitterer (53.47%) rather than pungent (46.53%). Consumption differed between the two rhizomes, with ginger consumed fresh (90.22%) and turmeric dry (84.25%). Differences were also noted in their medicinal (40.66% for ginger and 32.15% for turmeric), nutritional (50.82% for ginger and 11.65% for turmeric) and cosmetic (8.63% properties for ginger and 56.2% for turmeric) uses. The vernacular names of the two rhizomes varied from one ethnic group to another.

Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Bissap (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale (L) Rose) Juices Sold in the Western Part of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Juices made from the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae), commonly called Bissap, and the rhizome of Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae), known as Gnamankoudji, are widely consumed in C&ocirc;te d'Ivoire. The artisanal preparation of these juices often makes their quality problematic. The aim of this study is to determine some physicochemical and microbiological properties of these drinks sold in the city of Abidjan. To do this, samples of Bissap and Gnamankoudji juices were collected near schools in the Mamie Adjoua (Yopougon) and Abobodoumé (Attécoubé) districts. Physico-chemical and microbiological analyses were performed on these collected samples. The results show that the Bissap and Gnamankoudji juices have an acid pH (2.47 and 3.71), a low protein content (0.78% and 2.11%) and a high water content (80.13% and 85.21%), respectively. The reducing sugar content ranged from 1.20% to 3.34%, with high total sugar (695 mg/mL and 812 mg/mL), low ash (0.70 ± 0.07;0.91 ± 0.01). On the other hand, these juices contain variable concentrations of minerals from one site to another (magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron). Potassium is the most abundant mineral element, followed by phosphorus and magnesium. Moreover, it is observed that the Gnamankoudji juices contain vitamin C (4.67 to 5.58 mg/100mL), contrary to the Bissap juice. The microbiological analysis indicates the presence of aerobic mesophilic germs (AMG) but a total absence of pathogenic germs in all juices. The important presence of nutrients and the total absence of pathogenic germs in these drinks justify their regular consumption by the population.

云南产生姜UHPLC指纹图谱及4种成分定量分析研究

采用超高效液相色谱法(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography,UHPLC)建立20批云南不同产地生姜的指纹图谱,并对4个姜辣素类成分进行定量分析。建立了生姜UHPLC指纹图谱并对20批样本的18个共有峰进行了化学计量学分析;聚类分析(cluster analysis,CA)可将样本分为4类,色谱峰则被分为3组,红河与文山样本比较相近且被聚为2类,曲靖样本被聚为2类;主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)结果表明,红河与文山(云南东南部)样本间的差异相对较小,同时两地与曲靖(云南东部)样本的差异相对较大,主成分得分及各变量的载荷分布情况与聚类分析分类结果基本一致;正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)可实现对云南东南部、云南东部的有效区分,并筛选了8个差异性标志物。含量测定结果表明,红河与文山生姜样本含量较为相近,两地与曲靖生姜样本存在一定差异,差异成分主要为6-姜辣素、8-姜酚和6-姜烯酚。本研究可为药用生姜的产地选择、质量综合评价研究提供参考。

襄荷黄酮对冷藏羊肉的保鲜作用研究

探讨将襄荷黄酮纯化物作为保鲜剂对冷藏羊肉的保鲜效果。以蒸馏水处理为对照,考察3种质量浓度(0.3、0.6、0.9 mg/mL)襄荷黄酮对冷藏羊肉的汁液损失率、pH、总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、高铁肌红蛋白含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)值及感官评分的影响。结果表明:在冷藏5~9 d时,与对照相比,高质量浓度的襄荷黄酮(0.6、0.9 mg/mL)处理可明显减少冷藏羊肉的汁液损失和pH升高幅度(P<0.05),显著降低TVB-N、TBARS和高铁肌红蛋白含量(P<0.05),有助于改善冷藏羊肉的感官品质,而对照组羊肉冷藏7 d后已腐败变质。因此,襄荷黄酮能有效延长新鲜羊肉的冷藏保存期。

生姜IPT基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

生姜是一种重要的“药食同源”植物,但其种植过程中容易受到各种生物/非生物胁迫的影响,不利于生姜的安全生产。异戊烯基转移酶(IPT,isopentenyl-transferases)是催化细胞分裂素生物合成的关键酶,也是重要的限速酶,与植物的抗逆性关系密切。本研究通过系统的生物信息学分析,从生姜基因组中鉴定到10个ZoIPT,并且将其命名为ZoIPT1~ZoIPT10。其编码蛋白的氨基酸长度范围在283~491 aa之间,分子质量在31.14~54.02 kDa,等电点在4.97~9.37之间;蛋白质特征分析表明,所有ZoIPTs均具亲水性。共线性关系分析发现生姜IPT基因与15个芭蕉IPT基因存在共线性,与1个拟南芥IPT基因存在共线性。转录组数据分析结果显示,ZoIPTs有一定的组织表达特异性,并且能响应病害、低温等逆境胁迫,其中,ZoIPT3和ZoIPT5在生姜不同生长时期、不同部位、低温和病害胁迫下均有较高表达。qRT-PCR分析结果表明,ZoIPTs响应干旱、淹水、盐胁迫。在淹水和盐胁迫下,根茎中ZoIPT3表达量显著上升;在干旱胁迫下,叶和根茎中ZoIPT5的表达显著上升。综上所述,本研究通过系统的鉴定、进化分析、特征分析、启动子分析、表达模式分析,并对干旱、盐、淹水胁迫下的表达模式进行了分析,为深入研究ZoIPT在调控生姜生长发育和抗逆性中的生物学功能提供了理论基础。

大枣生姜甘草复合饮料制备及抗氧化研究

以大枣、甘草、生姜为原料,研制一种复合饮料.利用单因素分析和正交试验,以感官评分和可溶性固形物含量为评价指标,研制枣姜甘草复合饮料的最优配方.研究表明,枣姜甘草复合饮料的最佳配方为:大枣汁54%、生姜汁14%、甘草汁5%,柠檬酸0.025 g.所得复合饮料感官评分为82.67,总糖含量为1.744 g/100g,总酸度为0.533 g/kg,可溶性固形物含量为11.50%, DPPH自由基清除率为77.08%,羟自由基清除率为24.20%,制备得到的产品具有良好的抗氧化能力.

来凤姜的抗氧化与抑菌活性及挥发性化合物研究

目的 探究来凤姜(Zingiber officinale)的抗氧化、抑菌活性及挥发性化合物,并与云南小姜和山东莱芜娃娃姜进行对比。方法 以绿水镇、漫水乡、百福司镇3地的来凤姜为研究对象,分析其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率和对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果。采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, GC-IMS)对来凤姜LS3(绿水镇3号姜)、BF5(百福司镇5号姜)、MS10(漫水乡10号姜)的挥发性化合物进行分离鉴定,并与YNXJ(云南小姜)和SDLW(山东莱芜娃娃姜)进行对比,基于相似度和主成分分析其特征挥发性物质。结果 来凤姜LS21(绿水镇21号姜)的抗氧化活性最强,MS7(漫水乡7号姜)对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最强,与我国其他地方特色生姜相比,来凤姜中的茴香醛、异戊醛、3-甲基丁醛、2-庚酮单体及二聚体相对含量较高,为其特征挥发性化合物。不同产地来凤姜相比,绿水镇LS3的β-月桂烯聚合物、β-月桂烯二聚体、α-水芹烯二聚体、芳樟醇相对含量显著高于BF5和MS10。百福司镇BF5的2-庚酮二聚体和己醛相对含量显著高于其他生姜。漫水乡MS10的3-戊酮单体相对含量显著高于另外两种来凤姜。结论 不同产地来凤姜的性质也有所差异,可根据不同产地生姜的生物活性及其特有挥发性化合物,为确定不同产地、不同品种生姜特征风味物质供理论支撑和思路。

不同分切形状对贵州小黄姜真空冷冻干燥效率及品质的影响

目的 比较不同分切形状对贵州小黄姜真空冷冻干燥效率及品质的影响。方法 以贵州小黄姜为原料,研究真空冷冻干燥过程中姜片、姜丝、姜粒3种不同分切形状干燥效率及小黄姜品质的影响,采用称量法测定复水率;色差仪测定色泽变化;质构仪检测硬度、弹性等参数;营养成分分别采用Folin-Ciocalteu比色法、硝酸铝显色法和分光光度法测定小黄姜提取物中的多酚、黄酮、多糖和姜辣素含量。结果 切片厚度为3~4 mm的冻干姜片的干燥效率最高、复水率(577.08%)最佳、色差值(5.76)最低、硬度(494.98 g)最小、弹性(0.71 mm)和回复性(0.25 mm)最好、咀嚼性(145.26 g)最高、营养成分保留率最高,多酚、黄酮、姜辣素、多糖保留率分别为99.35%、70.52%、88.41%、96.27%,且风味浓郁、感官评分最高。结论 不同分切形状对小黄姜真空冷冻干燥效率及产品品质具有显著影响,片状的冻干效率更高,营养成分损失较少,可获得品质较好的冻干小黄姜。