风险冲击对农业文化遗产地农户可持续生计的影响:以安徽铜陵白姜(Zingiber officinale)种植系统为例

农户可持续生计是农业文化遗产保护与发展的关键要素,但遗产系统的濒危性特点和农业的自然再生产与经济再生产交织特征,使得其面临以市场风险和自然风险为主的风险冲击。笔者以中国重要农业文化遗产—安徽铜陵白姜(Zingiber officinale)种植系统为例,依据可持续生计理论构建“风险冲击→生计资本→生计结果”分析框架,并采用形成型指标的结构方程模型,探讨风险冲击对遗产地农户生计资本和生计结果的影响机理,进一步明晰遗产地农户生计资本与生计结果的影响关系。结果表明:(1)遗产地农户遭受市场风险或自然风险时主要依靠动用储蓄、降低现金持有以及减少教育和培训支出等手段来应对,导致遗产地农户金融资本和人力资本存量明显减少。(2)遗产地从事传统农业生产的劳动力老龄化、传统农业技术能力减弱以及传统农业与其他产业有效融合不足等现状,限制了遗产地农户生计结果的改善。(3)遗产地农户生计结果受市场风险的负面影响更为直接,但从总体上看受自然风险的负面影响更大。基于此,农业文化遗产保护与发展应从强化风险冲击应对措施、提高农产品附加价值和推动农文旅有效融合等多方面促进农户生计的可持续性。

Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial properties ot Allium sativum(garlic) cloves and Zingiber officinale(ginger) rhizomes against multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection.Methods:The cloves of garlic and rhizomes of ginger were extracted with 95%(v/v) ethanol.The ethanolic extracts were subjected to antibacterial sensitivity test against clinical pathogens.Results:Anti-bacterial potentials of the extracts of two crude garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes were tested against five gram negative and two gram positive multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates.All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to crude extracts of both plants extracts.Except Enterobacter sp.and Klebsiella sp.,all other isolates were susceptible when subjected to ethanolic extracts of garlic and ginger.The highest inhibition zone was observed with garlic(19.4S mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa).The minimal inhibitory concentration was as low as 67.00 μg/mL against P.aeruginosa.Conclusions:Natural spices of garlic and ginger possess effective anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug clinical pathogens and can be used for prevention of drug resistant microbial diseases and further evaluation is necessary.

Two new compounds from Zingiber officinale

A new cyclic diarylheptanoid, 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-（3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl）-7-（4-hydroxyphenyl）-heptane （1）, as well as a new monoterpene, 10-O-β-n-glucopyranosyl-hydroxy cineole （2） were isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were established based on their spectral data. In addition, the antioxidant activities of these compounds were also measured.

Densitometric HPTLC analysis of 8-gingerol in Zingiber officinale extract and ginger-containing dietary supplements,teas and commercial creams

Objective:To develop and validate a simple,accurate HPTLC method for the analysis of 8-gingerol and to determine the quantity of 8-gingerol inZingiber officinaleextract and gingercontaining dietary supplements,teas and commercial creams.Methods:The analysis was performed on 10×20 cm aluminium-backed plates coated with 0.2 mm layers of silica gel 60 F254(E-Merck,Germany)with n-hexane:ethyl acetate 60:40(v/v)as mobile phase.Camag TLC Scanner III was used for the UV densitometric scanning at 569.Results:This system was found to give a compact spot of 8-gingerol at retention factor(Rf) value of(0.39依0.04)and linearity was found in the ranges 50-500 ng/spot(r2=0.9987).Limit of detection(12.76 ng/spot),limit of quantification(26.32 ng/spot),accuracy(less than 2%)and recovery(ranging from 98.22-99.20)were found satisfactory.Conclusions:The HPTLC method developed for quantification of 8-gingerol was found to be simple,accurate,reproducible,sensitive and is applicable to the analysis of 8-gingerol in Zingiber officinaleextract and ginger-containing dietary supplements,teas and commercial creams.

Two New Diarylheptanoids from the Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale

Two new diaryheptanoids, (5S)-5-acetoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3- heptanone (1) and (3S,5S)-3,5-diacetoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane (2) were isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Their structures were elucidated by spectral methods.

Evaluation of androgenic activity of Zingiber officinale and Pentadiplandra brazzeana in male rats

Aim: Aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale and Pentadiplandra brazzeana were tested for their possible androgenic activity in male Wistar rats. Methods: The aqueous extracts of the two plants were gavaged separately to 2 groups of rats at a similar dose of 600 mg.kg^1.day-1 for 8 days. At the end of the treatment, the animals were killed and the blood, testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate were collected for biochemical analysis. Results: The aqueous extract of Z. officinale significantly increased in the relative weight of the testis, the serum testosterone level, testicular cholesterol level and epididymal α-glucosidase activity. The aqueous extract of P. brazzeana significantly increased the weights of the testis, seminal vesicles and prostate. It also significantly increased the serum and testicular testosterone level. The fructose, α-glucosidase and cholesterol levels in P. brazzeanatreated rats were increased by 28%, 35% and 114%, respectively. Conclusion: The aqueous extracts of both P. brazzeana and Z. officinale have an androgenic activity, which seems to be more potent with P. brazzeana than with Z. officinale. (Asian J Androl 2002 Dec; 4: 299-301)

Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of <i>Zingiber officinale</i>Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)

Zingiber officinale, commonly known as ginger, is a species native of tropical Asia. It is grown and used in tropical countries of America, including Mexico, where it is used for the treatment of throat infections. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of essential oil of Z. officinale rhizome and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the chemical composition of the oil was determined by GC-MS. To determine the antimicrobial activity diffusion, agar dilution and radial growth inhibition methods were employed. Microbial growth curves were performed on the strains most susceptible. It was identified 28 compounds in the essential oil, the most abundant were eudesmol (8.19%), γ-terpinene (7.88 %), a-curcumene (7.28%), alloaromadendrene (6.56%), zingiberene (6.06 %), α-pinene (5.76 %), δ-cadinene (3.84%), elemol (3.39%), farnesal (3.45%), E-β-farnesene (3.57%), neril acetate (2.8%) and β-myrcene (2.94%). In antimicrobial activity, the essential oil inhibited the growth of 15 bacterial strains, 3 of yeast fungi and 4 of mycelia fungi. The most susceptible strains were S. aureus FES-I (MIC = 0.25 mg/mL) S. epidemidis FES-C (MIC = 0.5 mg/mL), E. faecalis ATCC 14506 (MIC = 1.0 mg/mL), C. tropicalis (CMI = 0.125 mg/mL) and T. mentagrophytes (CF50 = 0.08 mg/mL). In the microbial growth curves the essential oil showed bactericidal effect on S. aureus FES-I and S. marcescens ATCC 14756 from the first hour of exposure of the strains to oil, eliminating 99.9% of CFU in concentrations of 0.5 and 0.75 mg/mL respectively. The results validate the medicinal use of Z. officinale in the treatment of diseases of possible infectious origin.

Evaluation of Various Crude Extracts of <i>Zingiber officinale</i>Rhizome for Potential Antibacterial Activity: A Study <i>in Vitro</i>

In vitro antibacterial activity of crude aqueous and organic extracts of rhizome of Zingiber officinaleRoscoe (ginger) was studied against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) and Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) bacterial strains. The present study reveals that the pattern of inhibition varied with the solvent used for extraction and the organism tested. Plant extracts prepared in organic solvents provided more consistent antibacterial activity as compared to aqueous extracts. Methanol extract was the most active against maximum number of bacterial species tested. Gram-positive bacteria were found the most sensitive as compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was significantly inhibited by almost all the extracts even in very low MIC followed by other Gram-positives. Escherichia coli (a Gram-negative bacterium) was showing the least inhibition with highest MIC values, while Salmonella typhi was found completely resistant. Methanol extract yielded the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins in phytochemical screening. Results of the present study sign the interesting assurance of designing a potentially active antibacterial agent from Zingiber officinale.

Correction:Haplotype-resolved genome of diploid ginger (Zingiber officinale)and its unique gingerol biosynthetic pathway

After online publication of the article 1,the authors noticed the affiliation“College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants,Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences,Yongchuan,Chongqing,China”for author Yiqing Liu was missing.

Physico-Chemical Attributes of Essential Oil from Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith Cultivars Grown in Togo

The present study was carried out to evaluate the quality of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet from different areas of Togo on the basis of their essential oil content and composition. The dry rhizomes were pulverised, hydrodistilled and essential oils were analysed using GC and GC/MS techniques. The results revealed that the essential oil yield of Z. zerumbet ranged from 0.75% to 1.00% and was mainly composed by Zerumbone (51.8% - 37.5%) and humulene (21.7% - 28.2%). Z. officinale essential oil yielded from 1.25% to 1.67%, with major components as zingiberene (33% - 39.9%);basibolene (12.7% - 16%), and sesquiphellandrene (13% - 14.7%).

Functional analysis of flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H)from Dendrobium officinale,which confers abiotic stress tolerance

Flavonoids are important bioactive components in Dendrobium officinale,a medicinal orchid.They are involved in many biological activities,including protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses.Research on the key genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis in D.officinale is limited.In this study,one of the key flavonoid biosynthesis genes,flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H),was characterized from D.officinale.The open reading frame of DoF3H was 1134 bp long and it encoded a 377-amino acid protein.The DoF3H protein showed considerably high homology with F3H proteins from other plant species and shared a common evolutionary ancestor with other F3Hs.DoF3H transcripts were detected in different organs of adult plants and mainly accumulated in flowers,followed by roots,stems and leaves,a pattern that was similar to the content of flavonoids.Recombinant DoF3H protein,which was localized in the cytosol,could convert naringenin to dihydrokaempferol.The mRNA levels of DoF3H were significantly induced by salt and cold stresses.Furthermore,the heterologous expression of DoF3H in Escherichia coli conferred it higher tolerance to salt and cold stresses.These results provide insight into the molecular function of DoF3H in the biosynthesis of flavonoids,and provide a new application for improvement of abiotic tolerance in D.officinale.

Study of the Knowledge of Turmeric <i>Curcuma longa</i>) and Ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>) in the Region of Daloa (Côte D’Ivoire)

Ginger and turmeric are two plants of the Zingiberaceaes family. They are used as spices and in the treatment of many diseases. Despite their importance, data on their knowledge and their uses are scarce. The objective of this work was to assess the knowledge and different uses of ginger and turmeric. A survey was carried out among saleswomen and consumers. The survey reveals that 100% of those surveyed knew about ginger, but fewer people (17.5%) knew about turmeric. The survey identified that ginger tastes more pungent (82.65%) than bitter (17.35%), whilst turmeric’s taste is bitterer (53.47%) rather than pungent (46.53%). Consumption differed between the two rhizomes, with ginger consumed fresh (90.22%) and turmeric dry (84.25%). Differences were also noted in their medicinal (40.66% for ginger and 32.15% for turmeric), nutritional (50.82% for ginger and 11.65% for turmeric) and cosmetic (8.63% properties for ginger and 56.2% for turmeric) uses. The vernacular names of the two rhizomes varied from one ethnic group to another.

Effect of Zingiber Officinale Sucus on contraction of isolated duodenum in rabbits

Objective:Observation of ginger (Zingiber Officinale Sucus, ZOS) effect on rabbit isolated duodenum and to explore the correlation mechanism with M and H1 receptor. To investigate the effects of ZOS on isolated duodenum of rabbits treated with acetylcholine, histamine, atropine and chlorpheniramine respectively. Methods: The optimal concentration of ZOS was 1% and the above drugs were applied to the isolated duodenal segments respectively. The contractile force was recorded by BL-420E biological signal acquisition system. Results: The results showed that ZOS significantly inhibited the contraction of isolated rabbit duodenal smooth muscle in a positive concentration-dependent manner. The mechanism of inhibiting contraction had little correlation with M and H1 receptors. Conclusion: It could inhibit the efficacy of acetylcholine and histamine, and was a synergist for atropine and chlorpheniramine. This study provided a basis for the use of ginger in daily life and the development of combined medication.

Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Bissap (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale (L) Rose) Juices Sold in the Western Part of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Juices made from the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae), commonly called Bissap, and the rhizome of Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae), known as Gnamankoudji, are widely consumed in C&ocirc;te d'Ivoire. The artisanal preparation of these juices often makes their quality problematic. The aim of this study is to determine some physicochemical and microbiological properties of these drinks sold in the city of Abidjan. To do this, samples of Bissap and Gnamankoudji juices were collected near schools in the Mamie Adjoua (Yopougon) and Abobodoumé (Attécoubé) districts. Physico-chemical and microbiological analyses were performed on these collected samples. The results show that the Bissap and Gnamankoudji juices have an acid pH (2.47 and 3.71), a low protein content (0.78% and 2.11%) and a high water content (80.13% and 85.21%), respectively. The reducing sugar content ranged from 1.20% to 3.34%, with high total sugar (695 mg/mL and 812 mg/mL), low ash (0.70 ± 0.07;0.91 ± 0.01). On the other hand, these juices contain variable concentrations of minerals from one site to another (magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron). Potassium is the most abundant mineral element, followed by phosphorus and magnesium. Moreover, it is observed that the Gnamankoudji juices contain vitamin C (4.67 to 5.58 mg/100mL), contrary to the Bissap juice. The microbiological analysis indicates the presence of aerobic mesophilic germs (AMG) but a total absence of pathogenic germs in all juices. The important presence of nutrients and the total absence of pathogenic germs in these drinks justify their regular consumption by the population.

Study on Mechanism of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo in Preventing and Treating Exercise-induced Muscle Damage(EIMD)in Rats

[Objectives]This study was conducted to observe the mechanism of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo on gastrocnemius muscle in rats with exercise-induced muscle damage(EIMD).[Methods]The micro-injury model of skeletal muscle was established by treadmill training.Forty two SD rats were randomly divided into a control group,1,12 and 24 h exercise groups,D.officinale 2 ml+1 h exercise group,D.officinale 2 ml+12 h exercise group,and D.officinale 2 ml+24 h exercise group,with 6 rats in each group.Various D.officinale groups were given the drug once in the morning and once in the evening at a dose of 2 ml/time,a week in advance.Except for the quiet group,the samples were collected from the 1,12 and 24 h exercise groups after anesthesia following 1,12 and 24 h of exercise for the last time,respectively,and the D.officinale 2 ml+1 h exercise group,D.officinale 2 ml+12 h exercise group and D.officinale 2 ml+24 h exercise group were also sampled after anesthesia following 1,12 and 24 h of exercise for the last time,respectively.The contents of ATP,CK-MM and CK in rat serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The histopathological changes of gastrocnemius muscle were observed by HE staining.PCR and Western-blot detection were carried out to analyze the effects of D.officinale on IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in gastrocnemius muscle.[Results]Compared with the quiet group,the ATP contents in the serum of rats in the 1,12 and 24 h exercise groups significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the CK and CK-MM contents significantly increased(P<0.01).The expression of IGF-1 mRNA and protein in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with the 1 h exercise group,the ATP content and IGF-1 protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of the D.officinale liquid+1 h exercise group significantly increased(P<0.05),while the CK and CK-MM contents significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the 12 h exercise group,the D.officinale liquid+12 h exercise group showed a significant increase in ATP content(P<0.01),significant increases in IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue(P<0.01),and significant decreases in CK and CK-MM contents(P<0.01).Compared with the 24 h exercise group,the ATP content and IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of the D.officinale liquid+24 h exercise group significantly increased(P<0.01),while the CK and CK-MM contents significantly decreased(P<0.01).From the pathological tissue morphology of the gastrocnemius muscle in rats with EIMD treated with D.officinale,it could be concluded that the gastrocnemius muscle of each exercise group was significantly damaged,and the damage was significantly alleviated after administration of D.officinale liquid.[Conclusions]The effects and mechanism of D.officinale on prevention and treatment of EIMD in rats might be related to the promotion of IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in injured tissues by reducing ATP energy consumption,CK-MM and CK activity.

芽孢杆菌发酵法提取铁皮石斛多糖、多肽及其抗氧化活性分析

目的研究一种有效的铁皮石斛多糖、多肽提取方法,并分析其基本性质及体外抗氧化活性。方法以铁皮石斛为研究对象,采用芽孢杆菌发酵法对铁皮石斛进行提取,用蒽酮-硫酸法和双缩脲法分别测定铁皮石斛提取液的多糖和多肽含量,以传统热水浸提法和超声波辅助提取法为对照,通过提取液对自由基清除能力、螯合金属离子能力、抑制亚油酸自氧化能力指标,评价芽孢杆菌发酵提取液的抗氧化活性。结果芽孢杆菌发酵提取法工艺参数为:投料比例4%(g/mL)、发酵pH 6、发酵温度33.5℃、发酵时间46 h,此时多糖提取率为37.21%,多肽含量高达4.43 mg/kg,分子量主要分布在2000 Da以下,占84.95%。提取液对羟基自由基(hydroxyl radical,·OH)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine,DPPH)自由基和2,2’-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-diazo-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid,ABTS)阳离子自由基有较强的清除能力,Fe2+螯合能力67%、亚油酸自氧化抑制率53%。结论芽孢杆菌发酵法提取的铁皮石斛提取液,多糖、多肽含量高,具有较好的抗氧化性,为铁皮石斛在食品领域的开发利用提供了一定的理论指导和实验数据参考。

杉上斛多糖对特应性皮炎小鼠的干预效果及肠道菌群的影响研究

目的探究杉上斛多糖对特应性皮炎(AD)小鼠的干预效果以及对肠道菌群的影响作用。方法将小鼠随机分为对照组(3只)、AD组(4只)和AD+杉上斛多糖组(4只),比较3组小鼠临床表现(搔抓次数、皮损评分、耳廓肿胀度),HE染色观察皮肤组织病理损伤。酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测3组小鼠外周血和皮损部位免疫球蛋白E(IgE)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平;定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)检测3组小鼠IL-4和IFN-γmRNA水平。收集3组小鼠粪便进行16SrRNA测序分析。结果与对照组比较,AD组小鼠出现红斑、水肿、表皮剥脱和鳞屑等病理表现,皮损评分显著升高;皮损部位角化过度伴角化不全,棘层肥厚,表皮层、真皮层可见明显的炎性细胞浸润,毛细血管扩张;血清及皮损部位的炎性因子表达水平显著升高;肠道菌群中拟杆菌属、葡萄球菌丰度增加,Muri菌、拟普雷沃氏菌属、毛螺菌科-NK4A136组丰度减少。使用杉上斛多糖干预后,AD小鼠的病理情况、皮损评分、皮损部位严重程度、炎性因子表达及差异菌群丰度均有改善。结论杉上斛多糖通过调节肠道菌群平衡,减轻炎性反应以发挥药理作用,可有效缓解AD的皮损状况。

粒径对铁皮石斛粉多糖释放及其粉体特性影响

为明确粒径对铁皮石斛(D. officinale)粉中多糖溶出率及其粉体特性的影响,采用中药粉碎机结合球磨仪制备了8种不同粒径的铁皮石斛粉体,研究各粉体样本的粒径分布、比表面积、多糖溶出率、粉体流动性、水合特性、表面微观结构及色差变化。结果表明,[20,200)目粉体中多糖溶出率随粒径减小总体呈上升趋势,但≥200目时溶出率逐渐下降;粉体流动性参数(休止角、滑动角和Carr’s指数)与粒径呈负相关,即粒径越小流动性越差,尤其是[200,250)目较[150,200)目粉体的流动性明显变差;水合特性(WHC、WSC和WSI)随粒径变小先升后降,拐点同样出现在200目前后;色差分析表明,粉体色度参数(L*、a*、b*和ΔE值)也是在[150,200)目与[200,250)目的变化幅度最大。上述结果主要与[200,250)目粉体的比表面积较[150,200)目显著增加(68.1%)有关。综上,[150,200)目(d50=95.6μm)的铁皮石斛粉兼具较好的粉体特性和多糖释放率,同时保证了粉体细度。本研究结果为铁皮石斛的粉体化高效加工及高值化利用提供了理论参考。