Two new terpenoids from fruits of Ziziphus jujuba

One new ceanothane-type triterpene and one new sesquiterpene, together with two known triterpenes were isolated from the fruits of Ziziphusjujuba Mill. （Rhamnaceae）. Based on the spectral analyses, the structures of two new compounds were elucidated as 2α-aldehydo-A（1）-norlup-20（29）-en-27,28-dioic acid （zizyberanal acid） （1）, and zizyberanone （2）. While the two known triterpenes were identified as zizyberanalic acid （3） and ursolic acid （4）.

Simultaneous quantification of 18 bioactive constituents in Ziziphus jujuba fruits by HPLC coupled with a chemometric method

The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., known as Hongzao(or Hong-Zao) in Chinese and cultivated in China for more than 4 000 years, has shown to have hepatoprotective property. In previous study, we have isolated and identified 27 known compounds from Z. jujuba fruits, which demonstrated anti-tumor activity. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection-mass spectrometry(HPLC-DAD-MS) method was successfully applied to the simultaneous characterization and quantitation of 18 constituents in 28 Z. jujuba samples, comprised of 12 cultivars from different regions in China, by comparing their HPLC retention times, MS spectra, UV spectra, and NMR data with those of reference compounds. The quantitative method was validated with excellent linearity(R^(2 )> 0.999 1), preferable intra-and inter-day precisions(RSD < 2.78%), and good recoveries(94.96%–102.65%). The content variation of 18 compounds was analyzed by a chemometric method(hierarchical cluster analysis). In addition, these constituents showed protection against carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4)) intoxicated Hep G2 cell lines by decreasing lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) levels. Results in this study illustrated that the content of all 18 compounds examined has significant difference and variation among cultivars and extracts. The proposed method can serve as a prerequisite for quality control of bioactive compounds in Z. jujuba products.

Growth inhibitory effect of phenolic extracts of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.in dengue vector Aedes aegypti(L)in parent and F1 generation

Objective: To evaluate the lethal and emergence inhibitory effect of alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts of Ziziphus jujuba(Z. jujuba; Rhamnaceae) against Aedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae), and to explore the effect of the most effective fraction on developmental and biochemical parameters of the dengue vector. Methods: The fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti were exposed to alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts from Z. jujuba leaves to test their toxicity and emergence inhibitory effects. Phenolic extract, being the most effective was further tested against the mosquitoes for their growth inhibitory effect supported by biochemical changes in the parent and F1 generation. Results: While the different secondary metabolite fractions i.e., alkaloid, phenolics and terpenoid caused mortality at larval and pupal stages, the LC_(50) value was the lowest for phenolic fraction. Further study carried out with the phenolic fraction revealed that it affected growth by decreasing adult life span, fertility and fecundity of the mosquitoes. The reduction in growth was also accompanied by decrease in carbohydrate and lipid levels. Conclusions: It is concluded that the phenolic extract of the leaves of Z. jujuba is a potential candidate for control of Aedes mosquitoes.

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.(Rhamnaceae)):a review on its pharmacological properties and phytochemistry

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)belongs to the Rhamnaceae family.It is distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Europe and Asia,including India,China,Iran,Russia,and the Middle East.Jujube is a highly tolerant tree that is resistant to soil salinity and alkalinity.Jujube possesses many phytochemical components and pharmacological properties that make it a good choice for the human diet.Jujube fruit is nutritious and rich in proteins,minerals,vitamins,organic acids,and carbohydrates.It also contains phytochemical components such as polyphenols,flavonoids,terpenoids,anthocyanins,alkaloids,and carotenoids.Jujube has both nutraceutical and cosmeceutical properties.All parts of this plant possess medicinal properties.Jujube has a long history of use in traditional medicine,especially in traditional Persian medicine.It has many pharmacological properties according to traditional Persian medicine,which include anti-pruritic and tranquilizing effects for renal and bladder pain.In Chinese medicine,jujube is used to increase appetite and treat diarrhea and fatigue.This indicates that jujube has several chemical constituents and beneficially affects multiple organs and tissues.These properties include antioxidant,anti-cancer,antimicrobial,neuroprotective,cardioprotective,and hepatoprotective activities.It also has health-promoting effects,including anti-aging properties.

Comparison of Different Processing Methods of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

[Objectives]To study and compare the processing methods of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.[Methods]Z.jujuba was processed by seven methods:cleaning,yellowish frying,burnt frying,carbonized frying,moistening by hot sand,steaming,and boiling.Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in each processed Z.jujuba.[Results]The content of total flavonoids measured by various processing methods was different.The content of total flavonoids in the processed Z.jujuba by moistening by hot sand was relatively high and the absorption peak spectrum was almost the same as that of the cleaned processed Z.jujuba and the rutin reference substance.[Conclusions]The moistening by hot sand is the optimal method for processing of Z.jujuba.

Phytochemical Analysis of Ziziphus jujuba Leaves in Six Cultivars at the Whole Life Stage by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Leaves of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.（Z. jujuba） were used as a folk medicine to treat children suffering from typhoid fever, furuncle and ecthyma in China. The present study was to establish a high performance liquid chroma- tography-diode array detector（HPLC-DAD） method for quality control of Z. jujuba leaves. The validated method was applied to the simultaneous characterization and quantification of sixteen main constituents in thirty samples, which comprised the whole life stage of Z. ]ujuba leaves from six cultivars in Yulin, Shannxi Province, China. HPLC fin- gerprint file of Z. jujuba leaves was set up and the results indicate that the major constituents of Z. jujuba leaves are （-）-catechin（1）, quercetin-3-O-robinobioside（3）, rutin（4） and quercetin-3-O-a-L-arabinosyl-（1---~2）-a-L-rhamnoside（6） with the total contents of the nine flavonoids in respective batch ranging from 18.52 mg/g to 39.51 mg/g. In addition, the contents of compounds depend on both the season and the cultivar. During ripening of Z. jujuba leaves, flavo- noids of all the cultivars present a similar trend： initially decrease from 25th, Jun. to 5th, Aug., 2015, and then in- crease for a period of time, finally slightly fluctuate on 5th Oct. The highest contents of total flavonoids were regis- tered on 25th Jun., 2015. Different cultivars have 50%--90% variation on the content for the three classes of com- pounds. Taken together, the results demonstrate that Z. jujuba leaves have great potential to be a new health-promoting resource based on flavonoids and the best sampling time of them is in June.

Effect of Ultra-drying on Vigor and Physiological Characteristics of Ziziphus jujuba var spinosa Seeds

Using ultradry method and accelerated aging, storage behavior of Ziziphus jujuba var spinosa seeds with MC of 15-80 g/kg was studied. The results showed that seeds with MC of 24-80 g/kg could maintain the stabilization in germination percentage, vigor, relative conductivity, and enzyme activities; and during the ageing the seed storability increased with the moisture content decreased to 24 g/kg. Thus, it was feasible for the seeds to be stored under the ultra-dried condition.

黄腐酸钾对灵武长枣氮素吸收、分配及利用的影响

以5年生的灵武长枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao)树为试材,采用15N示踪法进行田间试验,研究0 kg/株(CK)、0.5 kg/株(T1)、1.0 kg/株(T2)、1.5 kg/株(T3)不同黄腐酸钾有机肥施用量对灵武长枣氮素吸收、分配、利用的影响。结果表明,灵武长枣树体氮积累量随黄腐酸钾供应水平的提高而增加,1.5 kg/株黄腐酸钾处理在果实成熟期氮积累量最高,达59.66 g/株,各处理以叶片、果实氮积累量较高;3个黄腐酸钾处理均显著提高了植株对氮素的吸收征调能力(NdFF)和15N吸收量(P<0.05),表现为T3>T2>T1>CK,不同器官的NdFF表现为果实最高;不同施肥处理的植株各器官15N分配率存在差异,以贮藏器官(果实)较高;与CK相比,3个黄腐酸钾处理15N当季利用率增加了2.27~5.34个百分点,以T3处理最佳,为8.92%。综合分析认为,配施1.5 kg/株黄腐酸钾有机肥,灵武长枣植株15N的吸收利用效果最佳。

Shikimic acid accelerates phase change and flowering in Chinese jujube

The juvenile-to-adult phase change with first flowering as the indicator plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in fruit trees remain largely unknown. Shikimic acid (ShA) pathway is a main metabolic pathway closely related to the synthesis of hormones and many important secondary metabolites participating in plant phase change. So,whether ShA regulates phase change in plants is worth clarifying. Here, the distinct morphological characteristics and the underlying mechanisms of phase change in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), an important fruit tree native to China with nutritious fruit and outstanding tolerance abiotic stresses, were clarified. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis found that ShA is positively involved in jujube(Yuhong’×Xing 16’) phase change. The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway (ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH), the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period. Further, the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg·L^(-1)) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat. The exogenous ShA (60 mg·L^(-1)) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA, enhance leaf photosynthesis and the synthesis of phenols especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, and promote the expression of genes (ZjCOs, ZjNFYs and ZjPHYs) involved in flowering pathway. Basing on above results, we put forward a propose for the underlying mechanism of ShA regulating phase change, and a hypothesis that ShA could be considered a phytohormone-like substance because it is endogenous, ubiquitous, movable and highly efficient at very low concentrations. This study highlights the critical role of ShA in plant phase change and its phytohormone-like properties.

Effects of IBA on the rooting of branch cuttings of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) and changes to nutrients and endogenous hormones

‘Zhongqiusucui’ jujube secondary shoots were treated with 3-indolebutyric acid(IBA) at three concentrations, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L. Results show that IBA could significantly enhance rooting and root characteristics of cuttings and were best with IBA at 1500 mg/L. In the rooting process, the formation of adventitious roots was related to the consumption and accumulation of nutrients(soluble sugars and proteins) and the changes in endogenous hormones in phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases. The rooting of cuttings had a positive correlation with the consumption of soluble sugars during the period of callus formation and with the accumulation of soluble sugars during adventitious root formation and growth. Rooting was positively related to the breakdown of soluble proteins in the phloem when the callus formed, and had a positive correlation with its accumulation during adventitious root formation and growth. Leaf tips and leaf bases showed a reverse trend in changes of soluble protein. However, together with the phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases regulated and controlled the formation and development of adventitious roots. The main activities of soluble proteins exist in the leaf tips as this was the main source of soluble proteins. The relation between rooting and IAA(indole-3-acetic acid) content in phloem was positive and thus a high concentration of IAA could benefit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. However, rooting was negatively related with ABA(abscisic acid) and GA(gibberellic acid) and a high concentration of both could inhibit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. Rooting had a positive correlation with phloem IAA/ABA ratios, and higher ratios could improve rooting. Low concentrations of ZR(zeatin riboside) triggered the induction of adventitious roots, while higher concentrations promoted root growth.Endogenous hormones in leaf tips and bases had an impact on rooting. The activities of endogenous hormones mainly existed in leaf tips because they play a major role in the production and consumption of IAA and its ABA content increased during rooting. The ZR in leaf tips influenced the rooting of cuttings, especially in the callus formation and rooting stage. Leaf tips were the main source of GA.

海藻套餐肥料对沾化冬枣产量和品质的影响

通过测定施肥前后冬枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. dongzao)种植区域的土壤理化性质及枣树的根系参数、养分吸收量、果实产量和品质等指标,评价了海藻套餐肥料的肥效。结果发现,与未施肥对照相比,海藻套餐肥料能显著改善土壤肥力状况,提高土壤微生物生物量碳和氮(P<0.05)。与施用常规市售肥料处理相比,施用海藻套餐肥料后提高了枣树0~20 cm土层的根长密度、根系活力和枣果产量,并显著提高了枣果可溶性固形物、维生素C、总糖、可溶性蛋白质含量(P<0.05)。这表明海藻套餐肥料能通过改善土壤肥力、提高土壤微生物活性,增加枣树根系生长和养分吸收,从而提高枣果产量及品质。

灵武长枣冻藏期间果实理化性状及抗氧化作用的研究

以灵武长枣(Ziziphus jujuba‘Lingwuchangzao’)果实为试验材料,经-18℃冻藏后,对其可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、总酚、总黄酮含量以及超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基清除率进行测定与分析。结果表明,在冻藏条件下,随着冻藏时间的推移,灵武长枣果实的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、总酚、总黄酮等物质含量逐渐下降,超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基清除能力也逐渐降低。维生素C、总酚含量与超氧阴离子自由基清除率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),总黄酮含量与超氧阴离子自由基清除率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),说明这3类物质是清除超氧阴离子自由基的主效物。此外,冻藏可以保持灵武长枣果实一定的DPPH自由基还原能力。维生素C含量的快速下降,使得总酚及总黄酮类物质在冻藏后期可维持枣果一定的抗氧化作用。

宁夏灵武长枣主产区土壤养分和水分含量调查

为了解宁夏灵武长枣(Ziziphus jujuba cv.Lingwuchangzao)产区土壤养分和水分状况,选择6个具有代表性的种植基地,测定分析pH、全盐、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、水分含量。结果表明,主产区枣园土壤平均pH、全盐、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别为8.36、1.46 g/kg、6.68 g/kg、47.83 mg/kg、21.07 mg/kg、127.61 mg/kg,与全国第二次土壤普查结果相比,有机质、碱解氮含量缺乏,速效磷含量很丰富,速效钾含量丰富;各产区以果园村和大泉林场养分状况最佳。在土壤水分含量方面,果园村土壤含水量相对较高,绿源恒公司和中玺公司土壤含水量相对较低。灵武长枣产区各基地土壤养分和水分含量发展不平衡。

对潮土区金丝小枣枣园施用微生物菌剂减量施氮效益的评价——基于模糊综合评价法

采用模糊综合评价法,建立了包括社会、经济和生态环境3个方面共8项指标的多因素二级评价指标体系,定量评价沧州市潮土区金丝小枣(Ziziphus jujuba)施入微生物菌剂减量施氮的社会效益、经济效益、生态环境效益以及综合效益,以期筛选适合该地区的微生物菌剂与无机氮肥配施的最佳配比。结果表明,80%无机氮肥+微生物菌剂处理的社会效益、经济效益、生态环境效益以及综合效益均较高。

不同糖积累型枣糖酸积累特征及差异性分析

以不同糖积累型的9个枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)品种为材料,测定并分析不同枣品种4个发育时期果实中糖酸组分含量及差异。结果表明,9个品种枣中的主要糖组分为蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖,主要酸组分为苹果酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸。3种不同糖积累型果实中酸含量从膨大期至完熟期持续上升,糖含量在膨大期至白熟期均以积累还原糖为主,在脆熟期至完熟期,蔗糖型品种以蔗糖积累为主,还原糖型品种以还原糖积累为主。因此白熟期至脆熟期是糖组分积累发生差异的重要时期。

不同抗裂剂对骏枣裂果及中微量元素含量的影响

以骏枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)为研究材料,研究不同时期叶面喷施不同浓度的CaCl_(2)和GA_(3)对骏枣果实裂果及中微量元素的影响。结果表明,在枣果迅速生长期,施用15 g/L CaCl_(2)与20 mg/L GA_(3),单果质量、果实纵横径显著增加。在枣果白熟期喷施10 g/L CaCl_(2)和20 mg/L GA_(3),可显著减少裂果、降低吸水率,保持果实的硬度、脆性。在枣果实幼果至白熟期,通过施用适宜浓度钙肥可使枣果实中P、K、Ca、Mg含量显著增加,在枣果白熟转色期喷施适宜浓度赤霉素,果实中P、K、Na含量显著提高,Ca含量呈缓慢积累趋势。幼果期至白熟期外源施用钙肥、白熟期喷施GA_(3)是降低骏枣裂果的重要措施之一。

The historical and current research progress on jujube–a superfruit for the future

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),or Chinese date,is the most important species of Rhamnaceae,a large cosmopolitan family,and is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world.It originates from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,the‘mother river’of the Chinese people.It is distributed in at least 48 countries on all continents except Antarctica and is becoming increasingly important,especially in arid and semiarid marginal lands.Based on a systematic analysis of the unique characteristics of jujube,we suggest that it deserves to be recognized as a superfruit.We summarized historical research achievements from the past 3000 years and reviewed recent research advances since 1949 in seven fields,including genome sequencing and application,germplasm resources and systematic taxonomy,breeding and genetics,cultivation theory and techniques,pest control,postharvest physiology and techniques,and nutrition and processing.Based on the challenges facing the jujube industry,we discuss eight research aspects to be focused on in the future.

Chemical Constituents from the Seeds of Ziziphusjujuba var. spinosa （Bunge） Hu

To search for new and bioactive minor components from traditional Chinese medicines, a new compound, named jujuphenoside (1), was isolated from the seeds of Ziziphusjujuba var. spinosa (Bunge)Hu. The structure of jujuphenoside was elucidated by spectral and chemical methods, particularly twodimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Together with the new compound, 22 known compounds were also isolated and identified from the seeds of Z. jujuba var. spinosa, among which, epiceanothic acid (2) was first obtained from natural resources, whereas compounds 7-16 were first obtained from this plant.

枣主栽品种酸组分含量动态变化与相关基因表达分析

以冬枣、灰枣和骏枣3个枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill)主栽品种为试材,采用高效液相色谱检测其果实发育过程中主要酸组分含量变化,并对发育过程中酸代谢相关基因表达进行分析。结果表明,3个枣主栽品种成熟果实中苹果酸含量最高,表明苹果酸是引起其果实酸味的主要成分。3个枣主栽品种果实发育过程中苹果酸、柠檬酸和奎宁酸含量变化趋势基本一致,均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,但脆熟期之后冬枣的3种酸组分含量持续下降,灰枣、骏枣酸含量在完熟期时均略有回升。3个枣主栽品种果实发育前期均以柠檬酸积累为主,从白熟期结束进入脆熟期苹果酸开始迅速积累并占主导地位。枣果实发育过程中ZjACO1、ZjACO2和ZjCS3基因与苹果酸、柠檬酸和奎宁酸的积累密切相关,而ZjCS2和ZjMDH12基因对其酸组分的降解起到一定的调控作用。

几种红枣品种在辽宁朝阳地区引种试验

根据朝阳地区生态条件以及大枣产业结构和红枣品种匮乏的状况,在我国北方名优红枣(Ziziphus jujuba)品种中引种骏枣、灰枣、狗头枣等。通过嫁接在本地酸枣树后,逐年驯化栽培管理,进行物候期、生长量、果实性状和适生性等调查,同时与当地主栽干鲜两用平顶枣为对照。这几种引进品种逐渐适应当地环境,在品质、产量上,狗头枣好于其他品种,较为适宜在辽宁朝阳地区进行栽培。