枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)品种结实特性研究

对河北省沧县枣种质资源圃124个和山西果树研究所国家枣种质资源圃156个枣品种(品系)在自花授粉和自然授粉条件下的结实及种仁发育情况进行了调查。结果表明,供试品种自然授粉和自花授粉条件下的平均结实率(结果数/100枣吊)分别为37.06%、20.63%,变幅分别为4.17%～175.00%、0%～163.64%,平均可育率(含仁果实/果实总数×100%)分别为12.10%、3.07%,变幅均为0%～100%;自花结实率和自然结实率极显著正相关,相关系数0.597;供试枣品种可分成自花不实异花可实不育、自花不实异花可育、自花异花均可实不育、自花可实不育异花可育、自花异花都可育等5种结实类型,分别占总品种数的10.27%、16.06%、45.19%、17.15%、11.33%;筛选出稳定表现自花不实或自花可实不育而异花授粉可育率高且种仁饱满的品种2个(小枣4、小墩墩枣),种仁较饱满的5个(洪赵十月红、广东白枣、大荔圆枣、小枣25、圆铃枣),利用这些品种做母本进行杂交育种时可省略去雄程序,有效解决因枣花小去雄难的问题;蛤蟆枣、团枣、无核小枣、马牙枣、核桃纹等自花不实而异花可实的品种,在栽植时应配置授粉树。

Two new terpenoids from fruits of Ziziphus jujuba

One new ceanothane-type triterpene and one new sesquiterpene, together with two known triterpenes were isolated from the fruits of Ziziphusjujuba Mill. （Rhamnaceae）. Based on the spectral analyses, the structures of two new compounds were elucidated as 2α-aldehydo-A（1）-norlup-20（29）-en-27,28-dioic acid （zizyberanal acid） （1）, and zizyberanone （2）. While the two known triterpenes were identified as zizyberanalic acid （3） and ursolic acid （4）.

Current Development Situations of Ziziphus Jujuba Industry in South Xinjiang and Recommendations

Through surveying current development situations and existing problems of planting and processing of Ziziphus jujuba in south Xinjiang,this paper discussed planting,processing mode of Ziziphus Jujuba in south Xinjiang and development direction of enterprises in Ziziphus Jujuba production. It is expected to ensure and increase quality and sales volume of Ziziphus Jujuba and promote sound and sustainable development of Ziziphus Jujuba industrial chain in south Xinjiang.

Simultaneous quantification of 18 bioactive constituents in Ziziphus jujuba fruits by HPLC coupled with a chemometric method

The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., known as Hongzao(or Hong-Zao) in Chinese and cultivated in China for more than 4 000 years, has shown to have hepatoprotective property. In previous study, we have isolated and identified 27 known compounds from Z. jujuba fruits, which demonstrated anti-tumor activity. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection-mass spectrometry(HPLC-DAD-MS) method was successfully applied to the simultaneous characterization and quantitation of 18 constituents in 28 Z. jujuba samples, comprised of 12 cultivars from different regions in China, by comparing their HPLC retention times, MS spectra, UV spectra, and NMR data with those of reference compounds. The quantitative method was validated with excellent linearity(R^(2 )> 0.999 1), preferable intra-and inter-day precisions(RSD < 2.78%), and good recoveries(94.96%–102.65%). The content variation of 18 compounds was analyzed by a chemometric method(hierarchical cluster analysis). In addition, these constituents showed protection against carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4)) intoxicated Hep G2 cell lines by decreasing lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) levels. Results in this study illustrated that the content of all 18 compounds examined has significant difference and variation among cultivars and extracts. The proposed method can serve as a prerequisite for quality control of bioactive compounds in Z. jujuba products.

Technological Study on Instant Date Powder in Natural Ziziphus jujuba through Vacuum Freeze-drying

[Objective] The aim was to get optimized conditions for date powder with good color and taste.[Method] The pectinase enzymolysis and vacuum freeze-drying technology were used in the extract process of date powder.[Result] The production boasts of superior quality were with rich fragrance and uniform particle under certain process conditions.The optimized conditions for pectinase enzymolysis were:the amount of pectinase reached to 0.1% of that of date syrup,enzymolysis temperature and time were 50 ℃ and 50 min respectively,the pH value was 4.0.The optimized conditions for vaccum freeze-drying were:10% altodextrin,three times volumn of water with the thickness of 7 mm.[Conclusion] The optimized conditions were obtained in this study to produce instant date powder from Ziziphus jujuba.

Growth inhibitory effect of phenolic extracts of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.in dengue vector Aedes aegypti(L)in parent and F1 generation

Objective: To evaluate the lethal and emergence inhibitory effect of alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts of Ziziphus jujuba(Z. jujuba; Rhamnaceae) against Aedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae), and to explore the effect of the most effective fraction on developmental and biochemical parameters of the dengue vector. Methods: The fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti were exposed to alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts from Z. jujuba leaves to test their toxicity and emergence inhibitory effects. Phenolic extract, being the most effective was further tested against the mosquitoes for their growth inhibitory effect supported by biochemical changes in the parent and F1 generation. Results: While the different secondary metabolite fractions i.e., alkaloid, phenolics and terpenoid caused mortality at larval and pupal stages, the LC_(50) value was the lowest for phenolic fraction. Further study carried out with the phenolic fraction revealed that it affected growth by decreasing adult life span, fertility and fecundity of the mosquitoes. The reduction in growth was also accompanied by decrease in carbohydrate and lipid levels. Conclusions: It is concluded that the phenolic extract of the leaves of Z. jujuba is a potential candidate for control of Aedes mosquitoes.

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.(Rhamnaceae)):a review on its pharmacological properties and phytochemistry

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)belongs to the Rhamnaceae family.It is distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Europe and Asia,including India,China,Iran,Russia,and the Middle East.Jujube is a highly tolerant tree that is resistant to soil salinity and alkalinity.Jujube possesses many phytochemical components and pharmacological properties that make it a good choice for the human diet.Jujube fruit is nutritious and rich in proteins,minerals,vitamins,organic acids,and carbohydrates.It also contains phytochemical components such as polyphenols,flavonoids,terpenoids,anthocyanins,alkaloids,and carotenoids.Jujube has both nutraceutical and cosmeceutical properties.All parts of this plant possess medicinal properties.Jujube has a long history of use in traditional medicine,especially in traditional Persian medicine.It has many pharmacological properties according to traditional Persian medicine,which include anti-pruritic and tranquilizing effects for renal and bladder pain.In Chinese medicine,jujube is used to increase appetite and treat diarrhea and fatigue.This indicates that jujube has several chemical constituents and beneficially affects multiple organs and tissues.These properties include antioxidant,anti-cancer,antimicrobial,neuroprotective,cardioprotective,and hepatoprotective activities.It also has health-promoting effects,including anti-aging properties.

Comparison of Different Processing Methods of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

[Objectives]To study and compare the processing methods of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.[Methods]Z.jujuba was processed by seven methods:cleaning,yellowish frying,burnt frying,carbonized frying,moistening by hot sand,steaming,and boiling.Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in each processed Z.jujuba.[Results]The content of total flavonoids measured by various processing methods was different.The content of total flavonoids in the processed Z.jujuba by moistening by hot sand was relatively high and the absorption peak spectrum was almost the same as that of the cleaned processed Z.jujuba and the rutin reference substance.[Conclusions]The moistening by hot sand is the optimal method for processing of Z.jujuba.

黄腐酸钾对灵武长枣氮素吸收、分配及利用的影响

以5年生的灵武长枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao)树为试材,采用15N示踪法进行田间试验,研究0 kg/株(CK)、0.5 kg/株(T1)、1.0 kg/株(T2)、1.5 kg/株(T3)不同黄腐酸钾有机肥施用量对灵武长枣氮素吸收、分配、利用的影响。结果表明,灵武长枣树体氮积累量随黄腐酸钾供应水平的提高而增加,1.5 kg/株黄腐酸钾处理在果实成熟期氮积累量最高,达59.66 g/株,各处理以叶片、果实氮积累量较高;3个黄腐酸钾处理均显著提高了植株对氮素的吸收征调能力(NdFF)和15N吸收量(P<0.05),表现为T3>T2>T1>CK,不同器官的NdFF表现为果实最高;不同施肥处理的植株各器官15N分配率存在差异,以贮藏器官(果实)较高;与CK相比,3个黄腐酸钾处理15N当季利用率增加了2.27~5.34个百分点,以T3处理最佳,为8.92%。综合分析认为,配施1.5 kg/株黄腐酸钾有机肥,灵武长枣植株15N的吸收利用效果最佳。

枣品种资源果实的糖酸含量特征分析

糖和酸是构成果实风味的重要物质,鉴定评价枣品种资源果实的糖酸风味,比较不同资源间的糖酸风味构成差异,建立枣品种资源果实糖酸风味评价体系,对资源高效利用具有重要意义。以210份枣资源脆熟期果实为材料,测定可溶性固形物、可滴定酸以及糖组分含量,并进行相关性分析。结果如下:(1)10项指标的变异系数范围在9.81%~34.70%,其中可溶性固形物含量、甜度值和总糖含量的变异系数较小。蔗糖含量的范围差异最大,其最大值是最小值的84.54倍。果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、总糖、可滴定酸、甜度值、固酸比和糖酸比等8项指标符合正态分布,可溶性固形物和甜酸比不符合正态分布。(2)果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖与总糖含量均呈极显著正相关,果糖与葡萄糖含量呈极显著正相关,总糖、可溶性固形物和甜度值间都呈极显著正相关,可滴定酸与固酸比、糖酸比和甜酸比间都呈极显著负相关,固酸比、糖酸比、甜酸比两两之间都呈极显著正相关。(3)因子分析共提取3个主因子,累积贡献率为91.781%。结合各项指标的聚类分析,筛选出果糖、蔗糖、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和固酸比5项评价枣果实糖酸风味的指标。(4)基于5项评价指标进行聚类分析,将210个枣品种分为5个类群,根据各类群不同指标的含量特征,分别定义为低蔗糖型、高酸型、果糖优势型、中间型和蔗糖优势型,其中蔗糖优势型包含的种质最多。可用果糖、蔗糖、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和固酸比5项指标对枣果实糖酸风味进行评价,生产中可根据不同类群资源的糖酸指标特点进行针对性应用。

不同生长时期酸枣果肉多糖相对分子质量分布和单糖组成及抗氧化活性研究

为了探究不同生长时期酸枣果肉中多糖含量、相对分子质量、单糖组成及抗氧化活性变化规律,以野生型和种植型酸枣为研究对象,分别采用苯酚-硫酸比色法、高效凝胶色谱法、高效离子色谱法和DPPH自由基清除实验研究其不同生长时期的果肉多糖含量、相对分子质量、单糖组成和自由基清除能力。研究发现野生型和种植型的酸枣果肉中多糖含量均表现出先下降后上升的趋势;两种类型的酸枣果肉多糖的相对分子质量均随着酸枣的发育逐渐降低;两种类型酸枣果实发育前期果肉多糖中单糖鼠李糖含量最高可达46.14 mg/g,半乳糖次之可达33.10 mg/g;果实发育后期,两种类型的酸枣果肉多糖中单糖含量最高的为阿拉伯糖可达60.30 mg/g,半乳糖醛酸次之可达45.02 mg/g;两种类型酸枣果肉多糖的DPPH自由基清除能力变化趋势与其果肉中多糖含量变化趋势基本相同;种植型酸枣与野生型酸枣在多糖含量、多糖相对分子质量、单糖组成和自由基清除能力方面均表现为相同的趋势,且均属于还原糖积累类型果实。研究结果为酸枣果肉资源进一步开发与利用提供参考。

‘灵武长枣’果实发育过程中果肉质地与解剖结构的变化

为探究‘灵武长枣’发育过程中枣果质地与解剖结构的变化特征及两者间关系。以国家地理标志品种‘灵武长枣’为试验材料,利用质地剖面分析法(TPA)和石蜡切片法,分析测定果实7项质地品质指标、10项显微结构指标,并对果实基本性状进行测定。结果表明,‘灵武长枣’果实成熟过程中,以硬核期为转折点,硬核期到半红期枣果实品质发生了显著变化,如硬核期到膨大前期单果质量增幅412.3%、体积增幅403.7%,且果实解剖结构与大部分质地参数显著相关。即随着果实成熟,果实的单果质量、纵横径,体积均增加;果实硬度、脆度和胶粘性先增大后减小,弹性、咀嚼性和粘附性呈上升趋势,内聚性变化不显著。果皮变薄,表皮细胞和薄壁细胞、维管束和空腔面积增大,细胞排列变疏松,成熟期口感变酥脆。角质层加厚,果实抗损伤性加强。此外,枣果表皮细胞中的质体也发生很大变化,幼果期到半红期,由叶绿体逐渐转变为有色体。进一步相关性分析表明,果实硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和粘附性同枣果细胞形态参数存在不同程度的相关性,粘附性与大部分果实细胞形态参数达极显著水平,如粘附性与空腔面积呈极显著正相关(r=0.979)。‘灵武长枣’果实发育过程中,其果实品质发生显著变化,其中果实细胞形态的动态变化显著影响其质地品质(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、粘附性)。

金丝小枣全枣、枣皮、枣肉黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性和免疫活性

以金丝小枣为研究对象,分别测定金丝小枣全枣、枣皮、枣肉的黄酮提取物对DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH清除能力和总还原力,并利用刀豆蛋白A(concanavalin A,ConA)和脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)分别诱导小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞增殖反应,探究金丝小枣的全枣、枣皮、枣肉的黄酮提取物的免疫活性。试验结果表明:金丝小枣全枣、枣皮、枣肉黄酮抗氧化活性和免疫活性存在差异,枣皮黄酮的抗氧化活性和免疫活性最强,枣肉黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性和免疫活性最弱,但全枣、枣皮、枣肉黄酮提取物对DPPH·和·OH的清除活性高于VC,且全枣、枣皮、枣肉黄酮提取物对小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞的增殖均具有促进作用。

灵武长枣两种光泽度果实外形特征性状比较分析

【目的】探究灵武长枣两种光泽度果实,即高光泽度果实(S果)和低光泽度果实(R果)的光泽度及外形特征性状关系的差异,为灵武长枣优质高效栽培提供参考与指导。【方法】采集6、9和12 a生灵武长枣的两种光泽度果实(S/R果)作为试验材料,测定其光泽度、单果质量、果实横纵径、果实硬度、果皮厚、果肉厚、核纵横径、单核质量、可食率和含仁率等果实外形特征性状,并对其进行了比较和相关性分析。【结果】1)3个树龄的R果的单果质量、果实横纵径、果皮厚、核纵横径、含仁率均极显著大于S果的(P<0.01),其中6、9和12 a生灵武长枣R果的含仁率分别是S果的28.04、15.49、14.99倍,并且R果的光泽度极显著小于S果的(P<0.01),仅为S果的63.1%~67.1%,R果的果肉厚、单核质量均显著大于S果的(P<0.05);12 a生的R果的可食率最小,且9、12 a生的均显著小于同年份的S果的可食率;2)不同树龄灵武长枣,于高光泽度果实(S果)而言:在光泽度、单果质量、果实横纵径、果实硬度、果肉厚、核纵径、单核质量、可食率在树龄上存在显著差异(P<0.05);于低光泽度果实(R果)而言:其果实纵径、果实硬度、果皮厚、核纵横径、单核质量、可食率存在显著差异(P<0.05),且与S果表现均不相同;3)不同树龄植株灵武长枣S、R果实的光泽度均与单果质量、果实纵径呈极显著正相关;S果的树龄与单果质量、果实横纵径、果肉厚、枣核纵径、单核质量、可食率呈显著或极显著负相关;R果的树龄与果实纵径、可食率呈显著或极显著负相关,与果实硬度、果皮厚、核横径、单核质量呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】不同树龄灵武长枣两种光泽度果实的光泽度及外形特征性状均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),并且在树龄、光泽度及其各项外形特征性状之间存在着显著相关性(P<0.05)。

枣种质资源果实质地品质特性分析

旨在建立标准化、统一化的枣果实质地品质鉴定评价方法,为枣种质资源质地品质精准鉴定评价提供理论参考依据。以50份枣种质脆熟全红期果实为试材,采用质构仪整果穿刺法鉴定果实质地品质,并对果实质地品质进行感官鉴定评价。结果表明,果皮穿刺强度、果皮破裂距离、果皮韧性、皮肉跌落脆性、果肉平均坚实度和果肉纤维指数6项指标在不同种质间存在丰富的多样性,变异系数为18.31%~40.40%。口感感官评价方法鉴定的果皮厚度、果肉质地和果肉粗细在不同种质间差异较大。质构仪分析得到的各项参数与感官评价参数间具有不同程度的相关性,果皮穿刺强度、果皮破裂距离、果皮韧性、果肉平均坚实度和果肉纤维指数5项指标均与感官评价的果肉质地呈极显著正相关,果肉纤维指数与感官评价的果皮厚度、果肉质地和果肉粗细间都呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.452、-0.364和-0.549。因子分析共提取两个主因子,包括果皮韧性、果肉平均坚实度和皮肉跌落脆性3项指标,累积贡献率为75.909%。基于因子分析结果,采用系统聚类法将50份供试种质分为3个类群,根据质地参数特征,分别将其定义为皮厚质密群、皮薄质疏群和中间类群。本研究建立了质构仪检测枣果质地品质的标准体系,可用于枣果实质地品质的精准鉴定评价。

Shikimic acid accelerates phase change and flowering in Chinese jujube

The juvenile-to-adult phase change with first flowering as the indicator plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in fruit trees remain largely unknown. Shikimic acid (ShA) pathway is a main metabolic pathway closely related to the synthesis of hormones and many important secondary metabolites participating in plant phase change. So,whether ShA regulates phase change in plants is worth clarifying. Here, the distinct morphological characteristics and the underlying mechanisms of phase change in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), an important fruit tree native to China with nutritious fruit and outstanding tolerance abiotic stresses, were clarified. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis found that ShA is positively involved in jujube(Yuhong’×Xing 16’) phase change. The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway (ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH), the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period. Further, the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg·L^(-1)) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat. The exogenous ShA (60 mg·L^(-1)) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA, enhance leaf photosynthesis and the synthesis of phenols especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, and promote the expression of genes (ZjCOs, ZjNFYs and ZjPHYs) involved in flowering pathway. Basing on above results, we put forward a propose for the underlying mechanism of ShA regulating phase change, and a hypothesis that ShA could be considered a phytohormone-like substance because it is endogenous, ubiquitous, movable and highly efficient at very low concentrations. This study highlights the critical role of ShA in plant phase change and its phytohormone-like properties.

多指标结合AHP-CRITIC优化酸枣叶拌蒸酸枣仁炮制工艺

目的:采用正交设计结合层次分析法-客观赋权法(AHP-CRITIC)优化酸枣叶拌蒸酸枣仁的炮制工艺。方法:采用单因素试验优化辅料酸枣叶的加入倍量和蒸制时间,以酸枣叶的加入倍量和蒸制时间为因素,以斯皮诺素、6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、酸枣仁皂苷A、白桦脂酸含量为评价指标进行综合加权评分,结合AHP-CRITIC优化酸枣仁的拌蒸工艺。结果:最佳拌蒸工艺为酸枣叶加入量是酸枣仁的4倍,1层酸枣叶1层酸枣仁交替平铺,上锅蒸制3 h。结论:多指标结合AHP-CRITIC优选酸枣仁拌蒸工艺合理可行,可为酸枣叶拌蒸酸枣仁炮制工艺的生产实践提供参考。

红枣多糖的结构、生物学活性及产品开发进展

红枣是我国常用的药食同源植物。红枣多糖是红枣的主要活性成分之一,经药理学研究证实具有多种活性。目前红枣多糖的结构研究多集中一级结构的修饰方式、单糖组成成分、分子量及糖苷键连接方式。生物学活性研究表明,红枣多糖具有抗氧化、保肝护肝、降糖、降脂、调节菌群丰度、免疫调节、抗癌、抗凝等生物活性,可应用于抗氧化膜,抗衰老、降糖、代糖、降脂产品,抑菌剂,免疫调节剂,抗癌营养食品等产品中。本文基于此进行总结和展望,以期对未来进一步深入探究红枣多糖的结构,规范红枣多糖的制备提取流程,明确红枣多糖生物活性作用机制机理,增加红枣多糖产品多样性提供理论基础。

基于表型性状的酸枣核心种质构建

为更好地保存和研究酸枣种质,提高利用效率,以211份酸枣种质为试材,基于表型性状数据,在25%取样比例下,对所有种质进行逐步系统聚类,从遗传距离方法、取样方法、聚类方法和取样比例4个方面探讨酸枣核心种质的最佳取样策略。根据最佳取样策略和3种分组取样方法进行分组取样,并与不分组取样进行比较。结果表明:基于25%取样比例,采用优先取样法、欧氏距离法和可变类平均法构建核心种质效果最佳;在最佳构建策略下筛选总体取样比例,结果表明最佳总体取样比例为25%;不分组取样构建的核心种质Pcore的方差差异百分率(VD)、变异系数变化率(VR)和极差符合率(CR)高于分组取样构建的核心种质Core-L,构建效果更好;定性描述性状保留比例、t检验、符合率检验、主成分分析和样品三维分布图表明构建的核心种质能够消除遗传冗余,能够代表原始种质。基于表型性状筛选出的最佳构建策略为“欧氏距离+可变类平均法+优先取样法+25%取样比例”,经过补充完善,最终得到58份核心种质,具有较高的代表性。本研究成功构建了能够代表原始酸枣种质表型遗传多样性的核心种质,有助于科学、有效地收集和保存酸枣种质资源,为深入挖掘和利用酸枣种质资源提供了科学依据,同时也为选育酸枣良种奠定基础。

冬枣光响应模型及不同物候期光合变化动态研究

【目的】设施栽培极大改变了冬枣生长环境,也对其光合作用进行调控,但是冬枣最佳光合模型以及不同设施栽培模式下不同物候期光合特性变化动态尚不明确。【方法】针对温棚、避雨棚和露地3种冬枣栽培模式,测定光响应参数并用4种光响应模型拟合,同时对冬枣植株不同物候期的光合生理特性进行比较分析。【结果】通过比较直角双曲线修正模型、非直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线模型和指数模型的冬枣光响应曲线的拟合效果,发现直角双曲线修正模型对冬枣的光响应曲线拟合效果最好,能较好地对3种栽培模式下测定的冬枣光响应曲线进行拟合。此外,通过对比盛花期环剥和未环剥的冬枣,发现环剥显著改变了冬枣植株的生长势,抑制了光合速率,直至脆熟期才恢复至与未环剥植株相近状态。3种栽培模式下冬枣不同物候期光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(AQE)和最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))的总体变化趋势基本相似,均表现为脆熟期较高,而幼果期和采后较低。【结论】通过拟合冬枣最佳光响应模型,阐明了不同设施栽培模式对冬枣光合作用的影响规律,为设施栽培合理调控光合环境、促进枣树生长和坐果提供了理论指导。