Color characteristics of Cu-Zn-Al alloys

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DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES ON AGING BEHAVIOR OF Zn-Al ALLOYS

Decomposition processes of the quenched Zn-Al alloys were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the stabilities of supersaturated solid solution (SSS) of Zn-Al alloy and α' phase formed by quenching would reduce with the increase of Zn content and the precipitation of η-Zn phases even when aging at ambient temperature, so that the exothermic precipitation peak in DSC curve would disappear. The activation energy of the η-Zn precipitation and the reaction enthalpy were calculated and measured. The kinetics of α' decomposition or η-Zn formation was determined by XRD. The microstructure change during aging was observed by TEM.

Solidification microstructural constituent and its crystallographic morphology of permanent-mould-cast Mg-Zn-Al alloys

The microstructural constituents and the crystallographic morphology of the primary intermetallic phases in permanent-mould-cast Mg-Zn-Al alloys with typical compositions within high zinc castable domain were investigated. Three kinds of primary compounds with distinct morphology were identified as Mg32(Al,Zn)49(τ), MgZn(ε), and a ternary icosahedral quasi-crystalline compound (denoted with Q). The constituent is found to change with Zn and Al content and their concentration ratio. Alloys with middle mass ratio of Zn to Al and Al content, consist of α-Mg and τ phase, while alloys with high mass ratio of Zn to Al and low Al are composed of α-Mg, ε and a small amount of τ, those with low ratio of Zn to Al and high Al consist of α-Mg with Q. Solidification characteristics and process were proposed. The solidification ranges and liquidus temperature decrease with increasing Zn and Al content for τ-and Q-type alloys, whereas ε-type alloy shows reverse tendency. The second phase transformation moves to higher temperature range when Al content increases and ratio of Zn to Al decreases.

Microstructure of interaction interface between Al-Si,Zn-Al alloys and Al_2O_(3p)/6061Al composite

Interaction behaviors between Al-Si, Zn-Al alloys and Al2O)3p)/6061Al composite at different heating temperatures were investigated. It is found that Al2O)3p)/6061Al composite can be wetted well by AlSi-1, AlSi-4 and Zn-Al alloys and an interaction layer forms between the alloy and composite during interaction. Little Al-Si alloys remain on the surface when they fully wet the composite and Si element in Al-Si alloy diffuses into composite entirely and assembles in the composite near the interface of Al-Si alloy/composite to form a Si-rich zone. The microstructure in interaction layer with Si penetration is still dense. Much more residual Zn-Al alloy exists on the surface of composite when it wets the composite, and porosities appear at the interface of Zn-Al alloy/composite. The penetration of elements Zn, Cu of Zn-Al alloy into composite leads to the generation of shrinkage cavities in the interaction layer and makes the microstructure of Al2O)3p)/6061Al composite loose.

KINETICS CHARACTERISTICS OF BAINITE FORMATION IN Cu-Zn-Al ALLOYS

TTT diagrams and kinetics curves of bainite formation through up quenching from martensitic slate and of dilatometry and cooling from high temperature parent phase in Cu-Zn-Al alloys are established by ments of dilatometry and metallographic inspection.Experimental results show that the kinetics characteristics of bainite formation obey the Austin-Rickett Equation with n=2.25 for up-quenched specimens and n=1.80 for specimens cooled from high temperature,and the activation energy of bainite formation is about.110 kJ/mol,corresponding to that ofthe diffusion of solute atoms.

Numerical modeling of damping capacity of Zn-Al alloys with fully lamellar microstructures

The damping behaviors of Zn-Al alloys with fully lamellar microstructures were simulated with the cell method. The influences of the grain boundary condition, the strain amplitude, the number of the lamellae in the grain (N) and the content ratio of Zn and Al in Zn-Al alloys on the damping capacity were investigated. The results indicate that the grain boundary condition has great influence on the damping capacity of Zn-Al alloys, and also affects the relationship between the damping capacity and the number of lamellae (N). The variation of damping capacity with the strain amplitude is increasing exponentially with the strain amplitude and the damping capacity increases with the increasing of content of Zn.

电弧喷涂Zn-Al伪合金涂层耐腐蚀性能研究进展

通过在钢基体表面制备涂层可以很好地延长钢铁材料的服役时间,减少因腐蚀造成的重大事故和人员伤亡。相较于传统的纯Zn涂层、纯Al涂层以及Zn-Al合金涂层,Zn-Al伪合金涂层能够为基体材料提供长久有效的腐蚀防护,在钢铁材料的腐蚀防护中具有巨大的应用潜力。简述了Zn-Al伪合金涂层电弧喷涂制备工艺的特点;介绍了Zn、Al、Zn-Al合金及Zn-Al伪合金涂层在模拟海洋环境下的腐蚀防护原理;在此基础上从组分、喷涂工艺参数(喷涂距离、喷涂电流和喷涂电压)、元素掺杂(Mg、Si及Re)及后处理工艺(封孔、激光重熔)等角度,论述了其对Zn-Al伪合金涂层耐蚀性的影响;讨论了Zn-Al伪合金涂层防腐体系在桥梁、海洋钢结构件、地下运输管道中的应用现状;最后总结了目前研究工作中存在的挑战,提出了电弧喷涂Zn-Al伪合金涂层尚需深入研究的重点问题,为提高钢铁材料使用寿命提供了参考。

基于冷喷涂工艺的Mg-Zn-Al-Sn-Mn合金防腐Al涂层制备

采用冷喷涂技术在Mg-Zn-Al-Sn-Mn合金表面制备Al涂层,以提高其耐腐蚀性能。研究工作气体温度和压力对Al涂层显微组织和腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,随着气体温度和压力的升高,Al涂层的致密度和厚度均明显增加。高的气体温度能降低颗粒沉积的临界速度,并提高沉积效率。高的气体压力不仅提升机械结合质量,而且对沉积的涂层具有较强的夯实作用。由于孔隙的减少,Al涂层的耐蚀性随着气体温度和压力的升高而提高。Al(OH)_(3)和Al_(2)O_(3)等腐蚀产物可以堵塞涂层中的孔隙,并作为阻碍腐蚀的物理屏障,从而有效保护Mg合金免受腐蚀。

Effect of homogenization process on the hardness of Zn-Al-Cu alloys

The effect of a homogenizing treatment on the hardness of as-cast Zn–Al–Cu alloys was investigated. Eight alloy compositions were prepared and homogenized at 350 °C for 180 h, and their Rockwell 'B' hardness was subsequently measured. All the specimens were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and metallographically prepared for observation by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results of the present work indicated that the hardness of both alloys(as-cast and homogenized) increased with increasing Al and Cu contents; this increased hardness is likely related to the presence of the θ and τ′ phases. A regression equation was obtained to determine the hardness of the homogenized alloys as a function of their chemical composition and processing parameters, such as homogenization time and temperature, used in their preparation.

The Solidification and Corrosion Behavior Determination of the Ti/B Added Zn-Al-Mg Alloys

The solidification and corrosion behavior of the Ti/B added Zn-Al-Mg alloys were experimentally investigated by means of microstructure characterization and electrochemical test.The basic calculations were carried out to predict the characteristics of the Ti-added Zn-Al-Mg alloys.The Zn-Al-Mg ingots with minor doping of Ti/B were prepared and solidified under different cooling rate,including air cooling,water quenching and furnace cooling.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and the X-ray diffraction method(XRD)were used to determine the microstructures and phase types of the alloy samples.It could be discovered that trace TiAl3 particles were dispersed in the Ti/B added alloy samples which provide the heterogeneous nucleation sites to refine the size of the dendrites and the eutectic microstructures.More fined microstructures with the addition of both Ti and B were obtained compared with those with the merely addition of Ti,and the water cooled alloys presented the finest microstructures due to the fastest cooling rate.It could also be noticed that with the increasing solidification rate,the percentage of the MgZn_(2) phase turned out to be higher because of the Mg_(2)Zn_(11)↔MgZn_(2) transition,which is in consistent with the results in the actual hot-dip galvanizing process.Electrochemical experiments in the previous work included methods the of the Tafel polarization test and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test(EIS).Results show that the quenched Zn-Al-Mg alloy with the addition of both Ti and B takes on best corrosion resistance.Consequently,the addition of certain amount of Ti/B elements and the appropriate elevation of the cooling rate will be the practicable approaches to optimize the microstructure and the corrosion resistance of the Zn-Al-Mg coatings in the actual galvanizing process.

烧结NdFeB磁体表面Zn-Al/T8超疏水复合涂层的显微组织及耐蚀性

为提升烧结NdFeB磁体的耐蚀性,采用旋涂法和等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术在其表面制备Zn-Al/T8(2-全氟辛基乙基丙烯酸酯)超疏水复合涂层。结果表明,Zn-Al涂层主要由片层状的Zn和Al相组成,厚度大约为28μm。Zn-Al/T8复合涂层的接触角达到151.78°,而滚动角仅为5.13°,说明Zn-Al/T8复合涂层可提供一个超疏水表面。Zn-Al涂层和Zn-Al/T8复合涂层对烧结NdFeB的磁性能均无显著影响。Zn-Al涂层通过牺牲阳极来提高NdFeB磁体的耐蚀性,而Zn-Al/T8复合涂层通过超疏水表面进一步提升耐蚀性。Zn-Al/T8复合涂层较Zn-Al涂层具有更好的耐盐雾性能。Zn-Al/T8超疏水复合涂层是一种非常有前途的烧结NdFeB磁体保护涂层。

Accelerated design of high-performance Mg-Mn-based magnesium alloys based on novel bayesian optimization

Magnesium(Mg),being the lightest structural metal,holds immense potential for widespread applications in various fields.The development of high-performance and cost-effective Mg alloys is crucial to further advancing their commercial utilization.With the rapid advancement of machine learning(ML)technology in recent years,the“data-driven''approach for alloy design has provided new perspectives and opportunities for enhancing the performance of Mg alloys.This paper introduces a novel regression-based Bayesian optimization active learning model(RBOALM)for the development of high-performance Mg-Mn-based wrought alloys.RBOALM employs active learning to automatically explore optimal alloy compositions and process parameters within predefined ranges,facilitating the discovery of superior alloy combinations.This model further integrates pre-established regression models as surrogate functions in Bayesian optimization,significantly enhancing the precision of the design process.Leveraging RBOALM,several new high-performance alloys have been successfully designed and prepared.Notably,after mechanical property testing of the designed alloys,the Mg-2.1Zn-2.0Mn-0.5Sn-0.1Ca alloy demonstrates exceptional mechanical properties,including an ultimate tensile strength of 406 MPa,a yield strength of 287 MPa,and a 23%fracture elongation.Furthermore,the Mg-2.7Mn-0.5Al-0.1Ca alloy exhibits an ultimate tensile strength of 211 MPa,coupled with a remarkable 41%fracture elongation.

Relationship between the unique microstructures and behaviors of high-entropy alloys

High-entropy alloys(HEAs),which were introduced as a pioneering concept in 2004,have captured the keen interest of nu-merous researchers.Entropy,in this context,can be perceived as representing disorder and randomness.By contrast,elemental composi-tions within alloy systems occupy specific structural sites in space,a concept referred to as structure.In accordance with Shannon entropy,structure is analogous to information.Generally,the arrangement of atoms within a material,termed its structure,plays a pivotal role in dictating its properties.In addition to expanding the array of options for alloy composites,HEAs afford ample opportunities for diverse structural designs.The profound influence of distinct structural features on the exceptional behaviors of alloys is underscored by numer-ous examples.These features include remarkably high fracture strength with excellent ductility,antiballistic capability,exceptional radi-ation resistance,and corrosion resistance.In this paper,we delve into various unique material structures and properties while elucidating the intricate relationship between structure and performance.

Growth Ledges at Nanometer Scale of Bainites in Cu-Zn-Al Alloys

The bainitic transformation mechanism is one of the controversial issues in solid phase transformations on which sharp arguments have lasted for a long time. A lot of research work on this mechanism has been done by both the shear and diffusion schools. Results from these two schools have many differences and the viewpoints on them are different essentially as

Influence of Metalloid Elements on the Magnetic Properties and Anisotropy of FeNi-based Amorphous Alloys

The magnetic properties and anisotropy of amor- phous(Fe_(80)Ni_(20))_(78)Si_xB_(22-x).alloys have been investigated systematically.The maximum permeability,coercive force and remanence have been determined for as-prepared and annealed samples,The results on the technical magnetic properties of this alloy system have been discussed and compared with Masumoto's.

EFFECT OF Zr ON PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN Cu-Zn-Al SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

An investigation was made of the influence of Zr additive on the high temperature phase trans- formations,martensitic forward/reverse transformations,and shape memory effect of Cu-Zn-Al base alloys by means of differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),X-ray diffraction and TEM.It was found that an addition of 0.35 wt-% Zn could effectively inhibit the precipitation of α and γ phases and hence promote the order-martensitic transformations β_2→DO_3→18RM,thus resulting in a minimum activation energy of the martensitic trans- formation and narrow temperature ranges(M_s-M_f)and(A_s-A_f);the alloy so obtained pos- sessed smooth and mobile martensite intervariant interfaces,therefore showing the best shape memory effect.

Microstructure and damping properties of LPSO phase dominant Mg-Ni-Y and Mg-Zn-Ni-Y alloys

This work studied the microstructure,mechanical properties and damping properties of Mg_(95.34)Ni_(2)Y_(2.66) and Mg_(95.34)Zn_(1)Ni_(1)Y_(2.66)alloys systematically.The difference in the evolution of the long-period stacked ordered(LPSO)phase in the two alloys during heat treatment was the focus.The morphology of the as-cast Mg_(95.34)Ni_(2)Y_(2.66)presented a disordered network.After heat treatment at 773 K for 2 hours,the eutectic phase was integrated into the matrix,and the LPSO phase maintained the 18R structure.As Zn partially replaced Ni,the crystal grains became rounded in the cast alloy,and lamellar LPSO phases and more solid solution atoms were contained in the matrix after heat treatment of the Mg_(95.34)Zn_(1)Ni_(1)Y_(2.66)alloy.Both Zn and the heat treatment had a significant effect on damping.Obvious dislocation internal friction peaks and grain boundary internal friction peaks were found after temperature-dependent damping of the Mg_(95.34)Ni_(2)Y_(2.66)and Mg_(95.34)Zn_(1)Ni_(1)Y_(2.66)alloys.After heat treatment,the dislocation peak was significantly increased,especially in the alloy Mg_(95.34)Ni_(2)Y_(2).66.The annealed Mg_(95.34)Ni_(2)Y_(2.66)alloy with a rod-shaped LPSO phase exhibited a good damping performance of 0.14 atε=10^(−3),which was due to the difference between the second phase and solid solution atom content.These factors also affected the dynamic modulus of the alloy.The results of this study will help in further development of high-damping magnesium alloys.

Recent innovations in laser additive manufacturing of titanium alloys

Titanium(Ti)alloys are widely used in high-tech fields like aerospace and biomedical engineering.Laser additive manufacturing(LAM),as an innovative technology,is the key driver for the development of Ti alloys.Despite the significant advancements in LAM of Ti alloys,there remain challenges that need further research and development efforts.To recap the potential of LAM high-performance Ti alloy,this article systematically reviews LAM Ti alloys with up-to-date information on process,materials,and properties.Several feasible solutions to advance LAM Ti alloys are reviewed,including intelligent process parameters optimization,LAM process innovation with auxiliary fields and novel Ti alloys customization for LAM.The auxiliary energy fields(e.g.thermal,acoustic,mechanical deformation and magnetic fields)can affect the melt pool dynamics and solidification behaviour during LAM of Ti alloys,altering microstructures and mechanical performances.Different kinds of novel Ti alloys customized for LAM,like peritecticα-Ti,eutectoid(α+β)-Ti,hybrid(α+β)-Ti,isomorphousβ-Ti and eutecticβ-Ti alloys are reviewed in detail.Furthermore,machine learning in accelerating the LAM process optimization and new materials development is also outlooked.This review summarizes the material properties and performance envelops and benchmarks the research achievements in LAM of Ti alloys.In addition,the perspectives and further trends in LAM of Ti alloys are also highlighted.

Microstructures,corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-6Zn-2X(Fe/Cu/Ni)alloys for plugging tool applications

Mg-6Zn-2X(Fe/Cu/Ni)alloys were prepared through semi-continuous casting,with the aim of identifying a degradable magnesium(Mg)alloy suitable for use in fracturing balls.A comparative analysis was conducted to assess the impacts of adding Cu and Ni,which result in finer grains and the formation of galvanic corrosion sites.Scanner electronic microscopy examination revealed that precipitated phases concentrated at grain boundaries,forming a semi-continuous network structure that facilitated corrosion penetration in Mg-6Zn-2Cu and Mg-6Zn-2Ni alloys.Pitting corrosion was observed in Mg-6Zn-2Fe,while galvanic corrosion was identified as the primary mechanism in Mg-6Zn-2Cu and Mg-6Zn-2Ni alloys.Among the tests,the Mg-6Zn-2Ni alloy exhibited the highest corrosion rate(approximately 932.9 mm/a)due to its significant potential difference.Mechanical testing showed that Mg-6Zn-2Ni alloy possessed suitable ultimate compressive strength,making it a potential candidate material for degradable fracturing balls,effectively addressing the challenges of balancing strength and degradation rate in fracturing applications.

Effect of characteristics and distribution of Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates on tensile and bending properties of high-Al-containing Mg alloys

This study investigates the effect of characteristics and distribution of Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates on the uniaxial tensile and three-point bending properties of extruded Mg alloys containing high Al contents.The extruded Mg–9Al–1Zn–0.3Mn(AZ91)alloy contains lamellar-structured Mg_(17)Al_(12)discontinuous precipitates along the grain boundaries,which are formed via static precipitation during natural air cooling.The extruded Mg–11Al–1Zn–0.3Mn(AZ111)alloy contains spherical Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates at the grain boundaries and inside the grains,which are formed via dynamic precipitation during extrusion.Due to inhomogeneous distribution of precipitates,the AZ111 alloy consists of two different precipitate regions:precipitate-rich region with numerous precipitates and finer grains and precipitate-scarce region with a few precipitates and coarser grains.The AZ111 alloy exhibits a higher tensile strength than the AZ91 alloy because its smaller grain size and more abundant precipitates result in stronger grain-boundary hardening and precipitation hardening effects,respectively.However,the tensile elongation of the AZ111 alloy is lower than that of the AZ91 alloy because the weak cohesion between the dynamic precipitates and the matrix facilitates the crack initiation and propagation.During bending,a macrocrack initiates on the outer surface of bending specimen in both alloys.The AZ111 alloy exhibits higher bending yield strength and lower failure bending strain than the AZ91 alloy.The bending specimens of the AZ91 alloy have similar bending formability,whereas those of the AZ111 alloy exhibit considerable differences in bending formability and crack propagation behavior,depending on the distribution and number density of precipitates in the specimen.In bending specimens of the AZ111 alloy,it is found that the failure bending strain(ε_(f,bending))is inversely proportional to the area fraction of precipitates in the outer zone of bending specimen(A_(ppt)),with a relationship ofε_(f,bending)=–0.1A_(ppt)+5.86.