Insights into the relations between cell wall integrity and in vitro digestion properties of granular starches in pulse cotyledon cells after dry heat treatment

Natural foods,such as whole pulses,are recommended in the dietary guidelines of the US and China.The plant cell wall structure in whole pulses has important implications for the nutritional functionalities of starch.In this study,garbanzo bean cells with varying degrees of cell wall integrity were subjected to dry heat treatment(DHT)and used to elucidate the food structure-starch digestion properties of pulse food.The morphological features suggested that all cell samples do not exhibit remarkable changes after being subjected to DHT.Molecular rearrangement and the crystallite disruption of starch granules entrapped in cells occurred during DHT as assessed by the crystal structure and thermal properties.DHT decreased the inhibitory effects of enzymes of both the soluble and insoluble components,but the digestion rate and extent of slightly and highly damaged cell samples did not exhibit significant differences compared with their native counterparts.We concluded that the starch digestion of pulse cotyledon cells is primarily determined by the intactness of the cellular structure.This study reveals the role of food structure on the ability to retain the desirable nutritional properties of starch after subjection to physical modification.

Cux1^(+)proliferative basal cells promote epidermal hyperplasia in chronic dry skin disease identified by single-cell RNA transcriptomics

Pathological dry skin is a disturbing and intractable healthcare burden,characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and severe itch.Atopic dermatitis(AD)and psoriasis models with complications of dry skin have been studied using single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq).However,scRNA-seq analysis of the dry skin mouse model(acetone/ether/water(AEW)-treated model)is still lacking.Here,we used scRNA-seq and in situ hybridization to identify a novel proliferative basal cell(PBC)state that exclusively expresses transcription factor CUT-like homeobox 1(Cux1).Further in vitro study demonstrated that Cux1 is vital for keratinocyte proliferation by regulating a series of cyclin-dependent kinases(CDKs)and cyclins.Clinically,Cux1+PBCs were increased in patients with psoriasis,suggesting that Cux1+PBCs play an important part in epidermal hyperplasia.This study presents a systematic knowledge of the transcriptomic changes in a chronic dry skin mouse model,as well as a potential therapeutic target against dry skin-related dermatoses.

Evaluating role of bone marrow-derived stem cells in dry age-related macular degeneration using multifocal electroretinogram and fundus autofluorescence imaging

AIM：To evaluate the role of bone marrow-derived stem cells in the treatment of advanced dry age-related macular degeneration（AMD）using multifocal electroretinogram（mf-ERG）and fundus autofluorescence imaging.METHODS：Thirty patients（60 eyes）with bilateral central geographic atrophy（GA）were recruited.Worse eye of each patient received autologous bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells（BM-HSCs）（group 1）and the fellow eye with better visual acuity served as control（group2）.The effect of stem cell therapy was determined in terms of visual acuity,amplitude and implicit time in mf-ERG and size of GA on fundus autofluorescence imaging.These tests were performed at presentation and first,third and sixth month follow up.Adverse events（if any）were also monitored.RESULTS：At 6mo follow-up there was no statistically significant improvement in median log MAR best corrected visual acuity（BCVA）in either group.Mf-ERG revealed significant improvement in amplitude and implicit time in the intervention group.A significant decrease was also noted in greatest linear dimension（GLD）of GA in the eyes receiving stem cells[6.78±2.60 mm at baseline to 6.56±2.59 mm at 6mo（P=0.021）].However,no such improvement was noted in the control group.CONCLUSION：Electrophysiological and anatomical improvement in the intervention group sheds light on the therapeutic role of BM-HSCs.Further studies are required to determine the stage of disease at which the maximal benefit can be achieved and to standardize the dose andfrequency of stem cell injection.

Establishment of HIV-1 model cell line GHOST（3） with stable DRiP78 and NHERF1 knockdown

Chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 are indispensable co-receptors for HIV-1 entry into host cells. In our previous study, we identified that dopamine receptor-interacting protein 78（DRi P78） and Na＋-H＋ exchanger regulatory factor 1（NHERF1） are the CXCR4 and CCR5 homo- or hetero-dimerinteracting proteins. DRi P78 and NHERF1 are able to influence the co-receptor internalization and intracellular trafficking. Over-expression of NHERF1 affects the ligands or HIV-1 gp120-induced CCR5 internalization and HIV-1 production. It is reasonable to speculate that DRi P78 and NHERF1, as well as the signaling pathways involved in viral replication, would probably affect HIV-1 replication through regulating the co-receptors. In this present study, we designed two short hairpin RNAs（sh RNAs） targeting the DRi P78 and NHERF1, respectively, and constructed the p Lenti6/BLOCK-i T-DEST lentiviral plasmids expressing DRi P78 or NHERF1 sh RNA. The packaged lentiviruses were used to transduce the widely-applied HIV-1 model cell line GHOST（3）. Then, cells with stable knockdown were established through selecting transduced cells with Blasticidin. This study, for the first time, reported the establishment of the GHOST（3） with DRi P78 and NHERF1 knockdown, which is the first stable cell line with HIV-1 co-receptor-interacting molecular defects.

Deterioration of Dry Skin in Arthritis Model Mice via Stress-Induced Changes in Immune Cells in the Thymus and Spleen

Objective: Skin dryness is a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis model mice. A previous study reported that the stress hormone glucocorticoid (i.e., corticosterone) is related to the induction of dry skin in arthritic mice. However, the mechanism through which stress induces dry skin in these mice is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we examined the relationship between stress and induction of dry skin in arthritic mice. Methods: Physical stress load in mice with DBA/1JJmsSlc collagen-induced arthritis was treated with water immersion stress, and transepidermal water loss and the expression of markers associated with allergic reactions and inflammation was evaluated. Results: Deterioration of skin dryness was observed in stressed arthritic mice compared with that in unstressed arthritic mice. Moreover, plasma levels of interleukin-6 and corticosterone were increased in stressed arthritic mice compared with those in unstressed arthritic mice. We also observed decreased regulatory T cell numbers and increased T helper type 2 cell numbers in the thymus of stressed arthritic mice compared with those in unstressed arthritic mice. Conclusion: These results suggested that abnormalities in the immune system were related to deterioration of dry skin in stressed arthritic mice. Thus, reduction of stress may prevent deterioration of dry skin in mice with arthritis.

Transporting Mammalian Cells at Ambient Temperature:A Viable Alternative to Dry Ice

The most common method of shipping cells between institutes and companies is sending them frozen, usually treated with anti-freeze solution (most commonly DMSO because it is less toxic than many alternatives), and then packaging them in dry ice for shipment. However many countries place restrictions on dry ice shipments. An alternative to shipping frozen cell vials is to send flasks of growing cells in media. This also has problems because cells in media have limited viability and the flasks can leak. Here we report on an alternative method for shipping viable cells at ambient temperature without dry ice or in media filled flasks. In this study we report on the development and properties of HemSol?. This is an inexpensive, eco-friendly and protects cell integrity at ambient temperature while maintaining viability. We have previously shown that HemSol? protects platelet and RBC function in cold storage and circulating tumor cells up to 6 days. Therefore we wanted to know if HemSol? could also be used to transport live cells. Since HemSol? is a liquid, we experimented with encasing the cells with HemSol? and gelatin so as to prevent dry ice shipment of cells and circumvent the shipping of cells in media. We performed mock shipping experiments where cells were stored in HemSol? gel kept at room temperature on a lab benchtop and cells stored in dry ice was also kept on lab benchtop for up to 2 days. After the mock shipping period, we analyzed cells for their functions. Our results show that cells in HemSol? gel have greater than 95% viability and restored biological functions in 2 hours, whereas, cells shipped in dry ice required more than 24 hours to recover and needed media change to remove the DMSO.

阿法替尼脂质体冻干粉的制备与性质

设计一种新型脂质体冻干粉,作为吸入剂有望解决阿法替尼因口服给药产生的胃肠道不良反应等问题,发挥局部定位治疗效果。根据外观形态、溶解性、粒径和包封率确定最佳冻干工艺,并对制备的冻干粉性质进行表征。实验结果显示,采用冷冻干燥法制备的以甘露醇+乳糖为联合冻干保护剂的阿法替尼脂质体冻干粉为白色蓬松粉末,溶解性好,略有引湿性,流动性好,复溶后的平均粒径为(167.0±3.7)nm,包封率为(91.3±1.2)%,稳定性较好。体外释放实验表明,该制剂在PBS和含20%FBS的PBS中初始阶段释放较为缓慢,48 h释放率均为60%左右。体外细胞毒性实验表明,阿法替尼脂质体冻干粉与阿法替尼脂质体的肿瘤细胞毒性作用相当,IC_(50)值为(4.9±0.6)μg/mL。

BaCe_(0.8)Fe_(0.1)Ni_(0.1)O_(3−δ)-impregnated Ni-GDC by phase-inversion as an anode of solid oxide fuel cells with on-cell dry methane reforming

BaCe_(0.8)Fe_(0.1)Ni_(0.1)O_(3−δ)(BCFN)in a perovskite structure is impregnated consecutively by BCFN solution and BCFN suspension into a phase-inversion prepared NiO–Gd_(0.1)Ce_(0.9)O_(2−δ)(GDC)scaffold as an anode for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)with on-cell dry reforming of methane(DRM).The whole pore surface of the scaffold is covered by small BCFN particles formed by BCFN solution impregnation;the large pores near the scaffold surface are filled by BCFN aerogels with a high specific surface area produced by BCFN suspension impregnation,which act as a catalytic layer for on-cell DRM.After reduction,the anode consists of a Ni–GDC scaffold and BCFN particles with exsolved FeNi3 nanoparticles.This BCFN-impregnated Ni–GDC anode has higher electrical conductivity,electrochemical activity,and resistance to carbon deposition,with which the cell shows maximum power densities between 1.44 and 0.92 W·cm^(−2) when using H_(2) and between 1.09 and 0.50 W·cm^(−2) when using CO_(2)–CH_(4) at temperatures ranging from 750 to 600℃.A stable performance at 400 mA·cm^(−2) and 700℃is achieved using 45%CO_(2)–45%CH_(4)–10%N_(2) for more than 400 h without carbon deposition,benefiting from the impregnated BCFN aerogel with a high specific surface area and water adsorbability.

基于网络药理学探讨麻黄活性成分治疗血管痉挛的作用机制

【目的】运用网络药理学和体外细胞试验探究麻黄活性成分治疗血管痉挛的相关分子机制。【方法】从中药系统药理学数据库及分析平台(TCMSP)、SwissTargetPrediction和PharMapper数据库获取麻黄的主要活性成分及作用靶点,通过DrugBank、GeneCards、OMIM数据库获取疾病靶点,取交集得到药物成分-疾病交集靶点。利用STRING数据库进行蛋白-蛋白互作(PPI)分析,通过Cytoscape 3.9.1软件筛选得到核心靶点与核心成分。采用Metascape平台进行GO功能与KEGG通路富集分析,AutoDock Vina平台进行分子对接。在此基础上,通过MTT法检测麻黄活性成分对血管紧张素Ⅱ所致血管平滑肌细胞(vSMCs)增殖影响的机制。【结果】麻黄的有效活性成分主要包括木犀草素、槲皮素、β-槲皮素、圣草酚、柚皮素、豆甾醇、山柰酚等,这些药物成分主要作用靶点488个,血管痉挛的相关靶点394个。麻黄防治血管痉挛有67个预测靶点,主要包括基质金属肽酶Ⅸ(MMP9)、MMP2、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1型(AGTR1)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1(MAPK1)、血管内皮生长因子A(VEGFA)、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、一氧化氮合酶2(NOS2)等。对上述67个靶点进行富集分析发现,与正向调节细胞迁移、对外来刺激反应、对缺氧反应、血管生成正向调节等生物过程,等离子体膜、突触后膜、突触前膜、树突、膜筏、轴突末端等细胞组分,RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录因子活性、配体激活序列特异性DNA结合、丝氨酸型内肽酶活性、肽链内切酶活性、酶结合、锌离子结合等分子功能,以及钙信号通路、血管平滑肌收缩、松弛素信号通路、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B信号通路(PI3K-Akt)、鞘脂类信号通路等途径相关。分子对接结果表明,麻黄主要活性成分木犀草素、槲皮素与关键靶点MMP2和MMP9结合具有稳定构象。体外试验结果表明,麻黄活性成分木犀草素能抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ所致vSMCs增殖,其机制可能与其抑制MAPK1信号转导通路的活化有关。【结论】麻黄多种活性成分通过作用于MMP2、MMP9、血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶(ACE)、NOS2等靶点治疗血管痉挛,本研究结果为麻黄活性成分治疗血管痉挛的作用机制研究提供了科学参考。

动态文化为骨头工程作为脚手架在 freeze-dried 骨头上改进 MSC 粘附

AIM:To investigate the interaction between mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) and bone grafts using two different cultivation methods:static and dynamic.METHODS:MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow.MSC culture was analyzed according to the morphology,cell differentiation potential,and surface molecular markers.Before cell culture,freeze-dried bone(FDB) was maintained in culture for 3 d in order to verify culture medium pH.MSCs were co-cultured with FDB using two different cultivation methods:static co-culture(two-dimensional) and dynamic co-culture(threedimensional).After 24 h of cultivation by dynamic or static methods,histological analysis of Cell adhesion on FDB was performed.Cell viability was assessed by the Trypan Blue exclusion method on days 0,3 and 6 after dynamic or static culture.Adherent cells were detached from FDB surface,stained with Trypan Blue,and quantified to determine whether the cells remained on the graft surface in prolonged non-dynamic culture.Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS and a P 【 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS:The results showed a clear potential for adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MSC cultures.Rat MSCs were positive for CD44,CD90 and CD29 and negative for CD34,CD45 and CD11bc.FDBs were maintained in culture for 3 d and the results showed there was no significant variation in the culture medium pH with FDB compared to pure medium pH(P 】 0.05).In histological analysis,there was a significant difference in the amount of adhered cells on FDB between the two cultivation methods(P 【 0.05).The MSCs in the dynamic co-culture method demonstrated greater adhesion on the bone surface than in static co-culture method.On day 0,the cell viability in the dynamic system was significantly higher than in the static system(P 【 0.05).There was a statistical difference in cell viability between days 0,3 and 6 after dynamic culture(P 【 0.05).In static culture,cell viability on day 6 was significantly lower than on day 3 and 0(P 【 0.05).CONCLUSION:An alternative cultivation method was developed to improve the MSCs adhesion on FDB,demonstrating that dynamic co-culture provides a superior environment over static conditions.

Self-organization effect in poly(3-hexylthiophene): methanofullerenes solar cells

This paper studies the self-organization of the polymer in solar cells based on poly（3-hexylthiophene）： [6, 6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester by controlling the growth rate of active layer. These blend films are characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, charge-transport dark J - V curve, x-ray diffraction pattern curve, and atomic force microscopy. The results indicate that slowing down the drying process of the wet films leads to an enhanced selforganization, which causes an increased hole transport. Increased incident light absorption, higher carrier mobility, and balanced carrier transport in the active layer explain the enhancement in the device performance, the power conversion efficiency of 3.43% and fill factor up to 64.6% are achieved under Air Mass 1.5, 100 mW/cm^2.

Photoinduced degradation of organic solar cells with different microstructures

An in situ measurement setup is established to investigate the photoinduced degradation effects in a controllable inert gas ambient environment for the two different microstructures of poly（3-hexylthiophene） （P3HT） and [6,6]-phenyl-C61- butyricacid methyl ester （PCBM） bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. The two devices are fabricated with the solvent vapor drying process followed by a thermal annealing （vapor drying device） and only a normal thermal annealing process （control device）, respectively. Their power conversion efficiencies （PCEs） and aging features are compared. Their different degradation behaviors in light absorption are confirmed. In addition, irradiation-induced changes in both nanostructure and surface morphology of the P3HT：PCBM blend films treated with two different fabrication processes are observed through scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Aggregated bulbs are observed at the surfaces for control devices after light irradiation for 50 h, while the vapor drying devices exhibit smooth film surfaces, and the corresponding device features are not easy to degrade under the aging measurement. Thus the devices having solvent vapor drying and thermal annealing show better device stabilities than those having only the thermal annealing process.

Microstructure formation mechanism of catalyst layer and its effect on fuel cell performance:Effect of dispersion medium composition

The design of the catalyst layer(CL)offers a feasible way to realize the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs).An in-depth understanding of catalyst inks is critical to achieving the optimal CL structure and cell performance.In this work,the effects of the solvent evaporation process during ink drying on the formation of the CL microstructure are particularly considered to reveal the structure-property correlations among the catalyst ink,drying process,CL microstructure and fuel cell performance.An increase in the alcohol content of the catalyst ink increases the amount of free ionomers while allowing the ionomer backbone to be more stretched in the dispersion medium.The higher alcohol content contributes to rapid solvent evaporation and thus inhibits the formation of coffee rings;as a result,a more developed ionomer network with a denser pore structure is obtained.Therefore,the alcohol-rich electrode exhibits better proton conduction capability,but higher oxygen transport resistance.For complex fuel cell operating conditions,a catalyst ink formulation with 50 wt%alcohol content is preferred due to its proper ionomer and pore size distribution,providing satisfactory fuel cell performance.

Incidence of ocular manifestations in patients with graft versus host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplant in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

AIM: To evaluate the incidence and severity of ocular graft versus host disease(o GVHD) in patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplant(SCT) in King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Saudi Arabia.METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted in King Abdul Aziz Medical City on patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant(allo-HCT) from 2010 to 2017. The ocular examination findings including visual acuity, meibomian gland dysfunction, corneal and conjunctival staining with severity, corneal scarring, tear film meniscus and breakup time, anterior and posterior segment examination findings, intraocular pressure, treatment given, punctual plugs used or not, and follow up response were collected.RESULTS: The five years cumulative incidence of o GVHD among post-transplant patients was 56.98%(95%CI 38.6%-71.7%). The potential risk factors assessed for developing ocular manifestation were age, gender, donor’s age, donor gender mismatch CD3 and CD34 infusion, while none of the correlates were identified as statistically significant risk factors of developing ocular manifestation. However, the incidence was statistically significantly different betweenpatients diagnosed with acute myelocytic leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia(P=0.038). The mean latent period to develop ocular symptoms was 20.5 mo. All patients had variable degree of dry eyes. None of the patients developed any posterior segment complication.CONCLUSION: The incidence of o GVHD is low in King Abdul-Aziz Medical City. This can be attributed to the preconditioning and immunosuppressive regime.

Cytoprotective effect of amniotic membrane extracts on human corneal epithelial cells exposed to benzalkonium chloride in vitro

Background:The goal was to explore the protective effect and potential mechanism of amniotic membrane extracts(AME)on the ocular surface exposed to benzalkonium chloride(BAC).Methods:The human corneal epithelial cell(HCEC)line SD-HCEC1s was cultured in 5 groups:normal control(NC),NC+AME,BAC,BAC+NC,and BAC+AME.Cell viability analysis,flow cytometry analysis,real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR),and western blot were employed to measure changes in cell function.Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)and inflammatory cytokines were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and activity assays.Results:Real-time PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that the expressional level of caspase-8 was increased while the levels of Muc1,Muc4,and Muc16 were decreased after treatment with 0.02%BAC for 1 h.When the SD-HCEC1s were withdrawn from the BAC and switched to media containing 10%AME for 2 days,the expression level of capsase-8 was decreased while the levels of Muc1,Muc4,and Muc16 were increased.Real-time PCR and ELISA demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-1,MMP-3,MMP-13,CXCL1,interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)were significantly increased after treatment with 0.02%BAC,whereas those of MMP-8 were decreased.When the 0.02%BAC was withdrawn and the SD-HCEC1s were cultured in 10%AME,the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-1,MMP-3,MMP-13,CXCL1,IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αwere decreased,while those of MMP-8 were increased.MMP-8 activity assays confirmed that IL-1βand TNF-αdownregulated the protein levels of MMP-8.Conclusions:AME protects SD-HCEC1s when stressed in BAC via upregulation of MMP-8 and downregulation of IL-1βand TNF-α.AME may have the potential functions to be employed as a topical adjunctive therapy in eyes chronically exposed to BAC.

Topical biological agents targeting cytokines for the treatment of dry eye disease

Because inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease and Sjogren's syndrome, topical anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids and cyclosporine A have been used to treat inflammation of the ocular surface and lacrimal gland. Systemic biological agents that target specific immune molecules or cells such as tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, interferone-α, interleukin(IL)-1, IL-6, or B cells have been used in an attempt to treat Sjogren's syndrome. However, the efficacy of systemic biological agents, other than B-cell targeting agents, has not yet been confirmed in Sjogren's syndrome. Several studies have recently evaluated the efficacy of topical administration of biological agents targeting cytokines in the treatment of dry eye disease. Topical blockade of IL-1 by using IL-1 receptor antagonist could ameliorate clinical signs and inflammation of experimental dry eye. Using a mouse model of desiccating stress-induced dry eye, we have demonstrated that topical application of a TNF-α blocking agent, infliximab, could improve tear production and ocular surface irregularity, decrease inflammatory cytokines and Th-1 CD4+ cells on the ocular surface, and increase gobletcell density in the conjunctiva. Although controversy still remains, the use of topical biological agents targeting inflammatory cytokines may be a promising therapy for human dry eye disease.

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Olive Leaf Extracts and Their Effect on Proliferation of Human Carcinoma Cell Lines

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different olive leaf extracts (OLE) from different leaf growing stages on human carcinoma cell lines. OLE were tested in human carcinoma cell lines in vitro and cells were plated in 96-microtiter culture plates for each OLE concentration. Fresh (F) and freeze-dried (FD) leaves exhibited phenolic compounds in the range of 2.09 ± 0.10 to 8.44 ± 0.64 and 7.72 ± 0.56 to 24.65 ± 1.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/g leaves, respectively. OLE from several Portuguese olive tree cultivars were found to inhibit the growth of human carcinoma cell lines in a range of 2.09 - 8.44 μg phenolic compound/well (209 - 844 μg/ml) and 0.07 - 2.40 μg phenolic compounds/well (7 - 240 μg/ml) for fresh and freeze-dried leaves, respectively. Young (Y) leaves have revealed the highest cell growth inhibition ranging from about 95% for Cobran?osa, followed by 90% for Cobran?osa, 90% for Arbequina and 75% for Arbequina for cell lines A549, HeLa, A431 and OE21, respectively. The lowest cell growth inhibition (35%) was observed for Galega (Y) leaf extract on cell line A549. However, FD samples exhibited a distinctive pattern since cell growth inhibition was highest at highest extract dilution tested, for A431 (Galega Y) followed by A549 (Cobran?osa Y) with cell inhibition of 75% and 70%, respectively. The data presented in this work strongly suggest that OLEs inhibit the growth of human carcinoma cell lines.

Late spring cold reduces grain number at various spike positions by regulating spike growth and assimilate distribution in winter wheat

Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions,leaves,and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear.In the present study,two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures(2 C,-2 C) and durations(1,2,and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19(YN19,cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26(XM26,cold-sensitive).The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation.LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation,leading to high yield losses in both cultivars.LSC reduced dry matter accumulation(DMA,g) in spikes,stems,and leaves,reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem.Plant cell wall invertase(CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19,whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26.Under LSC,soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development,so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19,whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26,resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets.The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC,with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets.Overall,reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development,leading to high losses of grain yield.

甘草干姜汤对顺铂所致巨噬细胞毒性的保护作用

目的研究甘草干姜汤(LDGD)对顺铂所致巨噬细胞毒性的保护作用及机制。方法体外培养小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测不同浓度顺铂(1、2、3、4、6μg·mL^(-1))和LDGD(5、10、15、20 mg·mL^(-1))对RAW264.7细胞活力的影响,考察顺铂(2、3、4μg·mL^(-1))和LDGD(5、10、20 mg·mL^(-1))单用、序贯和同时作用对RAW264.7细胞的毒性作用;流式细胞术测定顺铂(4μg·mL^(-1))和LDGD(5、10、20 mg·mL^(-1))单用及不同方式联合作用对RAW264.7细胞凋亡、细胞活性氧(ROS)及线粒体膜电位的影响。雄性C57/BL6J小鼠24只,随机分为4组:对照组、模型组、顺铂组(4 mg·kg^(-1))、联用组(顺铂4 mg·kg^(-1)+LDGD 5 g·kg^(-1)),每组6只。除对照组外其他各组接种小鼠肺腺癌细胞(LLC)后第2天,联用组小鼠连续灌胃给药LDGD 20 d,顺铂组和联用组每3 d腹腔注射顺铂,荷瘤21 d后处死小鼠,测定甘草干姜汤与顺铂联用对小鼠肿瘤体积、体重、脏器指数、脾脏T淋巴细胞分型、血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)等免疫因子水平及肿瘤切片中巨噬细胞浸润等的影响。结果与对照组相比,顺铂呈剂量依赖性抑制小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的细胞活力(P<0.01),而LDGD各剂量组均能促进RAW264.7的细胞活力(P<0.01);LDGD能降低顺铂对RAW264.7细胞活力的抑制作用(P<0.01),降低顺铂引起的RAW264.7细胞凋亡(P<0.01);LDGD能够逆转顺铂所致RAW264.7细胞的ROS水平升高及线粒体膜电位下降(P<0.01);顺铂组和联用组均能显著抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长;顺铂能导致小鼠体重显著下降,肝脏指数显著升高,肾脏、脾脏和胸腺指数显著下降;联用组能使胸腺指数恢复到正常水平,肝肾和脾脏指数向对照组水平恢复;LDGD能在顺铂作用的基础上进一步提高小鼠脾脏CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞的水平;同时LDGD提高了肿瘤组织中的巨噬细胞浸润和小鼠血清TNF-α含量,降低了血清IL-6含量。结论LDGD可能通过减少ROS产生和稳定线粒体膜电位抑制顺铂诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞凋亡,降低顺铂的细胞毒性;LDGD与顺铂联用,抗肿瘤同时能降低顺铂造成的小鼠肝肾和免疫器官损伤,促进巨噬细胞功能,进一步提高机体免疫水平。