A quantitative model for danger degree evaluation of staged operation of earth dam reservoir in flood season and its application

Based on the natural disaster risk evaluation mode, a quantitative danger degree evaluation model was developed to evaluate the danger degree of earth dam reservoir staged operation in the flood season. A formula for the overtopping risk rate of the earth dam reservoir staged operation was established, with consideration of the joint effect of flood and wind waves in the flood sub-seasons with the Monte Carlo method, and the integrated overtopping risk rate for the whole flood season was obtained via the total probability approach. A composite normalized function was used to transform the dam overtopping risk rate into the danger degree, on a scale of 0-1. Danger degree gradating criteria were divided by four significant characteristic values of the dam overtopping rate, and corresponding guidelines for danger evaluation are explained in detail in this paper. Examples indicated that the dam overtopping danger degree of the Chengbihe Reservoir in China was 0.33-0.57, within the range of moderate danger level, and the flood-limiting water level （FLWL） can be adjusted to 185.00 m for the early and main flood seasons, and 185.00-187.50 m for the late flood season. The proposed quantitative model offers a theoretical basis for determination of the value of the danger degree of an earth dam reservoir under normal operation as well as the optimal scheduling scheme for the reservoir in each stage of the flood season.

Damming effects on dissolved inorganic carbon in different kinds of reservoirs in Jialing River,Southwest China

To assess the effects of river damming on dissolved inorganic carbon in the Jialing River, a total of 40 water samples, including inflow, outflow, and stratified water in four cascade reservoirs(Tingzikou, Xinzheng,Dongxiguan, Caojie) were collected in January and July,2016. The major cations, anions, and δ^(13)C_(DIC) values were analyzed. It was found that the dissolved compositions are dominated by carbonate weathering, while sulfuric acids may play a relatively important role during carbonate weathering and increasing DIC concentration. Different reservoirs had variable characteristics of water physiochemical stratification. The DIC concentrations of reservoir water were lower in summer than those in winter due to the dilute effects and intensive aquatic photosynthesis, as well as imported tributaries. The δ^(13)C_(DIC) values in Tingzikou Reservoir were higher during summer than those in winter,which indicated that intensive photosynthesis increased the δ^(13)C_(DIC) values in residual water, but a similar trend was not obvious in other reservoirs. Except for in Xinzheng Reservoir, the δ^(13)C_(DIC) values in inflow and outflow reservoir water were lower than those in the surface water of stratified sampling in summer. For stratified sampling, it could be found that, in summer, the Tingzikou Reservoir δ^(13)C_(DIC) values significantly decreased with water depthdue to the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter. The significant correlation(p<0.01 or 0.05) between the DIC concentrations, the δ^(13)C_(DIC) values and anthropogenic species(Na^++K^+, Cl~–, SO_4^(2-) and NO_3^-) showed that the isotope composition of DIC can be a useful tracer of contaminants. In total, Tingzikou Reservoir showed lacustrine features, Xinzheng Reservoir and Dongxiguan Reservoir had "transitional'' features, and Caojie Reservoir had a total of "fluvial'' features. Generally, cascade reservoirs in the Jialing River exhibited natural river features rather than typical lake features due to characteristics of reservoir water in physiochemical stratification, spatiotemporal variations of DIC concentrations and isotopic compositions. It is evident that the dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics of natural rivers had been partly remolded by dam building.

Dynamic analysis of dam-reservoir-foundation interaction using finite difference technique

Time domain dynamic analysis of inclined dam-reservoir-foundation interaction was conducted using finite difference method （FDM）. The Timoshenko beam theory and the Euler-Bemoulli beam theory were implemented to draw out governing equation of beam. The interactions between the dam and the soil were modeled by using a translational spring and a rotational spring. A Sommerfeld＇s radiation condition at the infinity boundary of the fluid domain was adopted. The effects of the reservoir bottom absorption and surface waves on the dam-reservoir-foundation interaction due to the earthquake were studied. To avoid the instability of solution, a semi-implicit scheme was used for the discretization of the governing equation of dam and an explicit scheme was used for the discretization of the governing equation of fluid. The results show that as the slope of upstream dam increases, the hydrodynamic pressure on the dam is reduced. Moreover, when the Timoshenko beam theory is used, the system response increases.

Channel Evolution of Sandy Reservoir Sediments Following Low-Head Dam Removal, Ottawa River, Northwestern Ohio, U.S.A.

Dozens of low-head dams are removed annually for reasons of obsolescence, financial liability, public safety, or as part of aquatic ecosystem restoration. Prior to removing a dam, hydrologic and sedimentologic studies are used to predict channel changes that would occur after the proposed dam removal. One commonly used predictive approach is a channel evolution model (CEM). However, most CEMs assume that the reservoir has trapped cohesive silts and muds. This study looks at the effects of low-head dam removal on a reservoir in filled with sand-rich sediment. The Secor Dam (2.5 m tall, 17 m wide) was constructed on the Ottawa River in northwestern Ohio (USA) during 1928 and was removed in 2007. High resolution channel cross-sections were measured at 17 locations prior to dam removal and re-measured every approximately 30 days for 6 months following the removal. Sediment sampling, sediment traps, substrate sampling, differential GPS tracking of channel bed forms and sediment coring were also used to characterize the channel sediment response to dam removal. Breaching of the dam produced a diffuse nickzone which was the width of the channel and about 10 m in length. One initial response was downstream migration of a sediment wave at rates up to 0.5 m/hr. The overall effect was erosion of the former reservoir to a distance of 150 m upstream of the former dam. Portions of the former reservoir were incised >1 m. Within the first 6 months after removal, approximately 800 m3 of sand had been mobilized from the former reservoir, transported downstream past the former dam, and had primarily in-filled pre-existing pools within a reach approximately 150 m downstream of the former dam. This behavior significantly differs from the predicted results of current CEMs which anticipate a first flush of suspended sediment and minor deposition of bed load materials in the channel downstream of the former dam.

Monitoring and Evaluating the Sedimentation Process in Mosul Dam Reservoir Using Trap Efficiency Approaches

Reservoirs are usually exposed to sediment accumulation problems that will lead to reduction in their storage capacity. This problem directly affects the performance of the dams and causes shortage of their useful life. The simplest technique to estimate sediment deposition rate is using sediment rating curve with sediment trapping efficiency (TE) of the reservoir. Many empirical and semi-empirical approaches have been suggested for to determine this term depending on the annual inflow rate, reservoir characteristics and features of the catchments area. In this study six different empirical methods depending on the residence time principle (water retention time) were used. These approaches were reviewed and applied to determine TE of Mosul dam reservoir (MDR) for period 1986 to 2011. The monthly operating data for inflow, outflow and water elevations for MDR were used to determine monthly TE and long-term TE for whole period of MDR using the mentioned methods. Furthermore, the monthly inflow rate for River Tigris upstream MDR, its sediment rating curve and sediment feeding from valleys around MDR were used to estimate the amount sediment coming to the reservoir. The results provided by these methods for TE with sediment coming to MDR were used to compute the amount of sediment deposited in MDR on monthly bases during this period. The results obtained were evaluated using observed bathymetric survey data that had been collected in 2011 after 25 years of the operation of the dam. The results showed all the mentioned methods gave convergent results and they were very close to bathymetric survey results for estimating the volume of sediment deposited especially that proposed by Ward which gave 0.368% percentage error. Furthermore, the result computed using monthly TE gave good agreement if compared with that long-term TE where the percentage error was ranging between –3.229% to 1.674% for monthly adopted data and –4.862% to?–2.477% for whole period data. It is believed that this work will help others to use this procedure on other reservoirs.

Numerical Simulation of Dam-Break Flooding of Cascade Reservoirs

Previous studies at home and abroad have mainly focused on single dam-break, and little attention has been paid so far to the dam-break of cascade reservoirs. Multi-source flooding, which can lead to three-dimensional turbulent phenomena and superposition effects, is the main difference between the dam-break of cascade and single reservoirs. Detailed descriptions of the coupled numerical simulation of multi-source flooding have little been reported, and the initial wet riverbed is rarely considered in current models. Therefore, in this paper, a method based on the three-dimensional (Formula presented.) turbulence model coupled with the volume-of-fluid method is proposed to simulate the dam-break flooding of cascade reservoirs. The upstream river, reservoir, and downstream river are connected by the internal boundary method, and the initial conditions, including river flow and reservoir water, are determined according to the results of the numerical simulation. Coupled numerical simulation of different dam-break flooding is then achieved. The present work solves the challenges presented by the enhancement and superposition of natural river flow, upstream flooding, and downstream flooding. This paper provides a theoretical basis for future studies on the dam-break flood routing of cascade reservoirs. © 2017 Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany

Sedimentation Processes and Useful Life of Mosul Dam Reservoir, Iraq

The sedimentation process is the most important problems that affects directly the performance of reservoirs due to the reduction of the storage capacity and possible problems effecting the operation. Thus periodic assessment of the storage capacity and determining sediment deposition patterns is an important issue for operation and management of the reservoirs. In this study, bathymetric survey results and an analytical approach had been used to assess the characteristics of sedimentation and estimate the useful life of Mosul Reservoir. It is located on the Tigris River in the north of Iraq. The water surface area of its reservoir is 380 km2 with a designed storage capacity of 11.11 km3 at a maximum operating level (330 m a.s.l). The dam started operating in 1986. No detailed study was yet carried out to assess its reservoir. The present study indicated that the annual reduction rate in the dead and live storage capacities of the reservoir is 0.786% and 0.276% respectively. The observed results (bathymetric survey) and algebraic formula show approximately that the useful life of Mosul dam reservoir is about 125 years. Furthermore, the stage-storage capacity curves for the future periods (prediction curves) were established using bathymetric survey data.

Using of GIS Spatial Analyses to Study the Selected Location for Dam Reservoir on Wadi Al-Jirnaf, West of Shirqat Area, Iraq

The GIS data of digital elevation model, topographic maps of different scales, satellite images and GPS were used to analyze the geometrical relations, bathometric properties and shape form of selected depressions on Al-Jirnaf valley. GIS was used to analyze the hydromorphometry and geometry of the depressions, these analyses explain the role of main valley’s contribution to the hydrology of the valley, then, three locations for water storage were suggested. 2D and 3D models of the sites were given, the maximum level, volume, surface area, circumference, shape factor of three supposed reservoirs calculated for different hypothetical levels of water in the reservoir, and the optimal level were determined, the maximum suggested levels are 190, 185 and 180 m, the areas are 3.25, 7.97 and 20.47 km2, the volumes are 0.0096, 0.0334 and 0.1118 km3 for the three locations respectively. This experimental procedure can be repeated in other depressions for the same purpose.

Possibilities of Using Dam Reservoir Sediments in Earthworks

A possibility of using bottom sediments from dam reservoir as a material for earthen embankments was considered in the paper. It was stated that sediments cannot be used for road or hydrotechnical embankments without improving their geotechnical parameters. Thanks to low values of the permeability coefficient, they can be used for sealing elements in embankments or for low levees. In order to verify usability of this material for mentioned levees, stability and filtration calculations were carried out using Finite Element Method （FEM） analysis. It was stated the levee built from bottom sediments is stable even at the height of 8.0 m, despite the boundary conditions on the upstream side.

Geomatics-Based Framework for Assessing Environmental Impacts of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Reservoir

Despite the benefits of big project dams, their reservoirs may have significant environmental impacts. The main objective of this paper is to develop an integrated analysis framework of remotely-sensed data ad GIS techniques for delineating surface area of the dam reservoir, simulating their capacities and assessing associated environmental impacts with application to Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). For this purpose, a methodology of four main steps was applied. The methodology involved delineating the up-to-date reservoir using remotely sensed data, simulating reservoir at full capacity, estimating current and potential reservoir capacity and finally assessing environmental impacts of the reservoir. The results revealed that the up-to-date reservoir covers a total area of 330.3 km2 with a gross storage capacity of 12 billion m3. Under full capacity scenario, the reservoir is estimated to cover a total area of 1650.9 km2, with a storage capacity of 63.4 billion m3. The GERD reservoir may lead to dramatic changes in the local environment with significant implications at both regional and global scales. In this respect, it was found that the reservoir will lead to destruction of ecosystems in a total area of 1300 km2 covered by grasslands and Savannah. Also, the GERD reservoir is expected to have significant impacts on GHGs emissions and global warming. Moreover, a massive quantity of water is expected to be lost by surface evaporation.

Simulation of Ground Motion at Guanting Reservoir Dam Based on the Scenario Earthquake in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin

Research at home and abroad shows that the simulation of ground motion using the 3D finite-difference method might be accurate and feasible. Based on related theories and methods,and using the wave velocity and density model of the crust in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin,this paper makes a simulation of ground motion at Guanting Reservoir Dam based on the scenario earthquake in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin. Comparative analysis shows that the results of 3D finite-difference simulation accord with those of the empirical formula. The parameters such as the velocity-time series of ground motion,PGV and frequency might be referred to for the analysis of seismic protection design of the dam's structure.

Reservoir water effects on earthquake performance evaluation of Torul Concrete-Faced Rockfill Dam

This study presents earthquake performance analysis of the Torul Concrete-Faced Rockfill （CFR） Dam with two-dimensional dam-soil and dam-soil-reservoir finite element models. The Lagrangian approach was used with fluid elements to model impounded water. The interface elements were used to simulate the slippage between the concrete face slab and the rockfill. The horizontal component of the 1992 Erzincan earthquake, with a peak ground acceleration of 0.515g, was considered in time-history analysis. The Drucker-Prager model was preferred in nonlinear analysis of the concrete slab, rockfill and foundation soil. The maximum principal stresses and the maximum displacements in two opposite directions were compared by the height of the concrete slab according to linear time-history analysis to reveal the effect of reservoir water. The changes of critical displacements and principal stresses with time are also shown in this paper. According to linear and nonlinear time-history analysis, the effect of the reservoir water on the earthquake performance of the Torul CFR Dam was investigated and the possible damage situation was examined. The results show that the hydrodynamic pressure of reservoir water leads to an increase in the maximum displacements and principal stresses of the dam and reduces the earthquake performance of the dam. Although the linear time-history analysis demonstrates that the earthquake causes a momentous damage to the concrete slab of the Torul CFR Dam, the nonlinear time-history analysis shows that no evident damage occurs in either reservoir case.

关于加强水库大坝下游水位监测的认识与建议

下游水位监测是1级~5级水库大坝必设的安全监测项目,但在实际建设过程中常常被忽视或误解,不利于充分发挥监测系统作用。通过设置下游水位监测,可以确定准确完整的坝体浸润线位置,支撑智慧水利建设;定量分析监测断面的防渗效果与渗流安全性态,提高渗流安全监测资料分析深度;为大坝渗流计算提供可靠的重要边界条件参数,提升渗流计算成果可靠性与准确性。下游水位监测对大坝安全监测以及大坝安全管理至关重要,建议有条件的水库补充设置下游水位监测,进一步完善大坝安全监测系统。

城市水库溃坝耦合极端降雨前后模拟对比分析

以探究城市上游水库溃坝耦合极端降雨及仅溃坝两种工况下洪水灾害程度的变化为目标,确定郑州市二七区、中原区、金水区及惠济区为研究区域,结合芝加哥雨型公式及长历时暴雨强度公式推求设计暴雨,依托“7·20郑州特大暴雨”实测数据推求研究区域产汇流特征,建立极端降雨与洪水过程的响应关系。在此基础上,以郑州市二七区尖岗水库为研究对象,构建两种工况下二维溃坝洪水演进模型,对水情信息进行对比分析。结果表明:相比于仅溃坝,降雨耦合溃坝工况下淹没范围更大,其中增加的淹没范围内各点的最大水深、流速、洪水严重性程度均处于较低等级。在河道两侧,两种工况下各等级水深、流速及洪水严重性淹没范围大致相同;地势较低的区域降雨耦合溃坝工况下淹没水深和流速增大较多,易涝点水深增加约0.6 m,选取断面水面线升高约1 m。

尾矿的特性、灾害及其资源潜力

尾矿是矿石磨细选别后残余的固体废弃物,尾矿物理化学特性及尾矿库的常规地表堆存共同导致尾矿库存在较大的安全与环境风险。低品位矿体高强度开采趋势下,我国尾矿年排放量维持在10亿t以上的高位,累计堆存规模超200亿t,细粒尾矿堆存方式、潜在灾害防治及综合利用面临新挑战,采选新技术装备及政策利好因素推动尾矿资源潜力亟待释放。因此,以尾矿物理化学特性、排放堆存方法、溃坝灾害、尾矿资源潜力为主线,综述了尾矿物理化学特性、尾矿堆存形式、尾矿溃坝灾害防治等方面的研究进展,系统梳理了尾矿空区充填、尾矿制备材料、尾矿二次利用、超积累植物提取金属元素、尾矿固碳等资源综合利用方法,可为研究者及工业界系统全面地重新审视尾矿废弃物特性、尾矿库灾害防治、矿产可持续开发利用提供启示。

水库和水电站工程建设对陆栖脊椎动物的影响

水库和水电站工程建设在很多国家已经成为导致生物多样性丧失的人为因素之一。其致使动物栖息地丧失和片段化,造成一系列负面生态效应,包括生物多样性丧失、种群破碎化、动物群落结构改变、边缘效应、生态竞争加剧、外来物种入侵等。大型水坝还会阻碍河狸(Castor fiber)、水獭(Lutra lutra)等半水生哺乳动物的季节性迁移和扩散,在水库蓄水过程中亦可能淹没栖息地,造成动物被困和溺水死亡。鉴于此,本文梳理了自1970年以来国内外发表的相关研究案例,归纳了缓解水库对陆栖脊椎动物生态影响的措施,包括在库区周边及上下游目标物种的适宜栖息地范围建立严格保护区域,在专业指导下用科学的方法对动物加以救助和转移,在水库淹没区建设大型的陆桥岛屿以维持更高的动物多样性,利用连续的小型岛屿设置“水上动物通道”等,以期为未来水库和水电站工程建设中的野生动物保护措施和环境影响评价、监测工作提供理论支撑。

加强水库安全管理的对策建议

为对标高质量发展新要求,顺应新质生产力发展方向,确保水库大坝安全稳定运行,对我国水库大坝的主要特点进行了梳理概括,通过分析我国水库安全管理面临的新形势新任务,提出要综合运用法律、技术、经济等手段,坚持治水思路、问题导向、底线思维、预防为主、系统观念、创新发展。结合当前水库安全管理存在的主要问题,提出相关对策建议,包括坚持“安全第一”方针、完善法规制度标准、构建运行管理矩阵、压实管理责任、加强库容管理、加强安全监测、加强应急管理、加强队伍能力建设等,为下一步加强水库安全管理提供参考。

洪水期小浪底水库排沙影响因素及规律研究

小浪底水库排沙主要集中在汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期。2000—2022年汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期小浪底水库累计排沙分别为4.840亿t和21.546亿t,分别占水库运用以来排沙总量的18.3%、81.5%。研究表明,入库水量与回水长度是影响汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙效果的主要因素;入库水量越大,回水长度越短,排沙效果越好。通过多元回归得到了汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙量与影响因素的关系。汛期洪水期小浪底水库排沙主要影响因素为壅水指标和进出库流量比,通过研究量化了汛期洪水期排沙比与影响因素的关系。

循环水浸作用下煤体孔隙与损伤演化机制实验研究

煤柱坝体作为矿井采空区水库的主要承载结构,在多场耦合影响下的损伤失稳机制直接制约采空区水库的长期安全稳定运行。本文借助核磁共振(NMR)研究了“单侧”浸水条件下不同次数循环浸水下煤样T2谱图、孔喉、孔隙率变化和核磁图像演化规律,分析了单侧循环浸水次数不断增加下煤样内部孔隙演化规律以及单轴压缩破坏形态特征,揭示了煤样水浸损伤破坏机制,结果表明,随循环浸水次数的增加,煤样孔隙数、孔喉占比、孔隙率均保持增长的态势,分别增长了67.18%、3.48%、3.49%。煤样单轴抗压强度与残余强度逐渐减小,煤样的平均峰值强度由15.74 MPa依次下降到11.76、9.65、8.41 MPa,循环浸水9次煤样相较于初始状态煤样的平均单轴抗压强度下降46.56%,平均残余强度从未循环浸水的5.55 MPa依次下降到3.08、2.44、0 MPa。煤样单侧循环浸水水分子由浸水侧逐渐向煤样内部渗流,最后扩展至整个煤样,进一步造成孔隙率增加。长期的循环浸水对煤样的软化作用十分显著。研究结果为采空区水库空间结构稳定性控制提供了科学依据。

水库大坝自动化监测系统应用研究

为解决传统水库大坝人工监测方法效率低、监测成果存在滞后性等弊端,以物联网传感、云服务等技术方法为基础,设计开发水库大坝自动化监测系统。通过对系统框架结构、多方式通信组网进行设计建设,利用多类型监测子系统获取水库大坝安全监测数据,并通过监测云平台进行数据成果可视化展示。为验证监测系统的可靠性,以某大型水库监测项目为研究对象,对监测系统运行期间的稳定性进行分析验证,并将监测系统数据成果与测区气象站、人工复核数据进行对比分析,全方位验证了水库大坝自动化监测系统的运行稳定性及成果可靠性,为水利工程枢纽动态监测提供了便捷可靠的解决方案。