Accelerated Sequential Deposition Reaction via Crystal Orientation Engineering for Low-Temperature,High-Efficiency Carbon-Electrode CsPbBr_(3) Solar Cells

Low-temperature,ambient processing of high-quality CsPbBr_(3)films is demanded for scalable production of efficient,low-cost carbon-electrode perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Herein,we demonstrate a crystal orientation engineering strategy of PbBr_(2)precursor film to accelerate its reaction with CsBr precursor during two-step sequential deposition of CsPbBr_(3)films.Such a novel strategy is proceeded by adding CsBr species into PbBr_(2)precursor,which can tailor the preferred crystal orientation of PbBr_(2)film from[020]into[031],with CsBr additive staying in the film as CsPb_(2)Br_(5)phase.Theoretical calculations show that the reaction energy barrier of(031)planes of PbBr_(2)with CsBr is lower about 2.28 eV than that of(O2O)planes.Therefore,CsPbBr_(3)films with full coverage,high purity,high crystallinity,micro-sized grains can be obtained at a low temperature of 150℃.Carbon-electrode PSCs with these desired CsPbBr_(3)films yield the record-high efficiency of 10.27%coupled with excellent operation stability.Meanwhile,the 1 cm^(2)area one with the superior efficiency of 8.00%as well as the flexible one with the champion efficiency of 8.27%and excellent mechanical bending characteristics are also achieved.

3D DEM simulation of hard rock fracture in deep tunnel excavation induced by changes in principal stress magnitude and orientation

To achieve the loading of the stress path of hard rock,the spherical discrete element model(DEM)and the new flexible membrane technology were utilized to realize the transient loading of three principal stresses with arbitrary magnitudes and orientations.Furthermore,based on the deep tunnel of China Jinping Underground Laboratory II(CJPL-II),the deformation and fracture evolution characteristics of deep hard rock induced by excavation stress path were analyzed,and the mechanisms of transient loading-unloading and stress rotation-induced fractures were revealed from a mesoscopic perspective.The results indicated that the stressestrain curve exhibits different trends and degrees of sudden changes when subjected to transient changes in principal stress,accompanied by sudden changes in strain rate.Stress rotation induces spatially directional deformation,resulting in fractures of different degrees and orientations,and increasing the degree of deformation anisotropy.The correlation between the degree of induced fracture and the unloading magnitude of minimum principal stress,as well as its initial level is significant and positive.The process of mechanical response during transient unloading exhibits clear nonlinearity and directivity.After transient unloading,both the minimum principal stress and minimum principal strain rate decrease sharply and then tend to stabilize.This occurs from the edge to the interior and from the direction of the minimum principal stress to the direction of the maximum principal stress on theε1-ε3 plane.Transient unloading will induce a tensile stress wave.The ability to induce fractures due to changes in principal stress magnitude,orientation and rotation paths gradually increases.The analysis indicates a positive correlation between the abrupt change amplitude of strain rate and the maximum unloading magnitude,which is determined by the magnitude and rotation of principal stress.A high tensile strain rate is more likely to induce fractures under low minimum principal stress.

Effects of orientation on the fatigue crack growth behaviors of the ZK60 magnesium alloy in air and PBS

Strong anisotropic corrosion and mechanical properties caused by specimen orientations greatly limit the applications of wrought magnesium alloys.To investigate the influences of specimen orientation,the corrosion tests and(corrosion)fatigue crack growth tests were conducted.The rolled and transverse surfaces of the materials show distinct corrosion rate differences in the stable corrosion stage,but the truth is the opposite for the initial stage of corrosion.In air,specimen orientations have a significant influence on the plastic deformation mechanisms near the crack tip,which results in different fatigue fracture surfaces and cracking paths.Compared with R-T specimens,N-T specimens show a slower fatigue crack growth(FCG)rate in air,which can be attributed to crack closure effects and deformation twinning near the crack tip.The corrosion environment will not significantly change the main plastic deformation mechanisms for the same type of specimen.However,the FCG rate in phosphate buffer saline(PBS)is one order of magnitude higher than that in air,which is caused by the combined effects of hydrogen-induced cracking and anodic dissolution.Owing to the similar corrosion rates at crack tips,the specimens with different orientations display close FCG rates in PBS.

Effects of mesoclimate and microclimate variations mediated by high altitude and row orientation on sucrose metabolism and anthocyanin synthesis in grape berries

Climate change and extreme weather pose significant challenges to the traditional viticulture regions.Emerging high-altitude grape-producing regions with diverse orientations have shown great potential in coping with this challenge.Stable,high-quality wine grape production may be achieved by synchronizing the meso-and microclimate.To clarify the role of high altitude and row orientation in meso-and microclimate and the response of berries to it,we evaluated seven years(2012-2018)of climate data,two years of basic grape(Cabernet Sauvignon,Vitis vinifera L.)quality,and one-year microclimate from veraison to harvest.By comparing two locations(Sidon 2047 m,Sinon 2208 m)in Yunnan Province,China,we found that the average temperature has been stable at approximately 15℃ for seven years,with no extreme weather or,noticeable global warming.The light intensity(LI)in the north-south(NS)was more balanced than the east-west(EW)direction,and the east-west to the south(EW-S)canopy side was almost higher than the other sides.High LI was associated with high photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),ultraviolet(UV),and infrared(IR)light and vice versa.The north-south to the east(NS-E)and east-west to the north(EWN)sides were characterized by lower LI and higher UV and IR light,and higher total anthocyanin content.Most anthocyanin synthesis-related genes,for example,VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H,were highly expressed in NS-E from veraison to maturity.Perhaps UV and IR light induced their expression.This study provides new insights on the role of differently orientated rows in controlling grape quality due to varied light quality.The findings are globally significant,particularly in the context of climate change,and offer fresh insights into berry physiological responses and decision-making for the management of existing vineyards.

Alleviating the anisotropic microstructural change and boosting the lithium ions diffusion by grain orientation regulation for Ni-rich cathode materials

Generally,layered Ni-rich cathode materials exhibit the morphology of polycrystalline secondary sphere composed of numerous primary particles.While the arrangement of primary particles plays a very important role in the properties of Ni-rich cathodes.The disordered particle arrangement is harmful to the cyclic performance and structural stability,yet the fundamental understanding of disordered structure on the structural degradation behavior is unclarified.Herein,we have designed three kinds of LiNi_(0.83)Co_(0.06)Mn_(0.11)O_(2) cathode materials with different primary particle orientations by regulating the precursor coprecipitation process.Combining finite element simulation and in-situ characterization,the Li^(+)transport and structure evolution behaviors of different materials are unraveled.Specifically,the smooth Li^(+)diffusion minimizes the reaction heterogeneity,homogenizes the phase transition within grains,and mitigates the anisotropic microstructural change,thereby modulating the crack evolution behavior.Meanwhile,the optimized structure evolution ensures radial tight junctions of the primary particles,enabling enhanced Li^(+)diffusion during dynamic processes.Closed-loop bidirectional enhancement mechanism becomes critical for grain orientation regulation to stabilize the cyclic performance.This precursor engineering with particle orientation regulation provides the useful guidance for the structural design and feature enhancement of Ni-rich layered cathodes.

Laser-Constructing 3D Copper Current Collector with Crystalline Orientation Selectivity for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries

The practical application of lithium(Li)metal anodes in high-capacity batteries is impeded by the formation of hazardous Li dendrites.To address this challenge,this research presents a novel methodology that combines laser ablation and heat treatment to precisely induce controlled grain growth within laser-structured grooves on copper(Cu)current collectors.Specifically,this approach enhances the prevalence of Cu(100)facets within the grooves,effectively lowering the overpotential for Li nucleation and promoting preferential Li deposition.Unlike approaches that modify the entire surface of collectors,our work focuses on selectively enhancing lithiophilicity within the grooves to mitigate the formation of Li dendrites and exhibit exceptional performance metrics.The half-cell with these collectors maintains a remarkable Coulombic efficiency of 97.42%over 350 cycles at 1 mA cm^(−2).The symmetric cell can cycle stably for 1600 h at 0.5 mA cm^(−2).Furthermore,when integrated with LiFePO4 cathodes,the full-cell configuration demonstrates outstanding capacity retention of 92.39%after 400 cycles at a 1C discharge rate.This study introduces a novel technique for fabricating selective lithiophilic three-dimensional(3D)Cu current collectors,thereby enhancing the performance of Li metal batteries.The insights gained from this approach hold promise for enhancing the performance of all laser-processed 3D Cu current collectors by enabling precise lithiophilic modifications within complex structures.

An Expert System to Detect Political Arabic Articles Orientation Using CatBoost Classifier Boosted by Multi-Level Features

The number of blogs and other forms of opinionated online content has increased dramatically in recent years.Many fields,including academia and national security,place an emphasis on automated political article orientation detection.Political articles(especially in the Arab world)are different from other articles due to their subjectivity,in which the author’s beliefs and political affiliation might have a significant influence on a political article.With categories representing the main political ideologies,this problem may be thought of as a subset of the text categorization(classification).In general,the performance of machine learning models for text classification is sensitive to hyperparameter settings.Furthermore,the feature vector used to represent a document must capture,to some extent,the complex semantics of natural language.To this end,this paper presents an intelligent system to detect political Arabic article orientation that adapts the categorical boosting(CatBoost)method combined with a multi-level feature concept.Extracting features at multiple levels can enhance the model’s ability to discriminate between different classes or patterns.Each level may capture different aspects of the input data,contributing to a more comprehensive representation.CatBoost,a robust and efficient gradient-boosting algorithm,is utilized to effectively learn and predict the complex relationships between these features and the political orientation labels associated with the articles.A dataset of political Arabic texts collected from diverse sources,including postings and articles,is used to assess the suggested technique.Conservative,reform,and revolutionary are the three subcategories of these opinions.The results of this study demonstrate that compared to other frequently used machine learning models for text classification,the CatBoost method using multi-level features performs better with an accuracy of 98.14%.

Integrating Virtual Reality and Energy Analysis with BIM to Optimize Window-to-Wall Ratio and Building’s Orientation for Age-in-Place Design at the Conceptual Stage

This study unfolds an innovative approach aiming to address the critical role of building design in global energy consumption, focusing on optimizing the Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), since buildings account for approximately 30% of total energy consumed worldwide. The greatest contributors to energy expenditure in buildings are internal artificial lighting and heating and cooling systems. The WWR, determined by the proportion of the building’s glazed area to its wall area, is a significant factor influencing energy efficiency and minimizing energy load. This study introduces the development of a semi-automated computer model designed to offer a real-time, interactive simulation environment, fostering improving communication and engagement between designers and owners. The said model serves to optimize both the WWR and building orientation to align with occupants’ needs and expectations, subsequently reducing annual energy consumption and enhancing the overall building energy performance. The integrated model incorporates Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR), and Energy Analysis tools deployed at the conceptual design stage, allowing for the amalgamation of owners’ inputs in the design process and facilitating the creation of more realistic and effective design strategies.

SFBC联合TOT对急性脑卒中后偏瘫患者肢体功能康复及ADL能力的影响

目的探究焦点解决短期咨询(SFBC)联合任务导向性训练(TOT)对急性脑卒中后偏瘫患者肢体功能康复及日常生活活动(ADL)能力的影响。方法选取2021年1月至2023年1月于潜江市中心医院康复医学科收治的101例急性脑卒中后偏瘫患者为研究对象,采用随机数表法将其分为观察组(51例)和对照组(50例)。对照组采用常规TOT训练方法,观察组采用SFBC联合TOT训练方法。比较两组患者心理状况[焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)]、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分量表(FMA)及Barthel指数(BI)。结果干预前两组心理状况、FMA评分及BI评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预2个月后观察组SAS、SDS评分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),上肢运动功能量表(FMA-UE)、下肢运动功能量表(FMA-LE)、BI评分均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论SFBC联合TOT的康复治疗训练可以改善急性脑卒中后偏瘫患者心理状况,提高患者肢体康复功能及ADL能力。

不同无土栽培处理对东方百合‘Siberia’籽球生长的影响

东方百合籽球抗逆性差,田间土壤栽培易感染病虫害,种球年生长量小。为提高种球质量,缩短繁育周期,开展籽球无土栽培技术研究,建立东方百合种球无土栽培繁育技术体系。[方法]以东方百合‘Siberia’为试验材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,探讨不同栽培基质配方、栽培密度、水溶性肥对百合籽球生长的影响。[结果]东方百合籽球无土栽培最佳基质配方为进口草炭∶珍珠岩=3∶1,最适宜无土栽培密度为100粒/箱,生长期施花无缺水溶性肥2000 mg/L最有利于籽球的生长。[结论]筛选出东方百合籽球无土栽培最佳基质配方、栽培密度、肥料种类和浓度,为东方百合籽球规模化生产提供参考。

双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜shish-kebab结构的辐照劣化模型研究

高能射线辐照会导致电容器储能介质发生交联和降解等化学变化,进而影响到电容器的宏观电气性能和应用性能。该文以双向拉伸聚丙烯(biaxially oriented polypropylene,BOPP)薄膜典型的串晶结构(shish-kebab)为对象,研究了γ辐照积累剂量D对分子链结构和结晶特性的影响,建立了辐照劣化模型。研究结果表明,当D<10 kGy时,辐照交联和降解反应同时发生且程度相当,结晶度和大分子含量均无明显变化;当D≥10 kGy时,辐照降解反应占主导,shish晶逐渐被破坏,结晶度和大分子含量逐渐下降;当D=1000 kGy时,shish-kebab结构几乎完全破坏,薄膜内主要为片晶和无定形结构。该模型描述了γ辐照下shish-kebab结构的劣化过程,为聚合物晶体结构的辐照老化机理研究提供参考。

基于OBE理念的JavaScript课堂实践教学探索

Web前端开发方向是软件技术专业培养人才的的重要分支,“JavaScript程序设计”是软件技术专业的一门基础课,是Web前端开发方向的必修课程之一。文中结合OBE(OutcomeBasedEducation)理念开展混合式教学,充分挖掘“JavaScript程序设计”课程中的实训项目与思政教育融合点,以“学生主体,关注学生全面发展”为教学方向,聚焦“岗课赛证”的理念,实现了综合育人。

Manipulating Crystal Growth and Secondary Phase PbI_(2)to Enable Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Natural Additives

In perovskite solar cells(PSCs),the inherent defects of perovskite film and the random distribution of excess lead iodide(PbI_(2))prevent the improvement of efficiency and stability.Herein,natural cellulose is used as the raw material to design a series of cellulose derivatives for perovskite crystallization engineering.The cationic cellulose derivative C-Im-CN with cyano-imidazolium(Im-CN)cation and chloride anion prominently promotes the crystallization process,grain growth,and directional orientation of perovskite.Meanwhile,excess PbI_(2)is transferred to the surface of perovskite grains or formed plate-like crystallites in local domains.These effects result in suppressing defect formation,decreasing grain boundaries,enhancing carrier extraction,inhibiting non-radiative recombination,and dramatically prolonging carrier lifetimes.Thus,the PSCs exhibit a high power conversion efficiency of 24.71%.Moreover,C-Im-CN has multiple interaction sites and polymer skeleton,so the unencapsulated PSCs maintain above 91.3%of their initial efficiencies after 3000 h of continuous operation in a conventional air atmosphere and have good stability under high humidity conditions.The utilization of biopolymers with excellent structure-designability to manage the perovskite opens a state-of-the-art avenue for manufacturing and improving PSCs.

A new rhombohedral phase and its 48 variants inβtitanium alloy

A new rhombohedral phase(termed R′)in a solution-aging-treated titanium alloy(Ti-4.5Al-6.5Mo-2Cr-2Nb-1V-1Sn-1Zr,wt.%)was identified.Its accurate Bravais lattice parameters were determined by a novel unit cell reconstruction method based on conventional selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)technique.The orientation relationship between R'phase and BCC phase was revealed.The results show that the R′phase is found to have 48crystallographically equivalent variants,resulting in rather complicated SAED patterns with high-order reflections.A series of in-situ SAED patterns were taken along both low-and high-index zone axes,and all weak and strong reflections arising from the 48 variants were properly explained and directly assigned with self-consistent Miller indices,confirming the presence of the rhombohedral phase.Additionally,some criteria were also proposed for evaluating the indexed results,which together with the Bravais lattice reconstruction method shed light on the microstructure characterization of even unknown phases in other alloys.

Crystallization and Orientation Modulation Enable Highly Efficient Doctor-Bladed Perovskite Solar Cells

With the rapid rise in perovskite solar cells(PSCs)performance,it is imperative to develop scalable fabrication techniques to accelerate potential commercialization.However,the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of PSCs fabricated via scalable two-step sequential deposition lag far behind the state-of-the-art spin-coated ones.Herein,the additive methylammonium chloride(MACl)is introduced to modulate the crystallization and orientation of a two-step sequential doctorbladed perovskite film in ambient conditions.MACl can significantly improve perovskite film quality and increase grain size and crystallinity,thus decreasing trap density and suppressing nonradiative recombination.Meanwhile,MACl also promotes the preferred face-up orientation of the(100)plane of perovskite film,which is more conducive to the transport and collection of carriers,thereby significantly improving the fill factor.As a result,a champion PCE of 23.14%and excellent longterm stability are achieved for PSCs based on the structure of ITO/SnO_(2)/FA_(1-x)MA_xPb(I_(1-y)Br_y)_3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag.The superior PCEs of 21.20%and 17.54%are achieved for 1.03 cm~2 PSC and 10.93 cm~2 mini-module,respectively.These results represent substantial progress in large-scale two-step sequential deposition of high-performance PSCs for practical applications.

Evaluation of New Graduate Nursing Orientation Program

The study site is a holistic patient-centered organization that has developed a 16-week long orientation program for new graduate nurses entering the hospital setting. The purpose of the program is for new graduate nurses to gain the confidence, competence, and critical thinking skills for providing safe patient care. The issue occurring within the organization is that there is an increasing rise in the number of turnover rates of new graduates leaving the hospital, thus making evaluating the program a necessity to problem-solving. There has been no evaluation of the program in the past five years to reveal why the increase in the recent turnover rates. The data collected during the interview process was coded and categorized into three main sections: organizational, substantive, and theoretical. The evaluator used an organizational category to investigate for board areas or issues within the problem attempting to be solved. The evaluator concluded from the results and findings that the issue, a poor preceptor-preceptee relationship was seen by all stakeholders involved. The literature presented concludes that continuous evaluation of orientation programs is crucial for the professional and personal growth of new graduate nurses in the hospital.

Distributional and behavioral responses of the wintering Oriental Storks to drought in China’s largest freshwater lake

Extreme droughts are increasing in frequency and severity globally as a result of climate change.Developing understanding of species’responses to drought is crucial for their conservation,especially in regions experi-encing increased aridity.Although numerous studies have investigated birds’responses to drought,the emphasis has primarily been on landbirds.Drought can significantly alter the wetland environments that waterbirds inhabit,but the response of waterbirds to drought remains understudied.In this study,we surveyed the distri-bution and behavior of Oriental Storks(Ciconia boyciana)in Poyang Lake,which is the largest freshwater lake in China.Results indicate that drought-induced catchment areas at the lowest water level limited the total popu-lation size of Oriental Storks in the sub-lakes.Sub-lakes with large catchment areas at the lowest water level demonstrated a capacity to support a larger population of wintering Oriental Storks.Over time,Oriental Storks exhibited a gradual concentration in Changhu Lake,characterized by larger catchments,after resource depletion in sub-lakes with smaller catchments.Additionally,the duration of Oriental Storks’vigilance and moving be-haviors decreased significantly compared with that observed before the drought.After the drought,Oriental Storks increased their foraging efforts,as evidenced by increased presence in deeper water and reaching their heads and necks into deeper water to forage,higher search rates,but lower foraging rates.In accordance with area-restricted search theory,reductions in habitat quality resulting from drought,including extensive fish die-offs,forced Oriental Storks to increase their foraging efforts.Sustaining a specific water area in sub-lakes during droughts can preserve resource availability,which is crucial for the conservation of Oriental Storks.Imple-menting measures such as water level control and micro-modification of lake bottoms in sub-lakes might mitigate the impact of drought on the piscivorous Oriental Storks.

Transfer film effects induced by 3D-printed polyether-ether-ketone with excellent tribological properties for joint prosthesis

Based on the building principle of additive manufacturing,printing orientation mainly determines the tribological properties of joint prostheses.In this study,we created a polyether-ether-ketone(PEEK)joint prosthesis using fused filament fabrication and investigated the effects of printing orientation on its tribological properties using a pin-on-plate tribometer in 25% newborn calf serum.An ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene transfer film is formed on the surface of PEEK due to the mechanical capture of wear debris by the 3D-printed groove morphology,which is significantly impacted by the printing orientation of PEEK.When the printing orientation was parallel to the sliding direction of friction,the number and size of the transfer film increased due to higher steady stress.This transfer film protected the matrix and reduced the friction coefficient and wear rate of friction pairs by 39.13%and 74.33%,respectively.Furthermore,our findings provide a novel perspective regarding the role of printing orientation in designing knee prostheses,facilitating its practical applications.

Effects of pressure relief holes on coal burst:Insights from true-triaxial unloading tests

Drilling pressure relief is one of the methods to reduce the risk of coal bursts in deep mines.However,the effect of the drill hole orientations has not been studied well enough to understand their impact on the burst failure mechanism.In this study,we investigated two designs of drill hole orientations.The first design includes drill holes located on the upper free face of the rectangular samples and labelled as upper hole(UH)and centre hole(CH)e the long axes of the drill holes are aligned with minor principal stress,s3,direction.The second design includes drill holes at the top(TH)and the side(SH)of the rectangular samples in which the long axes of the drill holes are aligned with the maximum,s1,and intermediate principal stress,s2,directions,respectively.The coal samples with the proposed drill hole orientations were subjected to the true-triaxial unloading coal burst tests.The results show that the drill holes reduce the risk of coal bursts.However,we found that the intensity of coal burst was significantly reduced with the SH-type,followed by the CH-types.We also observed that the coal burst intensity is reduced better for the CH,UH,TH,and SH-type drilling patterns.However,it was found that the orientations of drill holes have little influence on the failure mode(splitting).The acoustic emission(AE)activities for coal with drill holes noticeably decreased,especially for the UH and CH layouts.The drill holes reduced the upper limit of the AE entropy(chaos of microcracks generation).However,regarding reducing the coal burst risk,the TH and SH are less effective than UH and CH.

Oriental Reed Warblers do not abandon Common Cuckoo chicks during prolonged nestling periods

The Oriental Reed Warbler(Acrocephalus orientalis)is one of the most commonly used hosts for the parasitic Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).However,as hosts that feed unrelated parasitic nestlings may suffer extra reproductive costs,they may be less willing to care for nestlings that have prolonged nestling periods.To test this hypothesis,the duration of feeding by Oriental Reed Warblers under natural conditions for their own nestlings was compared with the duration of feeding under natural conditions for Common Cuckoo nestlings and for artificially prolonged cuckoo nestlings.The results showed that Oriental Reed Warblers did not starve,drive away,or desert any of the nestlings in the experiment,and neither parent was left alone.Our experimental study indicates that both Oriental Reed Warbler parents were willing to care for nestlings with a prolonged nestling period(up to 30 days,twice the average duration time that the Oriental Reed Warblers fed their own chicks in natural conditions).However,further experiments and observations are required in other host bird species to examine whether both parents or one of the parents may exhibit the behavior of abandoning nestlings with a prolonged nestling period.