Identification of 13th-14th Century Chinese Handmade Paper Fibers Collected in Yuan Dynasty Paper Currencies

The earliest paper currencies in existence in China were handcrafted during the Yuan dynasty.These currencies were scientifically excavated from different ruins or tombs,whereas scientific analyses of the papers are rare.This study used optical and scanning electron microscopy to examine the fibers collected in Yuan dynasty paper currencies in conjunction with the Herzberg staining method.Despite differences in circulation period,paper fibers in both Zhi Yuan Tong Xing Bao Chao(two Guan)and Zhong Tong Yuan Bao Jiao Chao(one Guan and 500 Wen,issued in Zhi Zheng period)were identified as similar papermaking materials,bast fibers of mulberry bark.The results indicate that mulberry bark,a durable papermaking material used since ancient times,was mainly utilized as a raw material in these Yuan dynasty paper currency.This fiber identification work solved the critical problem of papermaking material in the Yuan dynasty paper currency and provided important information for conserving these precious cultural relics.

Research on the Social Custom of the Jurchen of the Yuan Dynasty

In the Yuan Dynasty,the Jurchen and the Han nationality had already blended,but as the place of origin of the Jurchen,there are still some social customs of the Jurchen in some places in Liaoyang Province of the Yuan Dynasty.From the analysis in this paper we can see that in the Yuan Dynasty,although the Liaoyang Province of that time was ruled by the Mongol nationality,the Jurchen nationality stilled lived there after the Jin Dynasty perished because the Liaoyang Province was the cradle for the Jurchen nationality.From the character of the Jurchen,the custom of chewed wine,singing and dancing and costumes of the Jurchen,we can have a deeper understanding of the unique social customs of the Jurchen,which places the role of a connecting link between the preceding and the following for the inheritance and development of the Jurchen culture in the coming generations.

Study on the Kind and Character of Mongol Hats in Yuan Dynasty

在第 13 个世纪，蒙古人创造了加强的一个广阔、横贯大陆的帝国文化，艺术， craftwork，服装和广告全部联系欧亚大陆。帽子是被看作蒙古人传统的服装的一个符号的正式蒙古人衣服的那么不可缺少的部分。粗略地蒙古的人的头饰能被划分成二个组，它是李和毛。另外，蒙古的女人是 Gu-gu-gwan，一种扁平软帽，为女皇，皇帝的小老婆，和高度的妻子的饰头巾正在评价部长。基于图象资源和存在证据的分析，这研究在它的组，起源，装饰和文化影响的上下文讨论元时期的帽子。

Walking into the world of Li Yu

Li Yu is a failure as emperor,but as a ci writer he is considered to be the indisputable emperor to take the crown.A brief life of Li Yu is first presented to account for his failure as emperor and success as a ci writer.Then some of his ci poems are analyzed according to the categories of court life,love and lamentation over past splendor.In the end,his achievements in ci writing are summarized by citing Wang Guowei's words from his Comments on Ci in the Human World.

Sino-Thai Relations in the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties

This paper takes Thailand recorded in Chinese ancient texts during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties(12th-19th centuries A.D.)as the main source of research,especially the interactions between China and countries in the Thai region as recorded in these ancient texts,namely Yuanshi,Xin Yuanshi,Daoyi Zhilüe,Mingshilu,and Qingshi Gao.The relationship between China and Thailand is studied in three aspects:(1)tribute relations;(2)folk commerce;and(3)Chinese immigration.

Downstream Channel Evolution and Its Causes in the Yuan River during the Qing Dynasty

The determination of channel evolutions and the causes is important for reconstructing the evolutionary history of river landforms.This study aimed to elucidate the downstream channel evolution of the Yuan River in Hunan Province,China,during the Qing Dynasty via Landsat 8 satellite image data and relevant literature.The objective was to establish the modes of channel evolution and discuss the significance of historical climate change.The downstream paleochannel of the Yuan River was identified in the Late Ming Dynasty and Early Qing Dynasty(1600–1644 AD),the Kangxi-Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty(1661–1796 AD),the Late Qing Dynasty(1840–1912 AD),and the World War II(1939–1945 AD),and three main modes of river evolution were determined.Using remote sensing data and the ancient literature,the evolution characteristics of the paleochannel in the Lower Yuan River were analyzed and its distribution across historical periods was comprehensively revealed.The findings reveal a strong correlation between channel evolution,flood events,and climate change.Numerous flood events that occurred from the Late Qing Dynasty to the World War II caused a high rate of channel evolution,demonstrating the combined effects of climate change and human activities.These findings will help adopt robust and resilient hydrological management methods in the future of a changing climate.

The Splendor of Verdure: Tea and the East Asian World of the Song and Yuan Dynasties

Tea has played an important role throughout the entire East Asian world.During the Song and Yuan dynasties,due to differences in the target consumers and acceptance of tea,Chinese and Japanese tea cultures began to take different paths.The close relationship between tea and Goryeo politics propelled the flourishing development of Goryeo tea culture on the Korean Peninsula.The colorful landscape of tea culture during the Yuan dynasty illustrates the transformation of traditional Chinese tea culture from the Song to the Yuan,with an upper-class break and a lower-class continuation.During the Song and Yuan dynasties,there were great changes in the order of the East Asian world,where tea was not merely a beverage but carried historical changes and served as a spiritual symbol in the East Asian cultural world,reflecting historical transformations.

Why Blue-and-White Porcelain of Yuan Dynasty Amazes World

Over 600 years ago during the Yuan Dynasty(1271–1368),a blue-and-white stem cup was crafted,featuring an inscribed verse.This verse playfully claims,“Drunk and laughing,I’ll drink with you for 36,000 times.”Chinese Collector Ma Weidu once elaborated this“Yuan Dynasty Blue-and-White Stem Cup With Poem and Flower Paint”on the show National Treasure 100.He said that while there are numerous stem cups,this one stands out due to its extremely rare poem decoration.

南宋和元代龙泉窑粉青瓷釉色比较研究

为了研究南宋与元代龙泉粉青瓷釉呈色机理,采用colorimeter,XRF,XRD,Raman spectrometer,XPS等对南宋和元代龙泉粉青瓷釉进行对比分析。结果表明,南宋粉青瓷L*值大于元代,而a*、b*值小于元代粉青瓷。南宋粉青瓷的烧成温度低于元代。龙泉粉青瓷乳浊如玉的质感主要是受釉层内小而密集气泡与大量石英晶体对光的影响所致。Fe2O3的化学色主导了龙泉青瓷的呈色,且南宋粉青瓷的Fe2+与Fe3+的比值高于元代粉青瓷,是南宋粉青瓷偏蓝而元代粉青瓷偏绿的主要原因。

臣服蒙古后高丽精英的阶层分野与认同分化——兼论他们对元朝法态度的分歧

蒙古建立与主导的秩序是“帝国秩序”,高丽臣服于蒙古是武力征服的结果。帝国强权在半岛的持续影响,促发了高丽精英阶层的分化。在他们中的不少人看来,本国国王的权力已非源自传统的合法性,而是来自帝国的任命,二重君臣关系出现了。但与此同时,帝国体制下的二元制,亦使传统认同保留了下来,作为传统精英集团的世家大族是其代表。这些因素又导致了省吏与国臣的分野,表现于对帝国法律的不同态度。

隐于书院:一种“中间状态”的出处选择——以元末徽州士人赵汸和郑玉为中心

元末朝廷和地方势力对士人的征召,多少存在竞争和笼络人才的意味。士人的出处机遇,从庙堂与山林的二元区分,转向元廷、地方势力和山林的多元格局。面对各方征召,徽州士人赵汸和郑玉抱以“旁观者”的不合作心态。随着徽州路脱离元廷控制,二人对于政治的疏离态度有所淡化,而“忠元”情结渐趋加深。志在山林却又难以与政治完全绝缘,兼具官方和民间双重性质的书院,成为士人安身立命的绝佳之所。隐于书院,是一种“中间状态”的出处选择。赵汸和郑玉的处境、心态和归宿,是观察古代尤其是易代之际士人生存境遇的一个窗口。

异代同调:论沈亚之传奇的骚体文学特征

以《异梦录》《秦梦记》《湘中怨解》作品为代表,唐代沈亚之的传奇文集中表现出与屈原楚辞异代而同调的典型风格,即骚体文学特征。沈亚之吸收了“骚体”独特的兮字文体范式、抒情的浪漫自然、情志的悲怨凄美等特征,与时人作品异趣。沈亚之传奇的骚体文学特征表现在以悲为美的审美内涵、浪漫自由的艺术形式以及凄艳混融的艺术风格。沈亚之创作出的具有鲜明骚体文学特征的传奇故事,亦可称之为“楚调小说”。传奇独特的骚体文学特征,使得沈亚之作品在众多传奇中独树一帜,成为一代之奇。

从对屈原的评价看初唐的文学批评思想

初唐人对屈原的评价表现出阶段性的变化:从肯定其“忠贞”精神,赞誉其诗“气质高丽”;到褒扬其忠正、赞美其诗才,却抨击“礼乐之道,坠于斯文”;再到褒扬其抒写真情,“不虚美”“不隐恶”,又斥责其诗“婉丽浮侈”。对屈原评价的阶段性差异,反映出初唐近百年间在文学复古与新变之间的摇摆性。

元代寻亲型文学作品的异质特征及其成因刍议

元代是中国历史上第一个由少数民族蒙古族建立的封建统一王朝,文坛也出现了诸多与他朝迥异的文学特征。这一时期涌现出大量的寻亲型文学作品,并呈现出鲜明的时代异质特征,别具文学史意义。寻亲型文学作品形成和繁荣的主要原因是接连不断的战争和寇乱,也是封建社会孝义文化在文坛的体现,反映了游牧民族统治者对汉文化的一种认同。

文人的陈谢:宋元时期文人对医僧的诗文赞赏与互动

文人与僧人之间的酬唱交流是佛教文学研究领域的重要题材之一。宋元时期由于有大量僧人参与了社会医疗活动,所以一些文人对此类医僧多有赞叹或感谢,同时也不乏真情流露的欣赏。宋元时期文人对医僧的诗文互动,展现了涉医僧众群体的社会生活图景和他们的交游特征。这是以诗文为视角发掘宋元僧众与文人之间关系的一个独特途径,也是从更多层面建构两者之间互动交流的特殊观察方式。

元代后太原地区石匠刻工考究

太原境内的民间石匠数量较多,这些工匠工作的地域范围主要分布在太原周边地区,其中以古交市、娄烦县、晋源区、尖草坪区这四处为中心。除了本县石匠外,还有崞县和稷山等地的外来石匠。多数石匠间的关系为兄弟、父子或师徒,有部分石匠参与多个地区的活动。碑碣的题材内容因地而异,大致分为记事类、墓志铭类和其他类。文章通过对元代后太原地区的石匠刻工进行历史回顾及深入研究,探讨了其留下的历史、科学与艺术价值。