Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) ...Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.展开更多
At present, the overall low level of pensions, chaotic management, regardless of the central and local powers, capital depreciation of greater risk. Plus various regions of pension imbalances, leading to a pension ＂e...At present, the overall low level of pensions, chaotic management, regardless of the central and local powers, capital depreciation of greater risk. Plus various regions of pension imbalances, leading to a pension ＂empty accounts＂ has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, to achieve the basic pension national urban, it is an effective measure to deal with these problems. Manpower is a systematic project, implementation may face difficulties. Therefore, the need to coordinate all aspects of the relationship, select the appropriate time to reform, optimize the overall path, and improve related measures is to ensure the smooth implementation of integrated basis.展开更多
Basic schools that are located in heavily populated residential and commercial areas in Ghana are exposed to environmental noise that can have detrimental effects on the academic attainments of children. Limited studi...Basic schools that are located in heavily populated residential and commercial areas in Ghana are exposed to environmental noise that can have detrimental effects on the academic attainments of children. Limited studies have been conducted on noise level in basic schools to date in Ghana. The objective of the study was to assess noise levels in and around learning spaces in basic schools in Ghana with </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">focus on Kumasi.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A survey employing the use of interviews and an empirical monitoring of noise levels in and around learning spaces in four selected basic schools were adopted. The study revealed that mean outdoor and indoor noise levels exceed the World Health Organisation permissible limits by 30 - 40 percent and 90 - 107 percent respectively for schools in the commercial zones and schools that are located near highways. The school that is sited in an educational environment with a setback from the highway attained mean noise levels ranging from 1.2 percent below to 3.7 percent above the permissible limits for outdoor and between 64 - 105 percent for indoor. The outcome of the study is expected to engender the design of environmental noise resilient buildings to facilitate teaching and learning in basic schools in Ghana</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.展开更多
The importance of scientific study has received more and more attentions from various levels of hospitals,while paper writing,topic declaring,and achievement and patent grasping have become the fundamental tasks for t...The importance of scientific study has received more and more attentions from various levels of hospitals,while paper writing,topic declaring,and achievement and patent grasping have become the fundamental tasks for the hospitals. As nurses in basic-level hospitals,howto find and implement excellent scientific research thoughts in busy work has become a challenge in front of them. Nursing of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western M edicine attempts to establish a Special Fund for Nursing of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western M edicine( "Special Fund"for short),aiming to support and assisting nurses in basic-level hospitals to conduct nursing-associated scientific research project approval,achievement declaration and publication,and to promote the co-improvement of scientific research level,academic level and quality of journals in domestic nursing field of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine by assisting the nurses in basic-level hospitals to improve their declaring,executing and summarizing capacities on nursing research topics.展开更多
The emphasis is laid on expanding students’vocabulary in the new English Curriculum Standards.Without effective approaches to vocabulary learning,students can hardly form vocabulary networks in mind.Combining with mo...The emphasis is laid on expanding students’vocabulary in the new English Curriculum Standards.Without effective approaches to vocabulary learning,students can hardly form vocabulary networks in mind.Combining with modern educational technology,the author carries out experimental teaching to explore the effectiveness of vocabulary teaching based on prototype category theory and presents some samples of vocabulary teaching.The study shows that these teaching methods can effectively enhance students’cognition abilities,stimulate association,promote vocabulary processing,form a categorized network schema,and finally improve students’lexical competence and long-term memory.展开更多
Fossilization was first proposed by the famous British linguist Larry Selinker in his article Interlanguage in 1972.NonEnglish majors make many lexical errors in the process of English writings in universities.Therefo...Fossilization was first proposed by the famous British linguist Larry Selinker in his article Interlanguage in 1972.NonEnglish majors make many lexical errors in the process of English writings in universities.Therefore,their writing levels may reach a plateau and fail to make progress.Once English vocabulary is fossilized,it will prevent the development of students' writing competence.Inspired and stimulated by the observation of lexical errors in the university,the author intends to explore effective and feasible methods of dispelling lexical fossilization from the perspective of the theories of prototype and basic-level category and tries to provide a useful supplement in this area.展开更多
Given the shortage of administrative resources at the basic level, higher level authorities are making more and more use of the project system to mobilize basic level local governments. Compared with the traditional b...Given the shortage of administrative resources at the basic level, higher level authorities are making more and more use of the project system to mobilize basic level local governments. Compared with the traditional bureaucratic system, the project system offers higher level departments centralized financial management power, special personnel arrangements and highly efficient mobilization procedures, enabling them to see results faster. The promotion of the project system in basic level governments has resulted in a restructuring of the bureaucratic system and has seen an internal government mobilization shift from ＂hierarchical mobilization＂ to ＂multiple-line mobilization＂ and a project-centered model of administrative resource allocation. In addition, the ＂self-aggrandizing＂ effect of the project system means that it has gone deep into the government system, where it has a sustained and increasing influence.展开更多
Over the past century,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has led hundreds of millions of farmers through five stages(rural revolution,rural construction,rural reform,rural transformation and rural revitalization)to forg...Over the past century,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has led hundreds of millions of farmers through five stages(rural revolution,rural construction,rural reform,rural transformation and rural revitalization)to forge a road of rural development with Chinese characteristics.In the course of constant exploration and innovation,the CPC has always adhered to its original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the farmers,taken liberating and developing the productive forces as the central principle,regarded coordinating urban and rural development as the action guideline,and set“achieving common prosperity”as the target direction,and accumulated valuable historical experiences in three aspects:Firstly,the CPC has emphasized the vital role and pioneering spirit of farmers,effectively mobilizing and organizing the broad participation of rural masses.Secondly,it has committed to the collective ownership of rural land and managed the relationship between farmers and land.Lastly,the CPC has remained focused on the interests of farmers,continuously advancing reform and innovation in accordance with the changing times.展开更多
The English level of the staff is generally intermediate since they have learned general English and medical English during their college and universities,the courses can be intensively taught in two months with three...The English level of the staff is generally intermediate since they have learned general English and medical English during their college and universities,the courses can be intensively taught in two months with three courses every week.The proficiency level of the exchanged clinical doctors,their linguistic needs as well as the communicative needs will be imaginatively illustrated according to the literatures which are about the medical staff's needs for English as a surviving tool of working in foreign hospitals.展开更多
文摘Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.
文摘At present, the overall low level of pensions, chaotic management, regardless of the central and local powers, capital depreciation of greater risk. Plus various regions of pension imbalances, leading to a pension ＂empty accounts＂ has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, to achieve the basic pension national urban, it is an effective measure to deal with these problems. Manpower is a systematic project, implementation may face difficulties. Therefore, the need to coordinate all aspects of the relationship, select the appropriate time to reform, optimize the overall path, and improve related measures is to ensure the smooth implementation of integrated basis.
文摘Basic schools that are located in heavily populated residential and commercial areas in Ghana are exposed to environmental noise that can have detrimental effects on the academic attainments of children. Limited studies have been conducted on noise level in basic schools to date in Ghana. The objective of the study was to assess noise levels in and around learning spaces in basic schools in Ghana with </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">focus on Kumasi.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A survey employing the use of interviews and an empirical monitoring of noise levels in and around learning spaces in four selected basic schools were adopted. The study revealed that mean outdoor and indoor noise levels exceed the World Health Organisation permissible limits by 30 - 40 percent and 90 - 107 percent respectively for schools in the commercial zones and schools that are located near highways. The school that is sited in an educational environment with a setback from the highway attained mean noise levels ranging from 1.2 percent below to 3.7 percent above the permissible limits for outdoor and between 64 - 105 percent for indoor. The outcome of the study is expected to engender the design of environmental noise resilient buildings to facilitate teaching and learning in basic schools in Ghana</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.
文摘The importance of scientific study has received more and more attentions from various levels of hospitals,while paper writing,topic declaring,and achievement and patent grasping have become the fundamental tasks for the hospitals. As nurses in basic-level hospitals,howto find and implement excellent scientific research thoughts in busy work has become a challenge in front of them. Nursing of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western M edicine attempts to establish a Special Fund for Nursing of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western M edicine( "Special Fund"for short),aiming to support and assisting nurses in basic-level hospitals to conduct nursing-associated scientific research project approval,achievement declaration and publication,and to promote the co-improvement of scientific research level,academic level and quality of journals in domestic nursing field of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine by assisting the nurses in basic-level hospitals to improve their declaring,executing and summarizing capacities on nursing research topics.
文摘The emphasis is laid on expanding students’vocabulary in the new English Curriculum Standards.Without effective approaches to vocabulary learning,students can hardly form vocabulary networks in mind.Combining with modern educational technology,the author carries out experimental teaching to explore the effectiveness of vocabulary teaching based on prototype category theory and presents some samples of vocabulary teaching.The study shows that these teaching methods can effectively enhance students’cognition abilities,stimulate association,promote vocabulary processing,form a categorized network schema,and finally improve students’lexical competence and long-term memory.
文摘Fossilization was first proposed by the famous British linguist Larry Selinker in his article Interlanguage in 1972.NonEnglish majors make many lexical errors in the process of English writings in universities.Therefore,their writing levels may reach a plateau and fail to make progress.Once English vocabulary is fossilized,it will prevent the development of students' writing competence.Inspired and stimulated by the observation of lexical errors in the university,the author intends to explore effective and feasible methods of dispelling lexical fossilization from the perspective of the theories of prototype and basic-level category and tries to provide a useful supplement in this area.
文摘Given the shortage of administrative resources at the basic level, higher level authorities are making more and more use of the project system to mobilize basic level local governments. Compared with the traditional bureaucratic system, the project system offers higher level departments centralized financial management power, special personnel arrangements and highly efficient mobilization procedures, enabling them to see results faster. The promotion of the project system in basic level governments has resulted in a restructuring of the bureaucratic system and has seen an internal government mobilization shift from ＂hierarchical mobilization＂ to ＂multiple-line mobilization＂ and a project-centered model of administrative resource allocation. In addition, the ＂self-aggrandizing＂ effect of the project system means that it has gone deep into the government system, where it has a sustained and increasing influence.
基金the phased results of a program entitled"Research on the Ability of Rural Grassroots Party Organizations to Lead Collective Economic Construction in the Context of Rural Revitalization"(19BD013)under the National Social Science Fundof China.
文摘Over the past century,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has led hundreds of millions of farmers through five stages(rural revolution,rural construction,rural reform,rural transformation and rural revitalization)to forge a road of rural development with Chinese characteristics.In the course of constant exploration and innovation,the CPC has always adhered to its original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the farmers,taken liberating and developing the productive forces as the central principle,regarded coordinating urban and rural development as the action guideline,and set“achieving common prosperity”as the target direction,and accumulated valuable historical experiences in three aspects:Firstly,the CPC has emphasized the vital role and pioneering spirit of farmers,effectively mobilizing and organizing the broad participation of rural masses.Secondly,it has committed to the collective ownership of rural land and managed the relationship between farmers and land.Lastly,the CPC has remained focused on the interests of farmers,continuously advancing reform and innovation in accordance with the changing times.
文摘The English level of the staff is generally intermediate since they have learned general English and medical English during their college and universities,the courses can be intensively taught in two months with three courses every week.The proficiency level of the exchanged clinical doctors,their linguistic needs as well as the communicative needs will be imaginatively illustrated according to the literatures which are about the medical staff's needs for English as a surviving tool of working in foreign hospitals.
