Socioeconomic traits and the risk of Barrett’s esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease: A Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND Previous observational studies have shown that the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)and Barrett’s esophagus(BE)is associated with socioeconomic status.However,due to the methodological limitations of traditional observational studies,it is challenging to definitively establish causality.AIM To explore the causal relationship between the prevalence of these conditions and socioeconomic status using Mendelian randomization(MR).METHODS We initially screened single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)to serve as proxies for eight socioeconomic status phenotypes for univariate MR analysis.The inverse variance weighted(IVW)method was used as the primary analytical method to estimate the causal relationship between the eight socioeconomic status phenotypes and the risk of GERD and BE.We then collected combinations of SNPs as composite proxies for the eight socioeconomic phenotypes to perform multivariate MR(MVMR)analyses based on the IVW MVMR model.Furthermore,a two-step MR mediation analysis was used to examine the potential mediation of the associations by body mass index,major depressive disorder(MDD),smoking,alcohol consumption,and sleep duration.RESULTS The study identified three socioeconomic statuses that had a significant impact on GERD.These included household income[odds ratio(OR):0.46;95% confidence interval(95%CI):0.31-0.70],education attainment(OR:0.23;95%CI:0.18-0.29),and the Townsend Deprivation Index at recruitment(OR:1.57;95%CI:1.04-2.37).These factors were found to independently and predominantly influence the genetic causal effect of GERD.Furthermore,the mediating effect of educational attainment on GERD was found to be mediated by MDD(proportion mediated:10.83%).Similarly,the effect of educational attainment on BE was mediated by MDD(proportion mediated:10.58%)and the number of cigarettes smoked per day(proportion mediated:3.50%).Additionally,the mediating effect of household income on GERD was observed to be mediated by sleep duration(proportion mediated:9.75%)CONCLUSION This MR study shed light on the link between socioeconomic status and GERD or BE,providing insights for the prevention of esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions.

Association between socioeconomic status and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Jiangsu province, China: a population-based study

Background:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a common public health problem worldwide.Recent studies have reported that socioeconomic status(SES)is related to the incidence of COPD.This study aimed to investigate the association between SES and COPD among adults in Jiangsu province,China,and to determine the possible direct and indirect effects of SES on the morbidity of COPD.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 40 years and above between May and December of 2015 in Jiangsu province,China.Participants were selected using a multistage sampling approach.COPD,the outcome variable,was diagnosed by physicians based on spirometry,respiratory symptoms,and risk factors.Education,occupation,and monthly family average income(FAI)were used to separately indicate SES as the explanatory variable.Mixed-effects logistic regression models were introduced to calculate odds ratios(ORs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)for examining the SES-COPD relationship.A pathway analysis was conducted to further explore the pulmonary function impairment of patients with different SES.Results:The mean age of the 2421 participants was 56.63±9.62 years.The prevalence of COPD was 11.8%(95%CI:10.5%–13.1%)among the overall sample population.After adjustment for age,gender,residence,outdoor and indoor air pollution,body weight status,cigarette smoking,and potential study area-level clustering effects,educational attainment was negatively associated with COPD prevalence in men;white collars were at lower risk(OR:0.60,95%CI:0.43–0.83)of experiencing COPD than blue collars;compared with those within the lower FAI subgroup,participants in the upper(OR:0.68,95%CI:0.49–0.97)tertiles were less likely to experience COPD.Such negative associations between all these three SES indicators and COPD were significant among men only.Education,FAI,and occupation had direct or indirect effects on pulmonary function including post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity(FEV1/FVC),FEV1,FVC,and FEV1 percentage of predicted.Education,FAI,and occupation had indirect effects on pulmonary function indices of all participants mainly through smoking status,indoor air pollution,and outdoor air pollution.We also found that occupation could affect post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC through body mass index.Conclusions:Education,occupation,and FAI had an adverse relationship with COPD prevalence in Jiangsu province,China.SES has both direct and indirect associations with pulmonary function impairment.SES is of great significance for COPD morbidity.It is important that population-based COPD prevention strategies should be tailored for people with different SES.

Enterobius vermicularis infection among population of General Mansilla,Argentina

AIM:To evaluate the relationships between the personal, sociocultural,and environmental characteristics,and the presence or absence of symptoms with the detection of Enterobius vermicularis(E.vermicularis)in a population sample in our region(General Mansilla,Province of Buenos Aires,Argentina),by individual and familiar analyses. METHODS:E.verrnicularis was diagnosed in 309 people from 70 family units residing in the urban area and the rural area of the city of General Mansilla.Each of them was surveyed so as to register personal,environmental and sociocultural data.Questions about the presence or absence of anal itch,abdominal pain and sleeping disorder were also asked.Significant associations were determined by square chi tests.Logistic regression models were adjusted by using a backward conditional stepwise method to determine the presence of this parasite in the individuals and in the families. RESULTS:The parasites were found in 29.12%(90/309) of the individuals,with a frequency of 14.28%(20/140) among the heads of the families and of 41.42%(70/169) among the children.The only variables showing a significant association were affiliation,where the risk category was “being the son/daughter of”,and the symptoms were abdominal pain,sleeping disorder,and anal itch.Families with a member infected with parasite were considered Positive Families(PF)and they were 40/70(57.14%),only 5%(2/40)of the PF had 100% of their members infected with the parasite.The logistic regression models applied showed that the risk categories were mainly affiliation(son/daughter) and housing(satisfactory)among others. CONCLUSION:The presence of E.vermiculariswas proved in one third of the studied population.The frequency of families with all their members infected with the parasite was very low.Most of the studied personal,sociocultural, and environmental variables did not turn out to be significantly associated with the presence of the parasite.An association with the category of“son/daughter”and housing classified as“satisfactory”was determined.The latter may be due to the fact that the people living in that category of housing have hygienic practices at home that favour the distribution of the eggs in the environment.The presence of the analysed symptoms was associated with the presence of the parasite, thus strengthening the need of periodical control of the population showing at least one of these symptoms.

Lower-Elementary Level School Pupils' Developmental Trajectories of Chinese Verbal Vocabulary Knowledge and Influential Factors

149 elementary school pupils were selected as the subjects for this study, to whom five tracking assessments of their verbal vocabulary knowledge were given over a period of three years. In addition, a latent variable growth model was adopted to explore grades 1-3 elementary school pupil's developmental trajectory for verbal Chinese vocabulary knowledge. The phonological awareness, homomorphic morpheme awareness, compound morpheme awareness and family socioeconomic status(SES) on the students' verbal vocabulary knowledge were also investigated. The ndings are: 1, grades 1-3 elementary school pupils verbal Chinese vocabulary knowledge developmental trajectory shows a curvilinear form, of which linear development is trended in the first two years, and as of the third year the developmental rate doubles the previous two years, whereas individual di erences are remarkable in both the initial level and the growth rate; 2, awareness of phonetics, homomorphic morphemes and complex morphemes as well as the family socioeconomic status can be referred to for a positive forecast of the students' initial level of verbal vocabulary knowledge; 3, only the awareness of homomorphic morphemes and the family socioeconomic status can be applied to a positive prediction of the students' verbal vocabulary knowledge growth rate..

“双减”背景下家校合作对中小学生发展质量的影响研究

家校协同提升中小学生发展质量是落实“双减”政策的重要举措。基于大规模的调查数据,构建“双减”之下中小学生发展质量指标体系,综合分析不同家校合作行为对中小学生发展质量的影响,并检验此种影响针对不同家庭社会经济地位的学生群体是否存在异质性。主要获得如下发现:(1)“双减”之下家校合作整体上能够提升中小学生发展质量,但参与决策、志愿服务和社区合作三类协同行为效果不佳。(2)家校合作能够提高不同家庭社会经济地位的中小学生的发展质量,且对于家庭社会经济地位较低的中小学生的回报率普遍更高,但对家庭社会经济地位较高中小学生的适负发展和高效发展未产生预期的积极效果。由此,建议进一步落实当好家长、相互交流和在家学习三类家校合作行动,优化参与决策、志愿服务和社区合作三类家校合作活动设计。同时密切关注不同家庭社会经济地位的中小学生及其家长的教育需求,个性化地加强家庭教育指导,从而提升中小学生发展质量,保障教育公平。

Chinese Rural Women's Decision-Making Status in Family

THE decision-making status of rural women in families is an important aspect which reflects the degree of their participation in development. Implementation of the Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women represent over the past 10 years has witnessed the gradual maturation of the production-related contract responsibility system in Chinese rural areas. Family functions have been further strengthened in both productive and social development in basic units such as production, consumption and trade. The period has been an important time for the rapid development of Chinese

家庭社会经济地位、父母教养行为与大学生职业生涯探索的关系

该研究以676名大学生为被试,采用问卷法考察了家庭社会经济地位、父母教养行为与大学生职业生涯探索的关系。结果表明:(1)家庭社会经济地位与自我探索、环境探索、自我-环境匹配度探索、探索意向间显著正相关;(2)父母教养行为显著预测大学生的职业生涯探索。其中,父亲和母亲情感温暖和理解、母亲监控与保护、父亲监控维度为正向预测,而父亲惩罚严厉维度是负向预测;(3)家庭社会经济地位不仅对大学生的职业生涯探索有独立的预测作用,还通过母亲情感温暖和理解、母亲监控与保护的中介作用正向预测这一变量。

China’s Changing Family Structure and Adolescent Development

This paper examines the relationship between family structure and junior high school students’educational and psychosocial development and its intermediate mechanisms.Our findings show,firstly,that family structure affects children’s development,and children living with both parents have better educational and psychosocial development than those without one or both parents.Secondly,family structure affects children’s development to some extent through the two mechanisms of family socioeconomic status and parental participation in education.Thirdly,fathers and mothers play different roles in children’s development.Mothers are more important to children’s educational development,while fathers are more important to their psychosocial development.In addition,the distribution of family structure shows marked group heterogeneity,and families lacking both parents tend to be groups with a lower socioeconomic status.Since adolescent development is closely related to the acquisition of socioeconomic status in adulthood,the negative impact of parental absence on children’s development should not be neglected by academics and policy researchers.

简式坚毅量表在青少年群体家庭社会经济地位和时间变量上的测量等值性

目的:检验简式坚毅量表(Grit-S)在不同家庭社会经济地位青少年群体中的测量等值性,以及在青少年群体中跨时间的测量等值性。方法:采用简式坚毅量表(Grit-S)对1891名青少年进行问卷调查,随后,对其中的618名青少年进行了3次追踪调查,每次时间间隔为6个月。结果:多组验证性因素分析的结果显示,Grit-S在高、低家庭社会经济地位青少年组间的形态等值、弱等值、强等值和严格等值模型均可被接受,在不同测量时间点上的形态等值、弱等值和强等值模型均可被接受。结论:Grit-S在高、低家庭社会经济地位青少年群体中具有测量等值性,并且具有跨时间的测量等值性。

特殊儿童家庭社会经济地位、社会支持对亲子关系的影响

本研究采用家庭社会经济地位、社会支持与亲子关系量表调查了四所特殊教育学校的209名特殊儿童父母,运用结构方程模型探讨了家庭社会经济地位、特殊儿童家长所感知到的社会支持和亲子关系之间的关系,验证了社会支持在家庭社会经济地位和亲子关系之间的中介作用。结果发现:(1)家庭社会经济地位、社会支持对特殊儿童家庭亲子关系具有显著预测作用;(2)特殊儿童父母所感知的社会支持在家庭社会经济地位与亲子关系之间起完全中介作用。

美国儿童博物馆的社会经济效益研究——基于15家儿童博物馆的访谈调查

发源于美国的儿童博物馆至今已有一百多年的历史。采用分层随机抽样与典型抽样相结合的抽样方式,通过对美国15家儿童博物馆负责人的访谈研究发现,作为以教育儿童为目的的非营利性社会组织,美国儿童博物馆承担着服务促进社会发展的重要责任,其社会经济效益与教育功能一样不容忽视。其产生的社会经济效益主要包括:为家庭教育提供有利场所,传播和培养启发式、互动式和参与式的教育理念;注重对儿童文化欣赏力、多元文化包容力和跨文化交际能力的培养;整合社会资源服务社区,与当地学校、高校和其他社会机构保持紧密联系;关注社会弱势群体,促进当地经济文化发展。

古巴比伦时期西帕尔城女性婚姻问题探析

以古巴比伦时期西帕尔城的神圣场所"隐修院"为划分地标,西帕尔城女性的婚姻生活是在父权制威权下被迫展开和推进的,可以分为居于"隐修院"内的"圣婚"以及"隐修院"外的世俗婚姻。"圣婚"中的新娘"沙马什的那迪图"嫁给神灵,除了表层的宗教因素之外,更多的动机是出于维护和扩大自己家族的经济利益,她们广泛参与土地买卖、房屋租赁、出租奴隶等交易事务,还通过控制女性奴隶的婚姻进一步确保家族利益。世俗社会中的女性阶层分布较广,其中,"马尔杜克的那迪图"的婚姻既有宗教献祭的因素,还有世俗传统的融入与影响,其他自由身份的女性按部就班地完成签立婚约、订婚、呈送聘礼、婚礼、入住夫家等程序,而女性奴隶的婚姻则完全是受其主人操控。