Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Flat Plate Solar Collector Using TiO_(2)/Water Nanofluid

To research solar energy's efficiency and environmental benefits,the thermal efficiency,exergy,and entropy of solar collectors were calculated.The experiment involved two glass-topped collectors,fluid transfer tubes,and aluminum heat-absorbing plates.Glass wool insulation minimized heat loss.A 0.5% TiO_(2)/Water nanofluid was created using a mechanical and ultrasonic stirrer.Results showed that solar radiation increased thermal efficiency until midday,reaching 48.48% for water and 51.23% for the nanofluid.With increasing mass flow rates from 0.0045 kg/s to 0.02 kg/s,thermal efficiency improved from 16.26% to 47.37% for water and from 20.65% to 48.76% for the nanofluid.Filtered water provided 380 W and 395 W of energy in March and April,while the nanofluid increased it to 395 W and 415 W during these months.Mass flow generated energy,and the Reynolds number raised entropy.The noon exergy efficiency for nanofluids was 50%-55%,compared to 30% for water.At noon,the broken exergy measured 877.53 W for the nanofluid and 880.12 W for water.In Kirkuk,Iraq,the 0.5% TiO_(2)/Water nanofluid outperformed water in solar collectors.

Numerical Investigation and Optimization of a Flat Plate Solar Collector Operating with Cu/CuO/Al_(2)O_(3)–Water Nanofluids

Nanofluids are a potential alternative to significantly improving the performance of heat transfer applications. In this work, a numerical analysis to examine the eff ect of dispersing copper(Cu), copper oxide(CuO), and aluminum(Al2O3) nanoparticles in pure water on the performance of a flat plate solar collector(FPSC) and a numerical model was proposed. The influence of the nanofluid type on the thermal efficiency was critically investigated and discussed. The eff ect of the mass flow rate on the performance was also analyzed and discussed. Based on correlations of the thermophysical properties of nanofluids, a sensitivity analysis was used to analyze the impact of the nanoparticles on the base fluid. The results indicate that the performance of the FPSC with Cu/water nanofluid was better than that of FPSCs using CuO/water or Al2O3/water nanofluids. When the mass flow rate of the nanofluids was 8.0 L/min, the efficiency of the FPSC was much greater than those at the flow rates of 5.0 L/min and 2.0 L/min. Mean enhancements in thermal efficiency of 4.44%, 4.27%, and 4.21% were observed when 2.0 L/min was applied using Cu/water, Cu O/water, and Al2O3/water nanofluids, respectively. Improvements in thermal efficiency of 2.76%, 2.53%, and 2.47% occurred when 8.0 L/min was applied.

Studies on solar flat plate collector evaporation systems for tannery effluent(soak liquor)

Heat and mass transfer analysis of an incompressible, laminar boundary layer over solar flat plate collector evapora- tion systems for tannery effluent (soak liquor) is investigated. The governing equations are solved for various liquid to air velocity ratios. Profiles of velocity, temperature and concentration as well as their gradients are presented. The heat transfer and mass transfer coefficients thus obtained are used to evaluate mass of water evaporated for an inclined fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) solar flat plate collector (FPC) with and without cover. Comparison of these results with the experimental performance shows encouraging trend of good agreement between them.

Thermal Loss Analysis of a Flat Plate Solar Collector Using Numerical Simulation

In this paper,we studied theoretically and numerically heated losses of a flat solar collector to model the solar water heating system for the Kazakhstan climate condition.For different climatic zones with a growing cost for energy or lack of central heating systems,promising is to find ways to improve the energy efficiency of the solar system.The mathematical model(based on ordinary differential equation)simulated the solar system work process under different conditions.To bridge the modeling and real values results,we studied the important physical parameters such as loss coefficient,Nu,Ra,and Pr values.They impacted the efficiency of flat solar collectors and heat losses of the system.The developed mathematical models,the design and composition of the software and hardware complex,and automated control and monitoring systems allow solar hot water heating systems to increase the energy efficiency of life support systems and heat supply of buildings by reducing energy consumption for heat supply.The simulation result showed that during the daytime,the temperature of water in the collector is 70°C;the storage of heated water since heated water is cooled at night.We defined that a work period of the system can be extended with high efficiency(April-October)for Almaty region.

Solar Thermal Systems Performances versus Flat Plate Solar Collectors Connected in Series

This paper shows the modeling of a solar collective heating system in order to predict the system performances. Two systems are proposed: 1) the first, Solar Direct Hot Water, which is composed of flat plate collectors and thermal storage tank, 2) the second, a Solar Indirect Hot Water in which we added an external heat exchanger of constant effectiveness to the first system. The mass flow rate by a collector is fixed to 0.04 Kg·s–1 and the total number of collectors is adjusted to 60. For the first system, the maximum average water temperature within the tank in a typical day in summer and annual performances are calculated by varying the number of collectors connected in series. For the second, this paper shows the detailed analysis of water temperature within the storage and annual performances by varying the mass flow rate on the cold side of the heat exchanger and the number of collectors in series on the hot side. It is shown that the stratification within the storage is strongly influenced by mass flow rate and the connections between collectors. It is also demonstrated that the number of collectors that can be connected in series is limited. The optimization of the mass flow rate on cold side of the heat exchanger is seen to be an important factor for the energy saving.

Experimental Study of Temperature and Humidity Variations in an Incubator Fitted with a Flat-Plate Collector

In Burkina Faso, where livestock farming is widely practiced, particularly in rural areas without access to electricity, solar energy offers a viable alternative due to the country’s abundant sunshine. To support poultry farmers in increasing their production, we developed a solar-powered incubator equipped with a flat-plate collector, requiring no grid electricity. This is a new approach that we want to experiment with because the incubators on the global market operate either with the electricity grid, photovoltaic, gas or oil and not a solar thermal concentrator. This solar concentrator represents the heat source of the device during the day. We plan to look for rocks with high thermal inertia in order to heat them during the day using another flat solar concentrator and then introduce them into the incubator at night to continue the incubation process. In 2022, we conducted a simulation to study temperature variation inside the incubator. In this work, we built a prototype to experimentally evaluate key hydrothermal properties such as air temperature and humidity. Furthermore, we will not introduce rocks into the incubator overnight but will let the system run overnight to see how the hygrothermal properties vary. The findings revealed temperature fluctuations from 25˚C to 65˚C, instead of the desired 36˚C to 38˚C, and humidity levels ranging from 15% to 57%, instead of the target 55% to 75%. Solutions have been proposed to enhance the system’s performance.

Manufacturing and Thermal Performance Test of (Compound) Solar Collector in Damascus City

Solar water collectors that uses for domestic and industrial applications within temperature up to, are classified under two main types: Flat Plate collector (FP), and Evacuated Tube collector (ET). Thermal performance test results showed that each type have different thermal features. Comparison between (FP & ET) collectors showed that they could take advantages of different thermal features of two types when they work in the same climatic conditions and overlap of these thermal features when they work in different operational conditions. They can take advantage of these features through (compound) solar collector. Compound solar water Collector (CO) composed of a part of flat plate collector shape (FP), and a part of evacuated tube collector shape (ET). Booth have equal reference area, and connected together to be as one Solar collector (CO). Water entered first flat part (FP), then evacuated tube part (ET) then to tank or end-use. In this paper, present design and manufacturing as well the thermal performance test of (compound) solar collector, according to Standard Specification of tests, was EN12975:2001. Mechanical test for (CO) collector conducted successfully according to durability, reliability, and safety requirements. In addition, thermal performance was tested in steady state at the climatic conditions of Damascus city, and concluded the thermal performance of (FP & ET) that constitute (CO) collector. The results showed enhancement of thermal performance.

Developments of solar collectors in China

China has abundant solar energy resource. Solar thermal collectors, particularly all-glass evacuated tubular collectors, have been studied and developed for 30 years, and solar thermal industry has developed rapidly for 15 years. There are various solar thermal systems, with an operation area of around 108 million m2 in 2007. These systems mainly provide domestic hot water, but some other applications are under extensive study and development as well.

Performance and Optimization of a Small Hybrid Solar-Thermal Collector

A hybrid solar collector was designed to investigate the effects of combining two different solar collector techniques on the overall collector’s effectiveness. While most solar collectors focus only on one solar collection method, the small hybrid system uses a flat plate collector in conjunction with five evacuated tubes to absorb the most energy possible from both direct and diffuse solar radiation. Data was collected over four months while the system operated at different flow rates and with various levels of available insolation from the sun to evaluate the performance of the solar collector. To understand the relative contribution of the flat plate collector and the evacuated tubes, temperature differences across each part of the system were measured. The results indicate the average first law efficiency of the hybrid system is 43.3%, significantly higher than the performance of the flat plate alone. An exergy analysis was performed for this system to assess the performance of the flat plate system by itself. Results of the second law analysis were comparable to the exergetic efficiencies of other experimental collectors, around 4%. Though the efficiencies were in the expected range, they reveal that further improvements to the system are possible.

Analysis of Exergy of an Experimental Domestic Scale Solar Water Heating System Situated in Owerri

Exergy analysis is a critical aspect of Energy Engineering that can not be overstretched.The need for constant study in this area is very crucial due to it evolving nature.This study involved the analysis of exergy of an Experimental Domestic Scale Solar Water Heating System situated in Owerri,Imo State,Nigeria.There were couples of literature reviews done in relation to the study.It was aimed at analyzing the efficiency of solar water heating system.Basic materials involved in this study are solar radiation collector panel,storage tank,pump,heat exchanger,piping unit and heat transfer fluid.From the results,it recorded that collector outlet temperature is a function of solar radiation and time.Maximum Collector Efficiency occurred at 1 p.m.of the set up location time.It was further revealed that performance of the flat plate solar water heater(SWH)obtained maximum of 97%and minimum of 38%efficiencies at 1 p.m.and 5 p.m.respectively.The highest exergy efficiency gotten was 60%at 1 p.m.and the lowest was 1.9%at 9 a.m.Hence,exergy analysis is a useful method for optimizing performance of a flat plate solar water heating system due to it proportionality to basic quantities in solar studies.

Solar Heater Technologies Selection Using Multi-criteria Analysis

Regarding sun＇s potential in Middle East and North Africa zone and particularly in Morocco, we focus our work on the development of the knowledge and information concerning the solar heaters for domestic applications, in order to help the industrial and the consumer to select an adaptive technology. As a result, a Moroccan mapping of solar water heating systems is presented in this work. This mapping concerns two technologies commonly used： the FPC （flat plate collectors） and the ETC （evacuated tubes ones）. It is based on three criteria： firstly, the efficiency of the STC （solar thermal collectors）; secondly, the economic aspect and at last, the reliability requirements. Based on these information, the multi-criteria outranking methodology PROMETHEE （preference ranking organization method for the enrichment evaluations） allows us to define an adequate solar heater technology linked with the climatic zoning of Morocco.

基于高温工质R245fa的太阳能平板集热器集热过程动态模拟

提出了一种以R245fa为循环工质的气液分离双级太阳能集热系统。对第一级集热系统的集热过程进行了动态数值模拟。结果表明,系统的集热过程受太阳辐射强度的影响最大,受系统启动温度的影响较小。当系统从环境温度启动达到工质蒸发状态时,减少循环工质的质量或增大集热面积均能有效地减少系统的运行时间,而增大系统集热面积是较佳方案。

拉萨地区平板太阳能集热系统变流量运行策略及效益分析

针对室外环境参数波动变化以及蓄热系统温度波动特性,提出一种太阳能集热系统变流量运行调控策略,建立最优流量优化模型,回归得到不同工况下最优流量值多项式函数,并与定流量运行策略下的系统运行性能进行对比分析。结果表明:与定流量运行方式相比,采用变流量调控策略时,集热系统净收益显著提升。对于拉萨地区100 m^(2)串并联形式平板太阳能集热系统,采用变流量运行策略时,虽然运行泵耗增加,但集热量增益更大,相比单位集热面积流量为0.02 m^(3)/(h·m^(2))时,集热系统净收益增加了468.7 MJ,提高了6.75%。

高寒地区平板热管式太阳能集热系统热性能研究

基于呼和浩特地区高寒气候条件,搭建两组完全一致的平板热管式太阳能集热系统,通过实验对比分析太阳辐射强度、传热工质流量、集热板表面积尘等因素对集热器瞬时集热效率以及系统热性能的影响。结果表明,在同等外界条件下,集热器的集热效率随着工质流量的增加而增大,集热效率与太阳辐射强度变化趋势相近,随积尘密度的增加,集热板表面积尘导致系统的得热量减少,集热性能下降。

平板集热器冬季高流速运行数值模拟研究

针对平板集热器(FPSC)冬季热水收集温度不足等问题提出高流速运行方案,以期提高系统的集热性能以及全年利用率.通过CFD技术数值模拟FPSC系统在不同流速工况下(0.02~0.15 kg/s)各组件温度的变化情况,计算系统的集热效率,结合温度云图对比高流速运行的优势.结果显示,高流速运行能够减少集热损失,具有更佳的集热性能.

太阳能平板集热器件纵横比与板间距优化

为减小平板集热器件边框对吸热板的遮光损失,该文应用几何光学基本原理建立了平板型集热器件平均有效吸热面积系数的数学模型。利用此模型对年均有效面积系数随集热器件纵横比、板间距、倾角、纬度的变化进行了详细分析。结果表明,年均有效面积系数随板间距的增大而减小,纵横比越大越明显;倾角小于15°或大于75°对集热器件平均有效面积系数都是不利的。为便于应用,文中给出了年均有效面积系数不小于0.90的临界板间距。鉴于对流热损失较小的合理板间距为4～6cm,该文拟推荐合理纵横比≤2/1,北纬20°、30°、40°、50°使用的平板集热器件最大板间距分别约为5.8、5.4、4.7、4.2cm,相应年均有效面积系数均大于0.90。在设计平板集热器件时,可参照该文研究结果,尽量达到对流热损失和遮光损失最小化。

太阳能集热器研究进展

太阳能热水技术在太阳能利用技术中最为成熟、实际应用最多且在经济上能与常规能源竞争。太阳能集热器是太阳能热水器的核心部件,是用于吸收太阳辐射并使之转换为热能传递给热介质的装置。介绍了平板型太阳能集热器和真空管太阳能集热器,并对两者的优缺点进行对比,对其发展趋势进行了分析。

扰流板型太阳能平板空气集热器集热性能

对一种扰流板型太阳能平板空气集热器的集热性能进行了研究,并对各种影响集热器热性能的因素进行了分析,揭示了总热损失系数、扰流板肋片效率、流道内空气流速和扰流板的间距对效率因子和热迁移因子的影响机理.获得了扰流板型太阳能平板空气集热器的集热效率理论表达式,为此类太阳能空气集热器的设计及应用提供了参考.

太阳能空气集热建筑模块冬季热性能优化实验研究

以建筑集成的太阳能空气集热建筑模块为研究对象,利用与实际住宅等大的实验平台,针对不同的集热板形式和空气流动方式对集热建筑模块热性能的影响进行了实验研究。重点讨论了开孔平板型、开孔孔径大小以及设置空气间层分隔板等对改善集热建筑模块热性能的影响。实验结果表明,开孔平板型较实心平板型的热性能得到明显的改善,孔径优化后(孔径为5mm、孔间距为15mm)的热效率可提高30%以上;另外,设置空气间层分隔板相对于小孔径(d=5mm)而言,采用大孔径(d=10mm)时出风口升温效果更明显。

开孔型折流板太阳能空气集热器参数优化

为了克服折流板引入带来的负面影响,进一步提升折流板型太阳能空气集热器性能,该文采用正交数值试验的方法研究了开孔参数和入口流量参数对集热器效率的影响。选取折流板开孔参数大小、位置、数量以及入口流量4个因素,每个因素取3水平,考虑各因素间的交互作用,设计正交试验方案,进行三维数值模拟计算。结果表明:各开孔因素之间无明显交互作用,入口流量和开孔大小对集热器效率影响显著。最优折流板开孔参数组合与入口流量大小有关,当入口流量分别为0.0044、0.0088和0.0132 kg/(s·m2)时,对应的效率最高开孔参数组合分别为开孔大小(开孔长度与集热器厚度的比值)为1/6、开孔位置(开孔中心距底板距离与集热器厚度的比值)为1/3、开孔数量为3,开孔大小1/3、开孔位置1/3、开孔数量5,开孔大小1/3、开孔位置0、开孔数量5,其集热效率分别为69.63%、81.71%和86.83%。该文结果可为折流板型太阳能集热器的设计和改进提供理论支持。