Excavation compensation theory and supplementary technology system for large deformation disasters

Given the challenges in managing large deformation disasters in energy engineering,traffic tunnel engineering,and slope engineering,the excavation compensation theory has been proposed for large deformation disasters and the supplementary technology system is developed accordingly.This theory is based on the concept that“all destructive behaviors in tunnel engineering originate from excavation.”This paper summarizes the development of the excavation compensation theory in five aspects:the“theory,”“equipment,”“technology,”the design method with large deformation mechanics,and engineering applications.First,the calculation method for compensation force has been developed based on this theory,and a comprehensive large deformation disaster control theory system is formed.Second,a negative Poisson's ratio anchor cable with high preload,large deformation,and super energy absorption characteristics has been independently developed and applied to large deformation disaster control.An intelligent tunnel monitoring and early warning cloud platform system are established for remote monitoring and early warning system of Newton force in landslide geological hazards.Third,the double gradient advance grouting technology,the two-dimensional blasting technology,and the integrated Newton force monitoring--early warning--control technology are developed for different engineering environments.Finally,some applications of this theory in China's energy,traffic tunnels,landslide,and other field projects have been analyzed,which successfully demonstrates the capability of this theory in large deformation disaster control.

A rigid true triaxial apparatus for analyses of deformation and failure features of deep weak rock under excavation stress paths

The squeezing scenario in deep weak rock tunnels can hinder underground construction.However,due to the limitations of test technologies at hand,the real excavation stress path cannot be mimicked in the laboratory.Thus,the large deformation mechanism of deep weak rocks still remains unclear.For this,a true triaxial apparatus(TTA)to investigate the mechanical responses of deep weak rock under excavation stress paths in field and reveal the squeezing mechanism of deep tunnels is assembled and developed at Northeastern University,China.The apparatus can perform instantaneous unloading in s3 direction based on electromagnetism technology.In addition,uniform loading and deformation measurements can be carried out based on the proposed linked interlocking clamp and antifriction device,even if the sample has a strong dilatation deformation performance.Next,a bore trepanning is designed to capture noiseless acoustic emission(AE)signals for deep weak rock at a low threshold.Finally,two tests were are conducted using this instrument to preliminarily understand the failure and deformation features of deep weak rock based on fractured marble.The results show that the complete stressestrain curves of fractured marble have the characteristics of low strengths and large deformations,and the larger deformation and the more serious failure occur when the fractured marble enters the post-peak state after excavation.The results show that the developed apparatus is likely to be applicable for deep weak rock engineering.

Compensation excavation method control for large deformation disaster of mountain soft rock tunnel

In recent years,the mine tunneling method and the new Austrian tunneling method have been considered the main theories of tunneling approaches in China.It is difficult for the traditional technique to overcome the large deformation problems imposed by complex geological conditions of mountain soft rock tunneling.Hence,the compensation excavation method has been proposed to solve this issue under the consideration that all damage in tunneling originates from the excavation.It uses supportive strategies to counteract the excavation effects successfully.This paper provides an overview of the fundamental ideas of the compensation excavation method,methodologies,and field applications.The scientific validity and feasibility of the compensation excavation method were investigated through the practical engineering study of the Muzhailing and Changning tunnels.

Large deformation and failure mechanism analyses of Tangba high slope with a high-intensity and complex excavation process

The Tangba high slope is mainly composed of coarse soils and supplies core wall materials for the construction of the Changheba dam. Since the filling intensity of the Changheba dam is high, the Tangba high slope suffers from a high-intensity excavation process, and reinforcement measures are usually not implemented immediately. Moreover, the distribution of useful materials is uneven and insufficient, and the mixing of different soil materials is necessary; thus, multiple simultaneous excavations and secondary excavation are inevitable. In the construction period from 2012 to 2016, large deformations occurred in this area, and one of the largest monitored horizontal deformations whose direction points to the opposite side of the valley even reached more than 8000 mm. According to field investigation, site monitoring and theoretical analysis, the large deformation in the Tangba high slope can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, the excavation construction breaks the original stress equilibrium state; in the second phase, the precipitation infiltration accelerates the deformation. Thus, the excavation construction and precipitation infiltration are the two major factors promoting the deformation, and the high-intensity and complex excavation process is the fundamental cause. Notably, rate of slope deformation significantly accelerated in rainy seasons due to precipitation infiltration; the rate also accelerated in early 2016 due to the high-intensity, complex excavation process. Comprehensively considering the above factors, timely and effective reinforcement measures are essential.

Large excavations and their effect on displacement of land boundaries

A study to estimate land surface movement caused by large surface excavations in sedimentary strata is presented.In stratified or jointed strata the stress relief driven movement adjacent to large excavations can be significantly larger than expected.High lateral stresses measured in Australia and other places around the world indicate that the ratio of horizontal to vertical stress has been particularly high at shallow depths.The in situ strata is in compression and during excavation,stress is relieved towards the opening causing strata movement.Large excavations such as,open cut mines or highway cuttings,can initiate an extensive horizontal slide of surface layers towards the excavation.These ground movements can be damaging to surface structures such as water storage dams and large buildings.Based on stress measurements at shallow depths in Australian coal mines the study presented here calculates and models the extent of potential ground movement along the bedding surface adjacent to large excavations and provides a new prediction tool of land movement at the excavation boundary that can benefit the geotechnical practitioners in the mining industry.

Diagnosis of Large Papillary Excavations in Developing Countries: From Automated Visual Field to OCT of the Ganglion Complex. About a Case

Background: Large papillary excavations constitute a true differential diagnosis of glaucoma in our environments. Aim: To present a clinical case of large papillary excavation simulating glaucomatous optic neuropathy in a young subject. Case Presentation: The ophthalmologic examination made it possible to note a visual acuity of LogMar 0.00, ocular hypertonia and a large papillary excavation in both eyes. The visual field noted bilateral perimetric involvement suggesting optic neuropathy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the ganglion complex revealed an absence of involvement of the ganglion complex and the ganglion ridge essential to evoke optic neuropathy. An ocular hypotonizing treatment made it possible to normalize the intraocular pressure. Conclusion: The particularity of this observation lies in the fact that the perimeter involvement that preceded any involvement can simulate a glaucomatous involvement. Functional damage to the visual field must be correlated with structural damage to suggest glaucomatous damage in our ophthalmic patients.

基于HSS-MCC融合模型及SSA-BP神经网络开展深基坑超大变形预测研究

软土环境下深基坑开挖变形特性研究中,多采用硬化类弹塑性模型进行分析,如HSS模型和MCC模型.南京河漫滩软土地区,深基坑开挖时局部常发生较大变形,部分土体变形状态介于小应变与大应变之间,单一模型无法准确预测土体变形特征.同时,BP神经网络在基坑变形预测中得到广泛应用,但在训练过程中,权阈值易陷入局部最优解,影响预测的准确性.据此,依托南京地区典型软土深基坑工程,采用Midas中的HSS模型与MCC模型进行分析,比对两种模型的桩体变形量差异,并基于最小二乘准则对两模型进行线性融合,融合模型可对后续区段监测数据进行校准及补充.通过融合麻雀搜索算法对BP神经网络进行优化,在其训练过程中快速收敛,得到全局最优的权阈值,依托狭长基坑已开挖区段监测数据学习训练,进而依据后续区段浅部开挖揭露深部变形特征,预测结果与实测值吻合度较高.研究结果对软土地区深基坑大变形的预测研究具有重要参考价值.

Reliability Allocation of Large Mining Excavator Electrical System Based on the Entropy Method with Failure and Maintenance Data

In the design of large mining excavator electrical system,a practical reliability allocation method was introduced to allocate system level reliability requirements into subsystem and component levels. During the reliability allocation process,factors from the fault and maintenance data were only considered in reliability allocation scheme. It could avoid the disturbance from expert experiences. The entropy method was also used to obtain weights of reliability allocation indexes of large mining excavators considering different factors. Then the failure rate allocation of subsystems and components could be completed.

Feasibility evaluation for excavation of Naghshe Jahan Square subway station by underground methods

In recent years, in reaction to the increasing usage of urban areas, the excavation of underground spaces has been developed. One of the most challenging issues encountered by engineers is the construction of subway stations as large underground spaces at shallow depth with soft surrounding soils. In this paper, Naghshe Jahan Square subway station located in Isfahan, Iran, has been simulated by geomechanical fnite difference method(FDM). This station is located under important historical structures. Therefore, the ground displacement and surface settlement induced by the excavation of the subway station should be strictly controlled. Many of such problems are affected by selected excavation method. For these reasons, different underground excavation methods associated with construction have been studied. In this study, sequential excavation method and large-diameter curved pipe roofng method are used and the numerical results of the two methods are compared. The presence of groundwater table obliges us to choose special techniques for the stability of the ground around the subway station during construction; hence compressed air and ground freezing techniques are utilized in the simulations of the subway station. Finally, after choosing appropriate support systems, the large-diameter curved pipe roofng method with 1.5 m spacing between curved pipes is proposed.

南方CASS软件在水利工程土方挖填中的应用研究

随着人口的不断增长和经济的持续发展,对水资源的需求不断增加。为了满足人们的用水需求,提高水资源利用效率,水利工程建设已成为现代化城市和农村发展的一个重要方向。然而,水利工程建设需要进行大规模的土石方工程,包括开挖和填筑等。为了提高土石方工程的效率和质量,CASS软件技术应用于水库开挖和填筑中,成为了一种重要的辅助工具。本文结合文山州德厚河流域白牛厂汇水外排工程菲古水库详细分析了南方CASS软件在水利工程土方挖填中的具体应用流程,其计算结果更为准确,起到了事半功倍的效果。通过对这一新技术在工程实践中的应用,为以后类似工程计量提供参考。

The Ceneri Base Tunnel＂ Construction Experience with the Southern Portion of the Flat Railway Line Crossing the Swiss Alps

This paper summarizes the experience that was gained during the construction of the 15.4 km long Ceneri Base Tunnel （CBT）, which is the southern part of the fiat railway line crossing the Swiss Alps from north to south. The project consisted of a twin tube with a diameter of 9 m interconnected by cross- passages, each 325 m long. In the middle of the alignment and at its southern end, large caverns were excavated for logistical and operational requirements. The total excavation length amounted to approx- imately 40 km. The tunnel crossed Alpine rock formations comprising a variety of rock typologies and several fault zones. The maximum overburden amounted to 850 m. The excavation of the main tunnels and of the cross-passages was executed by means of drill-and-blast （D＆B） excavation. The support con- sisted of bolts, meshes, fiber-reinforced shotcrete and, when required, steel ribs. A gripper tunnel boring machine （TBM） was used in order to excavate the access tunnel. The high overburden caused squeezing rock conditions, which are characterized by large anisotropic convergences when crossing weaker rock formations. The latter required the installation of a deformable support. At the north portal, the tunnel （with an enlarged cross-section） passed underneath the A2 Swiss highway （the major road axis connect- ing the north and south of Switzerland） at a small overburden and through soft ground. Vertical and sub- horizontal jet grouting in combination with partial-face excavation was successfully implemented in order to limit the surface settlements. The south portal was located in a dense urban area. The excavation from the south portal included an approximately 220 m long cut-and-cover tunnel, followed by about 300 m of D＆B excavation in a bad rock formation. The very low overburden, poor rock quality, and demanding crossing with an existing road tunnel （at a vertical distance of only 4 m） required special excavation methods through reduced sectors and special blasting techniques in order to limit the blast-induced vibrations. The application of a comprehensive risk management procedure, the execution of an intensive surface survey, and the adaptability of the tunnel design to the encountered geological conditions allowed the successful completion of the excavation works.

复杂边界深基坑土方开挖及支护施工技术

结合杭州西站TOD项目,提出围护结构施工、土方开挖、支撑结构施工及养护穿插的土方开挖施工技术;建立了三维实体非线性有限元模型,开挖前模拟分析深基坑在开挖支护终态下的受力;基于数值模拟结果,对开挖全过程进行监测。结果显示,角撑最外侧支护、对撑与围护相连的八字撑处混凝土受力较大;与墙顶位移相比,地下连续墙深层至第2道混凝土支撑处的水平位移较大;比较数值模拟结果和施工监测数据,支撑轴力和地下连续墙深层水平位移的误差分别为4.0%,6.2%,表明数值模拟分析结果可用于指导施工监测;过程中支撑最大轴力和深层土体位移均未超过相应设计要求限值。

新景矿大断面岩巷综掘技术研究与应用

为提高掘进速度,保证巷道稳定,在新景矿15号煤采区集中辅助运输巷开展了大断面岩巷综合机械化掘进技术的研究。在分析当前施工工艺以及支护中存在问题的基础上,提出了以EBZ320D掘进机和CMM2-25型锚杆钻机为主要设备的综合机械化岩巷掘进作业线。理论分析了锚杆索围岩强度强化理论,结合现场实际情况,设计了以不同长度锚索为主的支护方式。现场应用表明,应用新的综合机械化掘进技术后,巷道变形量小,掘进速度快,施工成本低,经济社会效益显著,应用效果良好。

面间煤柱与顺槽“掘-充-留”一体化科学问题与技术

我国将煤炭作为兜底保障能源的局面短期内无法改变,仍将长时间面临煤炭资源保护与煤基固废利用率低的难题。通过创新采掘方法,同时实现提高煤炭资源回采率、规模化处置煤基固废,为煤炭行业绿色可持续发展提供了新途径。在深入调研煤炭资源开采技术发展现状的基础上,提出了煤矿“掘-充-留”掘进新工法。从大断面巷道快速掘进、连续高效充填和巷道安全留设3个方面,通过理论分析、数值模拟等手段,系统论述了“掘-充-留”工法的科学问题和关键技术,研究结果表明:①针对大断面巷道快速掘进、掘进工作面围岩稳定性控制等工程难题,凝练了煤岩特性与掘进机截割参数匹配机制、覆岩载荷空间传递机制与围岩变形机理、锚杆/索-顶板相互作用关系及支护机制3个科学难题,构建了以掘进区地质环境超前实时感知、落-装-运煤多工序智能协同作业、钻锚支架随掘随支围岩时效控制和大断面巷道防漏风及通风优化为核心的技术体系;②从大断面巷道承载体系及时构建及其承载性能调控两个方面凝练了连续高效充填的科学问题,包括充填体-煤层-锚杆/索协同承载机制、多元固废基充填材料水化固结机制,明晰充填体物理力学特性时空演化规律,建立了充填空间安全高效搭建、充填材料工作性能调控、充填材料流动-固结感知为核心的连续高效充填关键技术体系,相关理论与技术的突破可以为充填材料的原材料优选及配比设计、添加剂开发/选型及工作性能调控、掘进速率及充填步距优化设计、充填体固结监测等提供基础理论依据;③基于巷道安全留设及全生命周期内围岩易断裂、易片帮和易损伤等关键难题,阐述了巷道围岩应力场时空分布特征、巷道变形与损伤演化机制、巷道围岩工程质量监测与稳定性调控理论3个科学问题,形成了以巷道围岩稳定性智能预警、巷道围岩变形控制为核心的关键技术体系。开展煤矿“掘-充-留”工法的科学研究与工程示范,实现固废规模化处置-面间煤柱高效回收-顺槽快速掘进的协同,可以推动煤炭行业绿色低碳转型发展。

PBA暗挖车站狭小空间内长管棚施工方法研究

城市地铁浅埋暗挖隧道容易发生垮塌,给城市周边环境造成影响,在隧道上方建立一层保护壳是防止隧道塌方及地表沉降的关键所在。地铁车站建设中,暗挖工程施工条件较为复杂,规模较大,经常需穿越一些砂层,难免导致出现地表变形问题。对此,文章结合类似工程的施工经验,提出在施工通道内两端分别打设59 m长、直径为219 mm的长管棚,中间搭接长度设为5 m,在狭小空间内通过采用顶管法施工,保证打设管棚精度,以期为城市地铁暗挖工程的实施提供可靠的施工方法参考。

穿断层破碎带隧道围岩大变形控制双梯度注浆机制

近些年,中国西部大量深埋隧道工程因关键线路控制无法避让一些活动性断裂,常常在跨越断裂带范围内出现围岩大变形破坏现象,例如侵限、偏压、塌方、底鼓等灾害,严重影响隧道工程施工和运营的安全可持续发展。为了控制断层破碎带隧道围岩大变形,隧道工程设计者和建设者采用了多种控制方案,例如超前注浆、多层钢拱架被动支护、锚杆索主动支护等,但是都因断层破碎带围岩强度过低而出现超前注浆诱发围岩拉裂破碎、主动支护锚杆锚固力不足等现象。为解决上述难题,首先,提出一种增强穿断层破碎带隧道围岩强度的双梯度注浆技术,建立双梯度注浆概念模型,构建3种双梯度注浆模式;然后,确定特定工况下注浆材料粒径梯度与注浆压力梯度的适配条件;最后,通过理论分析、物理模型试验和现场试验,探索双梯度注浆机制及其控制效果。研究结果表明:1)随着开挖步序的增加,穿断层破碎带隧道拱肩变形最大,构造应力对围岩稳定性影响较大。2)在双梯度注浆作用下,浆液扩散效果良好,围岩未出现大面积脱落破坏,隧道周围岩体应力分布均匀。3)双梯度注浆形成了坚硬交叉浆脉骨架,达到了应力补偿效果,将围岩变形量从原来的3 100 mm控制到278 mm以内,实现了“零换拱、零侵限、零突涌”的目标。

长江漫滩区深大异形基坑施工对紧邻特大型桥梁影响及变形控制研究

随着地下空间资源的开发利用,越来越多深基坑呈现出开挖深、规模大、形状不规则等特点,其支护结构设计复杂,施工难度大,具有明显的空间效应。笔者等以南京地铁某基坑工程为例,分析基坑施工对邻近桥梁的影响。其场区位于长江下游漫滩相二元结构地层分布地段,上部软土层厚度大,下部承压含水层地下水位高、水量丰富,地质条件复杂,该基坑为典型的深大异形基坑,距离某大桥的双曲拱引桥仅为7.2 m,由于之前桥梁已遭受其他地下工程施工产生的较大变形,所以后续工程对其影响变形控制要求极高。为此,该车站基坑支护结构设计基于地下空间实际功能采用设置分隔墙分区开挖及MJS超深工法墙综合变形控制方案。笔者等通过有限元数值模拟计算,开展复杂环境下基坑开挖引起的围护结构及桥梁桩基的变形预测分析,计算结果显示,该深大狭长异形基坑开挖对邻近桥梁沉降变形影响显著,通过设置分隔墙分区开挖及MJS工法墙进行变形控制,能够较好地控制基坑的空间效应,减少“长边效应”、“异形效应”等对桥梁沉降变形的影响。通过现场基坑开挖过程实际监测结果,验证这一综合变形控制方案的可行性。该研究成果对于类似复杂地质条件下深大狭长异形基坑的支护及施工设计具有很好的借鉴意义。

FAST台址巨石混合体边坡开挖稳定性分析

FAST台址巨石混合体的开挖稳定性对工程的建设和安全运营具有重要的意义。本文选取典型剖面,对FAST台址巨石混合体边坡在开挖后可能发生的坡体内部深层滑动和表层块体失稳两种破坏模式进行研究。结果表明:巨石混合体边坡沿最危险滑动面滑动的稳定系数约为2.8,不会发生坡体内部滑动。开挖后坡体上部较陡部位的表层块体由于失去支撑而发生失稳,再带动后方的块体运动。块体运动过程中重新堆积、咬合,体现出一定的自稳性。研究结果可为FAST台址巨石混合体及类似地质体的稳定性评价提供参考。

PBA大直径盾构隧道扩挖车站施工的关键技术

北京地铁十四号线采用外径为10 m的大直径土压平衡盾构进行地铁施工.由于盾构隧道扩挖车站施工具有盾构设备利用率高、建设进度快、环境影响小的优势,将台站采用盾构隧道已形成的中洞结合PBA法(洞桩法)扩挖而成,解决了盾构区间施工速度快与车站施工速度慢之间相互矛盾的问题.本文重点分析PBA大直径盾构隧道扩挖车站的工法特点,明确车站结构形式及施工步序,对施工过程中盾构掘进控制、管片拼装与拆除、纵梁与管片的连接、初支及二衬施作等关键技术进行了研究.施工完成后,实测数据显示地表沉降满足控制要求.研究结果可为类似工程提供参考及借鉴.

海底软弱地层浅埋大直径盾构对接开挖面失稳灾变机制研究

为探明对接距离对海底大直径盾构开挖面失稳机制及规律的影响,依托甬舟铁路金塘海底盾构隧道工程,建立考虑渗流的盾构隧道对接有限元模型,研究对接距离L对开挖面失稳机制以及极限支护压力的影响,并基于极限平衡法建立考虑渗流的盾构近距离对接开挖面极限支护压力理论模型。随着对接距离的增大,开挖面失稳形状和极限支护压力的变化可分为3个阶段。1)快速增长阶段(0<L/D≤0.4)(D为隧道直径):该阶段与单个隧道工况区别最明显,失稳区域由楔形体与仓筒组成;此时受对接隧道的阻碍作用最大,且开挖面附近水头场变化剧烈,渗流力占据主要部分。2)缓慢增长阶段(0.4<L/D≤0.7):失稳区域由对数螺旋体与仓筒组成,此时对接隧道的阻碍作用减小,因此极限支护压力在该阶段受对接距离的影响减小,增长缓慢。3)趋于平缓阶段(0.7<L/D≤1.5):失稳区域由对数螺旋体与倒棱台组成,此阶段对接隧道的阻碍作用可忽略不计,极限支护压力、失稳区域形状与非对接情况相近,可视为单个隧道工况。建立的理论模型得出的结果与数值模拟的结果接近,两者误差在10%以内,验证了该模型的可行性。