Responses of Nutrients to the Precipitation Variation and Land Use in Subtropical Monsoonal Small Mountainous Rivers:A Case Study of Baixi Watershed

Small mountainous rivers are characterized by large instantaneous fluxes and susceptible to extreme weather events,which can rapidly transport materials into the sea and have a significant impact on the ecological environment of estuaries and bays.In order to investigate the seasonal characteristics of nutrients in small mountainous rivers in the subtropical monsoon region and the output pattern to the sea during heavy precipitation,surveys on the mountainous rivers were carried out in Baixi watershed in August 2020(wet season),March 2021(dry season)and June 2021(Meiyu period).The results showed that the dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)of the rivers has an average concentration of 752μg L^(−1)in the wet season and 1472μg L^(−1)in the dry season.The concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP)in wet season and dry season were 63μg L^(−1)and 51μg L^(−1),respectively.Influenced by the changes of land use in sub-watersheds,DIN concentrations in the mainstream increased from 701μg L^(−1)in the upper reaches to 1284μg L^(−1)in the middle reaches.Two rainstorms during the Meiyu period in the watershed caused the pulse runoff in the river.The maximum daily runoff reached 70 times that before rains.The maximum daily fluxes of DIN and DIP were 109 and 247 times that before rains,respectively.In view that the watershed experienced several rainstorms in the wet season,the river,with pulse runoff,carries a large amount of nutrients into the sea in a short time,which will have a significant impact on the environment of Sanmen bay and its adjacent sea.

Analysis of Forecast and Early Warning of Flood in Medium and Small Rivers

Flooding of small and medium rivers is caused by environmental factors like rainfall and soil loosening.With the development and application of technologies such as the Internet of Things and big data,the disaster supervision and management of large river basins in China has improved over the years.However,due to the frequent floods in small and medium-sized rivers in our country,the current prediction and early warning of small and medium-sized rivers is not accurate enough;it is difficult to realize real-time monitoring of small and medium-sized rivers,and it is also impossible to obtain corresponding data and information in time.Therefore,the construction and application of small and medium-sized river prediction and early warning systems should be further improved.This paper presents an analysis and discussion on flood forecasting and early warning systems for small and medium-sized rivers in detail,and corresponding strategies to improve the effect of forecasting and early warning systems are proposed.

Slope-gully erosion relationship in small catchments of the middle reaches of the Yellow River

The slope-gully erosion relationship in small catchments of the middle reaches of the Yellow River has long been a topic concerned by relevant departments in China Slope-gully relationship in typical small catchment is determined determined on the concept of net increase of sediment yield by using analytical method of sediment formation at different positions in the catchment The result shows that sediments in a small catchment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River mainly come from slopes. ms paper indicated that the sediment sources from slopes are roughly 55, 60, 78 and 85 % of the total sediment yield of a small catchment in Yangdaogou. Wangjiagou. Jiuyuangou and Nanxiaohegou, respectively, due to impacts of varying degress from slope runoff.

Ecological Environment Problems and Countermeasures of Small and Middle-sized Rivers in Shandong Province

Water uses in small and middle-sized rivers, and non-ecological treatment model has deteriorated local environment in Shandong. The research reviewed ecological environment status quo of small and middle rivers and concluded existing problems. Finally, ecological treatments were proposed based on treatments at home and abroad in order to improve eco-environment of rivers and build better Shandong.

THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SMALL TOWN (TOWNMIS)——A CASE STUDY AT XIAOLAN TOWN, SOUTH CHINA

Now, GISs are popular at most major cities along the coast in China. The lack of available digital geographic data is a serious bottleneck problem. This article first analyses the development characteristics of urban planning and management information system in China, and proposes a method for establishing a planning and management information system for small town. By using GIS as core and integrating with microcomputer network, office automation (OA), computer aided design (CAD), and multimedia technology, a microcomputer information system (TownMIS) is implemented after 3 year design and development. It may be a first comprehensive system for the planning and management of small towns. Since the January of 1996, TownMIS has been actually used in Xiaolan Town, a coastal rich town in South China. This has provided perfect technical, managerial, operational and institutional references for resolving the contradiction of the fast growing installation of GIS sites and fewer actually running system.

基于HS-Small模型临江深基坑降水变形特性分析

临江深基坑工程地下水随江水位变化呈现长期水位低、汛期水位高的动态特征,坑内降水导致周围地层渗流场趋于复杂,易引发围护结构破坏、坑底管涌和基坑失稳等工程事故。为此,采用基于HS-Small本构模型对深基坑工程的开挖-降水过程进行模拟,分析了降水影响因素(降水深度、方式、速率和止水帷幕)对周围环境变形的敏感性及其相互之间的关系,并将分析结果与实测结果进行对比验证。结果表明,随临江深基坑土方开挖和降水进行,基坑坡顶、坑外土体和周边建筑物沉降变形逐渐增大,其中降水对基坑变形影响更明显;分次降水能有效降低周围建筑物和地表的沉降变形;降水深度建议控制在底板以下0.5~2.0 m;降水速率对周围环境沉降总量影响相对较小,但对沉降速率影响较大,当降水速率达到最优值时对基坑稳定性控制有益;止水帷幕嵌入深度超过30 m后对控制周围建筑沉降效果不明显。研究结果可为类似临江深基坑降水工程设计施工提供借鉴和参考。

Why Does the Repaired Len Small Levee, Alexander County, Illinois, US Continue to Breach during Major Flooding Events?

One only needs to study the soil and geologic history and location of the ancient Mississippi and Ohio Rivers to understand why Len Small levee if patched will continue to fail. Much of Dogtooth Bend located in Alexander County, Illinois was originally in the ancient Ohio River valley (Figure 1) alluvial sediments north and east of the confluence with the ancient Mississippi River. The ancient Ohio River valley soils underlain by alluvial sediments and have been easily eroded by the re-aligning modern Mississippi River which now travels through the bedrock controlled Thebes Gap (Figure 2) and into the Ancient Ohio river valley. The primary objectives of this paper are: 1) to explain why Len Small levee, Alexander County, Illinois, US will continue to breach during major flooding events if repaired and 2) to develop a new combined raised causeway and levee system which will provide a Mississippi River floodwater bypass, be sustainable, encourage and fund a land use change, restore the degraded highway road beds, protect remaining Dogtooth Bend farmsteads and farmland that have not yet been degraded by past flooding events and provide floodwater storage during major flooding events at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

基于SWAT与新安江模型场次洪水模拟研究及评估

中小河流洪水大多位于资料短缺的山丘区,具有突发性强,汇流时间短的特点,已成为当前防洪工作的重点和难点。新安江模型和SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型都是应用广泛的水文模型,但其在中小河流洪水模拟中的对比分析及效果评估方面还鲜有研究。以北潦南河为例,建立了日尺度和小时尺度的新安江模型和SWAT模型,评估2种模型在径流深、洪峰流量和峰现时间等关键要素方面的计算效果,分析各自优缺点。结果表明,在率定期间,新安江模型相对径流误差(RRE)、洪峰流量相对误差(RPE)和峰现时间误差(PTE)平均值分别为-2.6%、-4.3%、-0.3 h, SWAT模型RRE、RPE和PTE平均值分别为-4.3%、-3.3%、-0.1 h,新安江模型在RRE方面优于SWAT模型,但SWAT模型在RPE、PTE和多峰洪水模拟方面则优于新安江模型;在验证期得出了与率定期相同的结论。

Causes and Laws of Floods in Small and Medium Rivers in Jiangxi Province

The main causes of floods in small and medium rivers in Jiangxi Province are meteorological factors,rainstorm factors and topographic factors.Based on the data of more than 600 floods from 19 hydrological stations in small and medium rivers in Jiangxi Province,the characteristics of floods in small and medium rivers are analyzed. The results show that the floods in small and medium rivers in Jiangxi Province had characteristics of strong seasonality,high frequency and strong suddenness,and were mainly local floods;rainstorm floods during May-June lasted for a long term,and had double peaks,multi-peaks or a single peak with a long duration. During July-September,floods usually had a single peak,and the duration was relatively short.

River Treatment and Measures in Water Conservancy Projects of Small Farmland

China is country of massive agriculture.Although it has gradually changed from traditionalagriculture to modern agriculture in recent years, thereare still many problems in the transition. Rivers playan important role in water conservancy projects offarmland. Therefore, full attention should be paid toriver management of farmland. This thesis analyzes itand proposes countermeasures for governance.

基于ArcGIS及Mike的山东省山丘区中小河流洪水淹没图编制

以山东省黄垒河为例,通过利用ArcGIS将河道实测数据嵌入区域数字高程模型(DEM)中,利用Mike11、Mike21分别建立河道一维、平面二维模型,并利用Mike Flood将一二维模型进行耦合连接。通过Mike软件计算分析河道的设计洪水水面线及洪水淹没范围数据,采用ArcGIS构建淹没范围内的高程模型,最终与研究区域地面高程模型通过栅格计算得到不同频率下的淹没信息,并结合高分卫星影像地图统计淹没对象。

基于SWAT模型的自适应流域划分方法研究

提出了一种用于铁路建设项目勘察设计阶段的自适用流域划分方法。该方法可以基于SWAT模型和DEM数据模拟建设项目所在流域范围内的流域河网,并快速划分指定区域的小尺度子流域,批量计算取弃土场的上游汇水面积,为铁路建设项目选址选线提供数据支撑。经验证,该方法提取河网的套合差仅为0.0035,划分子流域面积的相对误差平均值仅为1.25%,提取弃土场上游汇水面积的偏差仅为0.14%,具有较高可信度。

基于Arc Hydro Tools的祁连山国家公园小流域划分

以祁连山国家公园为研究区,基于30 m分辨率数字高程模型数据,利用Arc Hydro Tools水文数据模型与河网密度法,在确定最佳集水面积阈值的基础上提取河网并划分小流域,统计小流域的部分特征参数.结果表明,集水面积阈值与河网密度呈幂函数关系,祁连山国家公园最佳集水面积阈值为6000栅格数;河网提取结果与全国1∶250000三级水系流域数据集的河网套合差为2.62%,叠加至遥感图像对比,发现提取结果相较于全国1∶250000三级水系流域数据集更接近真实水系;共划分祁连山国家公园小流域5717个,约80%的小流域面积在3~50 km2.从提取效率和结果精度来看,Arc Hydro Tools模型与河网密度法相结合可较准确提取山地区域河网及小流域.

Sources and distributions of terrigenous organic matter in a mangrove fringed small tropical estuary in South China

The sources and distributions ofterrigenous organic matter （OM） were investigated in a small tropical estu- ary in the Hainan Island, South China. Plants, suspended particulate matter （SPM）, and surface sediments samples in the estuary and coast were collected. Bulk properties [organic carbon （OC%）, total nitrogen （TN%）, stable carbon isotope （613C） and grain size] and lignin phenol concentrations were measured. OC% of mangrove plants was （43.44-2.1） %, which is similar to the values reported for mangrove plants in other re- gions. OC% of sediment samples ranged from 0.07% to 1.42%, and theywere related to the sediment texture. Lignin phenols in the sediment ranged from 5.16 rag/100 mg OC in the uppermost station to 0.51 mg/100 mg OC in the coast. The molar ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen （C/N） （~7） and 613C （^-31.1 ~ 10-a） of riverine SPM revealed that the major OM sources of riverine SPM were aquatic OM （phytoplankton and/or bacteria）. Moreover, the lower lignin concentration （AS） and higher （Ad/A1）v of lignin phenols suggest that terrestrial OM in riverine SPM were mainly from soil. Furthermore, C/N ratio, 6 ~a C and lignin phenols reveal that mangrove plants were the predominant OM sources of mangrove surface sediment. Based on the 61aC and lignin phenols, it can be concluded that the major OM sources in estuarine and coastal surface sedi- ments were marine phytoplankton, riverine SPM and mangrove surface sediment. In addition, the higher （Ad/A1）v of lignin phenols in those coastal sediments indicate that seagrass might be a potential OM source in coastal sediments, however, the lower （Ad/A1）v in the estuarine sediments in turn suggests that seagrass could not be transported to the mangrove fringed region. A three-end-member model which is based on lignin concentrations and 6 I3C was applied to evaluate the contribution of mangroves to the organic matter preserved in the surface sediments. Around the mangrove fringed region, mangrove could contribute more than 50% to the sedimentary OM, and this value is much higher than riverine OM. Nevertheless, mangrove OM could not be efficiently transported to the coastal region. Our study suggests that mangrove forest is an important OM source in this small estuary.

RESEARCH ON SYSTEM OF FLOOD DISASTER CONTROL AND REDUCTION SUPPORTED BY GIS IN MEDIUM AND SMALL BASINS

Southeast China coastal areas belong to subtropical monsoon climatic zone, thus easily affected by floods resulted from typhoons and rainstorms. Since the areas of river basins are small, rivers flood regulation capacities are low, and therefore flood hazard is grave. In this paper, taking the Yongjiang basin in southeast China as an example, the approaches and methods of geographic information system(GIS) applied to flood disaster control and reduction research on small basin are explored. On GIS help the rainfall runoff calculation model and the river channel flood routing model are developed. And the evaluating flood submerged area and the damage assessment models are built supported by digit elevation models. Lastly the decision support system on GIS supported for flood control in research basin has been set up. This greatly improves flood proofing decision making capacities in river basin, and provides valuable information and a mode for flood prevention and reduction in the medium and small basin. Meanwhile, the research indicates that technologies of GIS provide a powerful tool for flood disaster control.

金沙江支流黑水河松新电站短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)过坝后上溯行为

鱼类过坝后的上溯行为对鱼类寻找适宜的产卵、索饵等功能性栖息地至关重要。现阶段我国大多数研究聚焦于鱼类上溯通过鱼道的游泳行为量化,而过坝后的上溯行为分析鲜有报道。本研究在金沙江下游支流黑水河松新坝址处利用PIT(passive integrated transponder)遥测技术对松新电站过鱼对象短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)过坝后的上溯行为开展监测,考虑监测过程中水文情势变化对过坝后上溯行为的影响,采用生存分析方法,构建了耦合多因素(流量、水温、河道涨落水率、昼夜节律、肥满度等)的Cox风险比例回归模型,利用AIC模型准则筛选出最优模型参数,识别了影响鱼类过坝后上溯成功率的关键因素。结果表明:(1)短须裂腹鱼在松新鱼道的上溯效果显著优于河道;(2)水温及河道涨落率是影响短须裂腹鱼过坝后上溯效果的关键因素;(3)水温与短须裂腹鱼过坝后河道上溯成功率呈负相关,当水温超过短须裂腹鱼最适温度后,河道上溯成功率随着温度的上升呈递减趋势;河道涨落水率与短须裂腹鱼过坝后河道上溯成功率呈正相关,其中涨水情势下短须裂腹鱼河道成功上溯的概率高于落水,河道上溯成功率随着涨水率增大呈递增趋势;(4)尽管昼夜节律对短须裂腹鱼过坝后河道上溯成功率无显著影响,但从数据结果发现有61%的短须裂腹鱼选择在夜间上溯。本研究旨在为恢复鱼类栖息地和优化小水电生态调度提供科学依据及参考价值。

基于Ecopath模型的北方典型中小河流生态系统营养结构与能量流动分析

中小河流多而广,是与人类最为亲近的河流类型,但受到的人为改造及生产生活活动干扰强度也最大,表现出的生态退化程度更为明显。以北方典型中小河流清潩河(许昌段)为例,基于2021年夏、秋季水生态调查结果,采用Ecopath with Ecosim软件构建了夏、秋季食物网模型。模型模拟结果显示,清潩河生态系统主要由5个整合营养级(范围值为100~329)构成,其中,营养级Ⅰ、Ⅱ传递效率较低,严重阻碍了能量向更高营养级流动,夏、秋季系统总转化效率分别仅为108%和182%。清潩河生态系统夏、秋季交互营养关系无明显变化,捕食者中除翘嘴鲌外均表现出对饵料生物较强的抑制作用。对生态系统总体特征的分析发现,夏季生态系统规模(总流量为257106 t·km-2)大于秋季(147258 t·km-2),同时,Finn循环指数(FCI)和Finn平均路径长度(FML)计算结果也表明夏季生态系统成熟度和稳定性优于秋季。最后,利用食物网模型筛选出不同营养级范围的关键功能组为浮游植物、软体动物和翘嘴鲌。根据这3类生物的习性特征与生境适宜性需求,提出限制浮游植物优势种生长、加大对软体动物捕食压力和恢复翘嘴鲌种群等建议,为清潩河及同类河流生态修复提供方法支撑和决策参考。

Tank模型在中小河流洪水气象风险预警中的应用

结合蒲河流域的气候条件和洪水特性,利用Tank模型模拟了该流域2019~2020年10次暴雨洪水过程,构建了适用于该流域的概念性暴雨致洪气象风险预警模型,并进行仿真模拟和精度评定。结果表明,改进后的水箱模型能直观地模拟出石角水文站不同时间尺度、不同基础水位条件下的水位变化过程曲线,能减少面雨量阈值的不确定性,预报精度为乙等;根据模拟结果逐级发布气象风险预警,技巧评分和命中率为100%;平均预警发布时间提前3 h以上,可代入预测降水进一步延长洪水预报预见期。

Cultural Route of Ancient Villages and Towns in Zhuozhang River Valley

Shanxi Zhuozhang River Basin has a long history of human habitation,which is one of important cradles of Central-Plains civilization.It has a distinctive valley landscape and holds the glorious Shangdang culture through the Fukou pathway of the ancient 8 valley pathways in Taihang,one of the main activities of Shanxi Lu Trader,and the old revolutionary base areas of Chinese Communist Party.Within the study area,the common factors infl uencing the ancient villages and towns space characteristics were systematically revealed from fi ve aspects of valley landscape environment,Lu Trader development lines,Buddhism propagation path,regional folklore and military activity site.By exploring the uniqueness and similarity,this study analyzed the spatial pattern of ancient villages and towns in the Zhuozhang River Basin and the infl uence of natural,social and historical factors.The feasibility of constructing cultural route in the Zhuozhang River Basin was demonstrated.

SWAT模型在我国山区小流域水质预测中的应用——以琼江流域为例

小流域水环境受人类活动的影响显著,为解析我国典型山区小流域的水质受人类活动的影响规律,选取琼江流域遂宁段为研究对象,构建了针对琼江流域的SWAT模型,在模型验证的基础上并预测了2030年社会经济发展条件与相应治污条件下琼江流域遂宁段的水质时空变化特征。研究结果表明,2030年琼江流域大安断面逐月流量变化范围为2.82~40.44 m^(3)/s,年均流量为16.20 m^(3)/s,其中8月流量最大;各支流中蟠龙河的流量最大,年均流量达到1.13 m^(3)/s;2030年琼江干流NH_(3)-N与TP浓度较高,在枯水季节尤其1~2月水质较差,难以满足Ⅲ类水质标准;干流控制安居城区以上的高滩断面除1月的水质能达到Ⅲ类水质要求,流经安居城区后,干流萝卜园断面在2月份TP未能达到Ⅲ类水质要求,至安居城区以下大安断面,水质进一步变差,1~3月份难以满足Ⅲ类水质要求。成果可为我国山区小流域水质的研究提供借鉴,同时为琼江流域水环境保护和政府决策,提供科学依据和技术支持。