Evaluation of Individual and Environmental Sound Pressure Level and Drawing Noise-Isosonic Maps Using Surfer V.14 and Noise at Work V.5.0

Noise pollution is one of the common physical harmful factors in many work environments.The current study aimed to assess personal and environmental sound pressure level and project the sound-Isosonic map in one of the Razavi Khorasan Paste manufacture using Surfer V.14 and Noise at work V.5.0.This cross-sectional,descrip-tive study is analytical that was conducted in 2018 in the Paste factory that contains Canister,production and Brewing unit.Following ISO 9612:2009,Casella Cel-320 was used to measure personal sound pressure level,while CEL-450 sound level meter(manufactured by Casella-Cel,the UK)was employed to assess environmental sound pressure level.Statistical analyzes was done using SPSS V.18 and Linear Regression test.The sound-isosonic maps were projected using Surfer V.14 and Noise at work V.5.0.The results of assessing personal sound pressure level indicated that the highest received dose(172.21%)and personal equivalent sound level(87.36 dBA)were recorded for workers in the Canister unit.According to results of measuring of the environmental sound pressure level,out of 16 measurement stations in this unit,overall 87.5%were regarded as danger and caution areas.The lowest and highest sound pressure levels in this units were 61 dBA and 92 dBA that belong to Brewing and Canister units respectively.Results indicate Over 75%of the Canister and production units had a sound pressure level greater than 85 dBA and these two units were regarded as the most dangerous area in terms of noise pollution.It is there-fore necessary to implement noise control measures,apply hearing protection program and auditory tests among workers in these units.

Presenting a Signal to Noise Ratio Model Based on the Combined Effect ofSound Pressure Level/frequency, Exposure Time and Oral Potassium:Experimental Study in Rats

Exposure to noise can lead to anatomical,nonauditory,and auditory impacts.The auditory influence of noise exposure is manifested in the form of Noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL).The current study aimed at present a signal to noise ratio model of otoacoustic emission of rats’ears in the light of the combined effect of sound pressure level,sound frequency,exposure time,and potassium concentration of the used water.In total,36 adult male rates,whose age varied from 3 to 4 months and had a weight of 200±50 g,were randomly divided into 12 groups,with each group consisting of 3 rats.The rats in both groups(case and control groups)were exposed to SPLs of 85,95,and 105 dB,emitted from sources that generated white noise.A distortion product otoacoustic emission(DPOAE)machine(4000 I/O manufactured by Homoth of Germany)was utilized to gauge the signal to noise ratio(SNR)of otoacoustic emissions of rats’ears at various frequencies in an acoustic room.The inclusion criterion was SNR≥6 dB.The collected data were fed into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)version 18,followed by conducting descriptive and inferential data analysis procedures.The results of SNR analysis indicated that over 82%of all data had SNRs that were equal to or greater than 6 dB.These data were considered as acceptable response.Furthermore,SPL and sound frequency had significant associations with SNR(P<0.0001).Exposure time also significantly correlated with SNR(P=0.008).However,the potassium concentration of the used water had no significant correlation with SNR(P=0.97).High sound pressure levels result in lower DPOAE.Furthermore,higher frequency leads to higher SNR.On the contrary,longer exposure time reduces SNR.Finally,the potassium concentration of the used water has no effect on SNR.

Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels in Anechoic Chamber and a Noisy Environment Experimentally

In real life, when a noise problem occurs, it is important to identify the cause and measure the noise of the source, since it may affect human beings or other constructions due to vibration generated from noise, so it is necessary to determine the noise related to a specific source like a machine in the presence of other sources which is a very important approach in noise control engineering. In this article a full experiment was executed to measure the sound pressure levels of various sources (stationary and non-stationary), in both an anechoic chamber and a non-ideal noisy environment. The sound pressure level was extracted for different sources and compared for both ideal and non-ideal environment. The results showed that acoustical free field of the space is the best field to do measurements to avoid reflection, on the other hand the difference between the source and the background should be more than 3 dB to get better results.

Evaluation of Environmental Sound Pressure Level,Drawing of Noise-Isosonic Map Using Surfer V.19,and Prioritization of Engineering Noise Control Methods Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP):A Field Study in CGS Stations

Noise pollution is one of the most significant harmful physical factors in the industrial and occupational environments.Due to the high costs of exposure to excessive noise;continuous sound evaluation,propose and implement noise control plans in occupational environments is necessary.Thus,the present study aimed to review environmental sound measurements,drawing of noise maps,and prioritizing the engineering noise control methods using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP).This study was a descriptive-analytical study that aimed to assess occupational noises and present a control plan in the City Gas Stations(CGSs)of Kerman,Iran in 2021.The present study was done in two phases.In the first phase,six CGSs were investigated to measure and evaluate the noise.In addition,the noise map of a CGS was drawn using the Surfer software.Finally,the AHP was used in the second phase of the research to prioritize the control measures.In this phase,four criteria and ten alternatives were identified.According to first phase results,the sound pressure level(SPL)of the stations varied from 76 to 98 dBA.Besides,the majority of the studied stations had a sound level higher than 85 dBA(danger zone).The second phase of the study showed that out of the four evaluated criteria,the executability criterion had the highest impact and the cost criterion had the lowest impact on the selection of control measures with a weight of 0.587 and 0.052,respectively.Based on the results of prioritization of the alternatives,using a silenced regulator(weight of 0.223)and increasing the thickness of the tube(weight of 0.023)had the highest and lowest priorities among the alternatives,respectively.The use of engineering noise control methods such as using silenced regulators was the best way to control the noises of CGSs.Additionally;it is noteworthy that AHP is a practical method for prioritizing alternatives to achieve the most accurate decision-making.The results of AHP can be of great help to health and safety experts and managers in choosing the sound engineering control measures more precisely.

无人机系列化旋翼气动噪声特性对比研究

旋翼的气动噪声是各类旋翼无人机噪声的主要来源,为降低无人机整体噪声和提升其声隐身性能,文中针对某无人机的系列化等径旋翼开展定转速气动噪声特性的对比研究.分别建立各旋翼气动噪声特性预测大涡模拟计算模型,将获取的各旋翼表面压力脉动信息作为声学求解输入,基于FW-H方程计算了等距(3R)和不同方位的旋翼远场噪声特性并进行了试验验证,5个型号旋翼等距处总声压级仿真与试验结果误差不大于4.3%,气动噪声呈现明显的偶极子特性,气动噪声径向声压级明显高于轴向值,且不同旋翼的气动噪声声压级与旋翼转矩具有正相关关系,与旋翼升力间关系则不明显.

400 km/h高速铁路直立式声屏障降噪效果及安全性研究

开展400 km/h高速铁路噪声影响研究是践行“交通强国”战略的有力举措。为研究400 km/h高速铁路噪声特性及辐射源强,获取现有直立式声屏障在速度400 km/h条件下降噪效果及适应性,采用有限元模型进行仿真计算,模拟计算400 km/h高速铁路噪声源强并进行组成分析,对高速铁路通用的直立式声屏障降噪效果、耐久性、安全性等进行分析研究,对目前直立式声屏障适应性提出实施建议。研究表明:高速列车以速度400 km/h运行时,距离铁路外轨中心线25 m、轨上3.5 m处,桥梁段总声级为97.8 dB(A),路基段总声级为96.7 dB(A),气动噪声大于轮轨噪声;提出现有直立式声屏障在速度400 km/h条件下插入损失为2.7~8.9 dB(A);在安全方面,提出立柱底部螺栓养护年限;针对目前铁路直立式声屏障通用图适用性进行分析,提出结构安全优化建议。研究结果可指导400 km/h高速铁路噪声影响分析及直立式声屏障设计工作。

超声消除电缆火灾烟雾的实验研究

声波团聚技术是利用高强声场的作用使颗粒物发生相对运动从而碰撞并凝聚,大幅减少悬浮的颗粒物。当今城市地下电缆一旦发生火灾将造成巨大的生命及财产损失。在火场应用声波团聚技术能够大幅提高火场的能见度,有助于人员逃生。文章研究了超声场下消除地下电缆火灾烟雾的效果。首先设计了一款频率为18 kHz的气介式换能器,并对其进行模态分析;随后加工了声源,测试其发声效果。结果表明,换能器在开放空间及团聚室内声压级最高分别可达154.1 dB及158.7 dB。开放空间下输入功率越高、越靠近圆盘中心,声压级越高;团聚室内中间监测点处由于壁面及底部反射作用声压级最高。团聚实验结果表明,在声压级为155 dB、初始透光率为8%时,对于液相烟雾及电缆烟雾,分别在5、15 s内透光率达到60%,这表明在超声场下,团聚效果显著,且团聚效果随声压级的增大而增大。

400 km/h高速列车车下带格栅裙板区域气动噪声机理及影响因素分析

位于高速列车车体下部区域的通风口格栅与设备舱壁面构成格栅–空腔结构,列车高速运行时,该结构的流声耦合问题较为突出,有必要深入分析其流声耦合机理。将位于车体下部区域的带格栅裙板简化为带格栅的二维空腔模型(格栅–空腔结构),采用延迟分离涡数值模型(Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation,DDES)研究其气动噪声产生机理、流场和声场特性等。研究结果表明:当列车以400 km/h速度运行时,格栅–空腔结构开口处的剪切振荡较为剧烈,特别是空腔冲击边缘附近区域;基于总声压级的空间、频域分布和湍流压力波数–频率谱,发现形格栅–空腔结构的流场始终处于自激振荡的过渡状态,且各位置的总声压级和波数域上的振荡幅值始终低于V形格栅–空腔结构和半圆环形格栅–空腔结构;对目前常用的半圆环形带格栅裙板考虑通风口的出风作用后,观察到空腔内部的涡团演化明显减缓,直接导致格栅附近的总声压级大幅下降约15 d B,表明出风作用能够显著降低带裙板格栅的近场噪声。

基于HyperMesh的乘用车驾驶室NVH性能分析

为测定某乘用车驾驶室噪声、振动、声振粗糙度(noise vibration harshness,NVH)性能,采用有限元软件ANSA建立车辆内饰车身模型,HyperMesh建立驾驶室声腔模型,并采用HyperMesh将车身模型与声腔模型耦合连接,进行声腔模态分析和噪声传递函数分析。声腔模态分析结果表明:驾驶室声腔模型各阶次声压分布基本处于对称状态,符合车内声压分布规律,声腔模态结构合理。噪声传递函数分析结果表明:在不同方向、不同位置的激励作用下,驾驶员右耳处最大声压级为55.60 dB,未超出57 dB的限值规定;后排乘客右耳处最大声压级为56.25 dB,未超出58 dB的限值规定,车辆驾驶室满足NVH性能要求。

基于多物理场耦合的变压器噪声及降噪措施研究

随着电压等级、变压器的容量以及数量的不断提升,变压器的噪声污染日益严重,采取有效措施降低变压器噪声已迫在眉睫。基于有限元仿真平台搭建了110 kV系列变压器模型,采用电-磁-力-声多物理场耦合的方法对不同容量变压器的声压级分布以及应力分布情况进行仿真分析,揭示了不同容量变压器噪声与磁通密度、磁致伸缩效应等参数的关系,依据所得结果提出了基于改进变压器铁心材料和改变铁心夹紧力等方法的降噪措施。

耳机和个人音乐播放器声安全标准解析

阐述了耳机和个人音乐播放器声安全给听力健康带来的风险问题,并介绍了新版安全标准新增的耳机和个人音乐播放器声安全部分的主要内容和技术背景。通过对声安全和声剂量测试的方法与限值要求等内容进行详细说明,分析新标准经过半年实际使用后的实施情况,旨在使行业内尽快了解并掌握新标准,从而推动新标准顺利实施。

机器噪声平均声压级计算方法差异性实证研究

针对家用电器、电动工具、电弧焊机、容积式压缩机、水泵、风机等机器的噪声平均声压级计算过程,介绍典型的机器噪声平均声压级计算方法。分析多种计算方法的差异,同时给出确定噪声平均声压级推荐采用的计算方法。

建筑楼板隔音涂料的制备研究

主要研究了一种新型建筑楼板隔音涂料的制备,包括材料选择、制备工艺和性能测试。结果表明,采用该隔音涂料计权撞击声压级改善量△L_(w)=12 d B、燃烧性能达到A2级,环保性能符合GB18582—2020内墙涂料要求。为建筑楼板隔音涂料的应用提供了理论依据和实践指导。

Estimating rock properties using sound signal dominant frequencies during diamond core drilling operations

In many engineering applications such as mining,geotechnical and petroleum industries,drilling operation is widely used.The drilling operation produces sound by-product,which could be helpful for preliminary estimation of the rock properties.Nevertheless,determination of rock properties is very difficult by the conventional methods in terms of high accuracy,and thus it is expensive and timeconsuming.In this context,a new technique was developed based on the estimation of rock properties using dominant frequencies from sound pressure level generated during diamond core drilling operations.First,sound pressure level was recorded and sound signals of these sound frequencies were analyzed using fast Fourier transform (FFT).Rock drilling experiments were performed on five different types of rock samples using computer numerical control (CNC) drilling machine BMV 45 T20.Using simple linear regression analysis,mathematical equations were developed for various rock properties,i.e.uniaxial compressive strength,Brazilian tensile strength,density,and dominant frequencies of sound pressure level.The developed models can be utilized at early stage of design to predict rock properties.

Analysis on Physical Mechanism of Sound Generation inside Cavities Based on Acoustic Analogy Method

Analysis of coupling aerodynamics and acoustics are performed to investigate the self-sustained oscillation and aerodynamic noise in two-dimensional flow past a cavity with length to depth ratio of 2 at subsonic speeds. The large eddy simulation (LES) equations and integral formulation of Ffowcs-Williams and Hawings (FW-H) are solved for the cavity with same conditions as experiments. The obtained density-field agrees well with Krishnamurty’s experimental schlieren photograph, which simulates flow-field distributions and the direction of sound wave radiation. The simulated self-sustained oscillation modes inside the cavity agree with Rossiter’s and Heller’s predicated results, which indicate frequency characteristics are obtained. Moreover, the results indicate that the feedback mechanism that new shedding-vortexes induced by propagation of sound wave created by the impingement of the shedding-vortexes in the shear-layer and rear cavity face leads to self-sustained oscillation and high noise inside the cavity. The peak acoustic pressure occurs in the first oscillation mode and the most of sound energy focuses on the low-frequency region.

Interpreting Dose-Response Relation for Exposure to Multiple Sound Impulses in the Framework of Immunity

Hearing loss is a common military health problem and it is closely related to exposures to impulse noises from blast explosions and weapon firings. In a study based on test data of chinchillas and scaled to humans (Military Medicine, 181: 59-69), an empirical injury model was constructed for exposure to multiple sound impulses of equal intensity. Building upon the empirical injury model, we conduct a mathematical study of the hearing loss injury caused by multiple impulses of non-uniform intensities. We adopt the theoretical framework of viewing individual sound exposures as separate injury causing events, and in that framework, we examine synergy for causing injury (fatigue) or negative synergy (immunity) or independence among a sequence of doses. Starting with the empirical logistic dose-response relation and the empirical dose combination rule, we show that for causing injury, a sequence of sound exposure events are not independent of each other. The phenomenological effect of a preceding event on the subsequent event is always immunity. We extend the empirical dose combination rule, which is applicable only in the case of homogeneous impulses of equal intensity, to accommodate the general case of multiple heterogeneous sound exposures with non-uniform intensities. In addition to studying and extending the empirical dose combination rule, we also explore the dose combination rule for the hypothetical case of independent events, and compare it with the empirical one. We measure the effect of immunity quantitatively using the immunity factor defined as the percentage of decrease in injury probability attributed to the sound exposure in the preceding event. Our main findings on the immunity factor are: 1) the immunity factor is primarily a function of the difference in SELA (A- weighted sound exposure level) between the two sound exposure events;it is virtually independent of the magnitude of the two SELA values as long as the difference is fixed;2) the immunity factor increases monotonically from 0 to 100% as the first dose is varied from being significantly below the second dose, to being moderately above the second dose. The extended dose-response formulation developed in this study provides a theoretical framework for assessing the injury risk in realistic situations.

CAVITATION INCEPTION WITNESSED BY SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL IN MODEL TEST AND PROTOTYPE OBSERVATION

The paper concerns with the relationship between cavitation inception andSound Pressure Level (SPL). A case study for the Xiaolangdi Hydro-project was taken as a typicalexample, which demonstrated the standard criterion of SPL indicating cavitation inception.Cavitation inception of an orifice plate used for energy dissipation in a tunnel spillway waswitnessed and verified both in model test and prototype observation. A design criterion was proposedfor a cavitation-free hydraulic structure which can be served as a reference for designers as wellas researchers. Consequently, scale effects were discussed with an aim at suggesting an appropriatefactor of safety in design.

Sound transducer calibration of ambulatory audiometric system utilizing delta learning rule

An efficient calibration algorithm for an ambulatory audiometric test system is proposed. This system utilizes a personal digital assistant (PDA) device to generate the correct sound pressure level (SPL) from an audiometric transducer such as an earphone. The calibrated sound intensities for an audio-logical examination can be obtained in terms of the sound pressure levels of pure-tonal sinusoidal signals in eight-banded frequency ranges (250, 500, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000, 4 000, 6 000 and 8 000 Hz), and with mapping of the input sound pressure levels by the weight coefficients that are tuned by the delta learning rule. With this scheme, the sound intensities, which evoke eight-banded sound pressure levels by 5 dB steps from a minimum of 25 dB to a maximum of 80 dB, can be generated without volume displacement. Consequently, these sound intensities can be utilized to accurately determine the hearing threshold of a subject in the ambulatory audiometric testing environment.

On the Impact of Bell Sound on Ambient Particulates

Here the authors examine whether bell sounds can have an impact on ambient aerosol levels and size distribution under atmospheric conditions.The authors present calculation results for acoustic coagulation by church bell sounds for a range of ambient aerosol types.The results show that for orthokinetic sonic agglomeration,while the frequency spectrum of church bells is ideal for causing coagulation of ambient aerosols,the sound pressure level(SPL)becomes too low for an effect.However,for very polluted conditions,at extremely short distances from the bell dust aerosols can readily undergo sonic coagulation.