Coordinated voltage regulation strategy of OLTC and BESS considering switching delay

When large-scale distributed renewable energy power generation systems are connected to the power grid,the risk of grid voltage fluctuations and exceeding the limit increases greatly.Fortunately,the on-load tap changer(OLTC)can adjust the transformer winding tap to maintain the secondary side voltage within the normal range.However,the inevitable delay in switching transformer taps makes it difficult to respond quickly to voltage fluctuations.Moreover,switching the transformer taps frequently will decrease the service life of OLTC.In order to solve this critical issue,a cooperative voltage regulation strategy applied between the battery energy storage systems(BESSs)and OLTSs.is proposed By adjusting the charge and discharge power of BESSs,the OLTC can frequently switch the transformer taps to achieve rapid voltage regulation.The effectiveness of the proposed coordinated regulation strategy is verified in the IEEE 33 node distribution systems.The simulation results show that the proposed coordinated regulation strategy can stabilize the voltage of the distribution network within a normal range and reduce the frequency of tap switching,as such elongating the service life of the equipment.

Modeling and Simulation of High-Voltage Asynchronous Motor Voltage-Regulator

For starting high-voltage asynchronous motor,the voltage regulator based on current-limiting transformer is presented in the paper. Its mathematical model needs to be established analyzing and designing voltage regulator of high-voltage asynchronous motor. The mathematical model of the current-limiting transformer is deduced based on basic circuit theory. It can be found that a continuous variation reactance can describe the current-limiting transformer during starting process. The two variables functions of current and voltage are transformed into one-variable functions,and thus system control is greatly simplified. The voltage regulator is simulated on the basis. The simulation results show that this model has enough accuracy. Finally, the high-voltage asynchronous motor voltage regulator based on current-limiting transformer is designed and tested on this model.

Boosting High-Voltage Dynamics Towards High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Capacitors

Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)are becoming important electrochemical energy storage systems due to their great potential to bridge the gap between supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries.However,capacity lopsidedness and low output voltage greatly hinder the realization of high-energy-density LICs.Herein,a strategy of balancing capacity towards fastest dynamics is proposed to enable high-voltage LICs.Through electrochemical prelithiation of Nb_(2)C to be 1.1 V with 165 mAh g^(-1),Nb_(2)C//LiFePO_(4) LICs show a broadened potential window from 3.0 to 4.2 V and an according high energy density of 420 Wh kg^(-1).Moreover,the underlying mechanism between prelithiation and high voltage is disclosed by electrochemical dynamic analysis.Prelithiation declines the Nb_(2)C anode potential that facilitates electron transmission in the interlayer of two-dimensional Nb_(2)C MXene.This effect induces small drive force for Li^(+)ions deposition and hence weakens the repulsive force from adsorbed ions on the electrode surface.Benefiting from even more Li^(+)ions deposition,a higher voltage is eventually delivered.In addition,prelithiation significantly increases Coulomb efficiency of the 1st cycle from 74%to 90%,which is crucial to commercial application of LICs.

Novel Control Method for Dynamic Voltage Regulator

Control strategy affects directly the working performances of dynamic voltage regulator （DVR）. One-cycle control is an effective nonlinear signal modulation control method. In this paper, a new one-cycle control scheme for DVR was proposed in single phase supply system. On the basis of principle analysis, the corresponding one-cycle control model for DVR was built up, which is characterized by simple control circuits, good control performance, and high control precision. As an example, a control model for single-phase DVR was simulated by using Matlab/Simulink and SimPowerSystem. The results show that the load voltage could be compensated quickly at the points of supply voltage stepping down and up, and the relative error was less than 4% in the whole voltage sag process. Both theory analysis and simulation results show that the new one-cycle control scheme for DVR is effective.

Investigation into PCB Routing Loss for Coupled Inductor Based VR (Voltage Regulator) Design in Server Computing System

Coupled inductor is one appealing technology to improve transient response and reduce output decoupling significantly in interleaved multi-phase voltage regulators (VRs). One well known problem is that coupled inductor winding structure causes PCB routing path longer than discrete inductor design. This paper investigates possible PCB routing schemes for coupled inductor and conducts a fair and quantitative comparison with discrete inductor in a server VR design. Simulation and measurement are also conducted to verify the analysis.

Predicting Individual Phase Current in Couple Inductor Based Voltage Regulators (VRs)

Coupled inductor is one appealing technology to improve transient response and reduce output decoupling significantly in interleaved multi-phase voltage regulators (VRs). One known problem is that there is no mature solution yet to sense the individual phase current accurately in a lossless way for couple inductor based VRs design. This will impact VR some normal function in one phase mode. This paper proposes a new solution to this problem and simulation is conducted to verify effectiveness of the proposal.

Mutations in epigenetic regulator KMT2C detected by liquid biopsy are associated with worse survival in prostate cancer patients

Background:KMT2(lysine methyltransferase)family enzymes are epigenetic regulators that activate gene transcription.KMT2C is mainly involved in enhancer-associated H3K4me1,and is also one of the top mutated genes in cancer(6.6%in pan-cancer).Currently,the clinical significance of KMT2C mutations in prostate cancer is understudied.Methods:We included 221 prostate cancer patients diagnosed between 2014 and 2021 in West China Hospital of Sichuan University with cell-free DNA-based liquid biopsy test results in this study.We investigated the association between KMT2C mutations,other mutations,and pathways.Furthermore,we evaluated the prognostic value of KMT2C mutations,measured by overall survival(OS)and castration resistance-free survival(CRFS).Also,we explored the prognostic value of KMT2C mutations in different patient subgroups.Lastly,we investigated the predictive value of KMT2C mutations in individuals receiving conventional combined anti-androgen blockade(CAB)and abiraterone(ABI)as measured by PSA progression-free survival(PSA-PFS).Results:The KMT2C mutation rate in this cohort is 7.24%(16/221).KMT2C-mutated patients showed worse survival than KMT2C-wild type(WT)patients regarding both CRFS and OS(CRFS:mutated:9.9 vs.WT:22.0 months,p=0.015;OS:mutated:71.9 vs.WT 137.4 months,p=0.012).KMT2C mutations were also an independent risk factor in OS[hazard ratio:3.815(1.461,9.96),p=0.006]in multivariate analyses.Additionally,we explored the association of KMT2C mutations with other genes.This showed that KMT2C mutations were associated with Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 11(STK11,p=0.004)and Catenin Beta 1(CTNNB1,p=0.008)mutations.In the CAB treatment,KMT2C-mutated patients had a significantly shorter PSA-PFS compared to KMT2C-WT patients.(PSA-PFS:mutated:9.9 vs.WT:17.6 months,p=0.014).Moreover,KMT2C mutations could effectively predict shorter PSA-PFS in 10 out of 23 subgroups and exhibited a strong trend in the remaining subgroups.Conclusions:KMT2C-mutated patients showed worse survival compared to KMT2C-WT patients in terms of both CRFS and OS,and KMT2C mutations were associated with STK11 and CTNNB1 mutations.Furthermore,KMT2C mutations indicated rapid progression during CAB therapy and could serve as a potential biomarker to predict therapeutic response in prostate cancer.

Analysis and Design Aspects of a Series Power Semiconductor Array with Digital Waveform Control Capability for Single Phase AC Voltage Regulators and Other Applications

A series connected power semiconductor array, with digital control capability could be used for developing single phase AC regulators or other applications such as AC electronic loads. This technique together with an ordinary gapless transformer could be used to develop a low cost AC voltage regulator (AVR) to provide better or comparable specifications with bulky ferro-resonant AVR types. One primary advantage of the technique is that digital control can be used to minimize harmonics. Commencing with a review of AC voltage regulator techniques for single phase power conditioning systems, an analysis and design aspects of this technique is presented with experimental results for AVRs. Guidelines on how to utilize the technique in a generalized basis is also summarized together with a summary of a technique for achieving harmonic control.

Dose-rate effects of low-dropout voltage regulator at various biases

A low-dropout voltage regulator,LM2941,was irradiated by ^(60)Coγ-rays at various dose rates and biases for investigating the total dose and dose rate effects.The radiation responses show that the key electrical parameters, including its output and dropout voltage,and the maximum output current,are sensitive to total dose and dose rates, and are significantly degraded at low dose rate and zero bias.The integrated circuits damage change with the dose rates and biases,and the dose-rate effects are relative to its electric field.

Containment-Based Multiple PCC Voltage Regulation Strategy for Communication Link and Sensor Faults

The distributed AC microgrid(MG) voltage restoration problem has been extensively studied. Still, many existing secondary voltage control strategies neglect the co-regulation of the voltage at the point of common coupling(PCC) in the AC multi-MG system(MMS). When an MMS consists of sub-MGs connected in series, power flow between the sub-MGs is not possible if the PCC voltage regulation relies on traditional consensus control objectives. In addition, communication faults and sensor faults are inevitable in the MMS. Therefore, a resilient voltage regulation strategy based on containment control is proposed.First, the feedback linearization technique allows us to deal with the nonlinear distributed generation(DG) dynamics, where the PCC regulation problem of an AC MG is transformed into an output feedback tracking problem for a linear multi-agent system(MAS) containing nonlinear dynamics. This process is an indispensable pre-processing in control algorithm design. Moreover, considering the unavailability of full-state measurements and the potential faults present in the sensors, a novel follower observer is designed to handle communication faults. Based on this, a controller based on containment control is designed to achieve voltage regulation. In regulating multiple PCC voltages to a reasonable upper and lower limit, a voltage difference exists between sub-MGs to achieve power flow. In addition, the secondary control algorithm avoids using global information of directed communication network and fault boundaries for communication link and sensor faults. Finally, the simulation results verify the performance of the proposed strategy.

电力电子变压器参与配电网调压调频的应用研究

为提升配电网的稳定性,该文提出利用配电网电力电子变压器对配电网的电压和频率进行调节。通过电力电子变压器输入级进行配电网无功功率调节,利用母线电压下垂特性提出无功调节方法,并引入无功电流反馈以提高配电网电压质量和稳定性;同时,通过电力电子变压器输出级控制负载电压以调节配网有功功率,作为一次调频储备负载,从而在频率暂态期间减小频率偏差。通过对基于配电网电力电子变压器的调压调频控制方法进行实验验证,所提控制策略能改善配电网电压和频率质量,有效提升配电网的稳定性。

考虑可再生能源接入的多端MMC交直流混合系统协调控制

模块化多电平变换器的零转动惯量特性,使其无法对交流电网的频率波动提供支撑,导致交直流混合系统的整体惯性下降,影响并网系统的动态性能与稳定性。文章将改进功率-电压下垂控制与虚拟同步机技术相结合,提出一种新型功率协调控制策略。在系统直流电压稳定的情况下,对交流电网进行频率调节,同时对各变换器间的功率进行合理分配,无需通讯系统即可建立有效的能量管理体系。与传统双闭环控制进行对比试验,结果表明,所提控制策略有效解决了系统由低惯量、欠阻尼引起的动态性能与稳定性的问题。

改进下垂控制下的中压直流配电系统双时间尺度分层调控方法

针对中压直流配电系统,在负荷激增、可再生能源出力突变等特殊工况下,传统优化调度方案与协调控制策略存在系统运行经济性有待提升、直流母线电压易越限的问题。为此,提出一种基于改进下垂控制的中压直流配电系统双时间尺度分层调控方法。首先,构建一种具备直流故障穿越能力的3端混合型模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)环状±10 kV中压直流配电系统,该系统含电动汽车充电站、储能系统、分布式光伏与风电等灵活性资源。其次,制定各单元协调控制策略,并采用tan函数改进传统下垂控制,以提高系统应对大幅功率波动的能力。然后,基于改进控制策略提出一种双时间尺度分层优化调控方法:在长时间尺度的系统调度层,以运行总成本最小为优化目标,确定各换流器参考功率;在短时间尺度的换流器间协调控制层,改进下垂曲线,并优化控制系数,以兼顾系统运行经济性与电能质量。最后,以典型算例验证该文所提优化调度方案及协调控制策略的有效性:通过灵活调度多种柔性资源,系统运行总成本可降低约11%;在某数据中心负荷激增100%的工况下,各直流母线电压波动仍能维持在±3%UN(额定电压)的允许范围内。

双芯移相变压器在主动配电网电压和潮流调控中的应用分析

双芯移相变压器可以有效控制线路电压和潮流,优化潮流分布,提高电网电能质量。针对分布式电源的高比例接入造成的主动配电网电压波动和偏差问题,以及对潮流大小、方向和均衡度的影响,文章研究了双芯移相变压器的拓扑结构和工作原理;然后分析了串联变压器和励磁变压器的具体结构和作用,梳理了移相变压器分别应用于电压调节和潮流控制时的档位控制策略;最后基于MATLAB/Simulink建立了详细的仿真模型,研究了双芯移相变压器的电压调节效果,并对双线路并联、两路电源并联供电、多路电源并联供电三种应用场景下的潮流控制效果作了比较。仿真结果表明,双芯移相变压器可以在有限的档位内将线路电压控制在允许范围;与双线路并联、多路电源并联供电应用场景相比,两路电源并联供电时的潮流均衡效果最好,潮流偏差最小,本研究为双芯移相变压器的广泛应用提供了参考。

一种双极性输出端口电压自平衡隔离型DC/DC变换器

隔离型DC/DC变换器通过多绕组变压器可方便地实现多路或双极性输出,但因交叉调整率问题,在负载不平衡时输出各端口电压存在较大偏差。针对该问题,该文基于反激变换器推导出一种双极性端口电压自平衡隔离型DC/DC变换器。所提方案结构简单、成本低,在不改变传统反激变换器驱动及控制电路设计的情况下能够较好的实现端口电压自平衡,且所提变换器结构具有可拓展性。文中首先详细阐述了所提变换器拓扑的推演过程,然后对变换器的工作原理、性能特点以及电压自平衡机理进行分析。最后,搭建了一台150 W的实验样机,验证了所提变换器理论分析的正确性和有效性。

自适应可调恒定导通时间Buck型直流电压变换器设计

为提高开关电源输出纹波电压、负载调整率、线性调整率和瞬态响应时间等性能指标,采用纹波控制的方法,研究出一款自适应可调恒定导通时间(adjustable-constant-on-time,ACOT)Buck型直流电压变换器。基于TSMC0.18μmCMOS工艺完成了电路设计,并用Cadence平台Spectre仿真器进行了仿真验证。结果表明:该电路的恒定导通时间可以精准灵活调节,纹波电压、线性调整率和瞬态响应时间均较低,与相关文献对比可知,本文设计在负载调整率上具有明显优势。

超级电容技术支持下电力储能功率调节系统仿真

储能过程中,相电压、相电流的频繁变化是导致电力功率无法保持稳定状态的主要原因,为解决上述问题,针对超级电容技术支持下电力储能功率调节系统进行仿真设计。在主电路传输回路中,设置有源滤波器与并网逆变器,实现对储能功率的调节,完成电力储能功率调节系统硬件单元的仿真设计。定义超级电容模型,并将其串联在电力回路中,从而在控制电力脉冲功率的同时,实施对电功率的等效调试,完成对电力系统储能功率的全面调节。

高比例分布式电源对配电网运行的影响及应对措施

随着国家“双碳”政策的提出,分布式电源呈现“点多面广、局部高密度并网”的发展态势,分布式电源大规模接入,将加速有源配电网形成,给配电网安全稳定运行带来较大影响,通过分析高比例分布式电源对四平地区配电网电压控制、电力电量平衡、负荷预测、继电保护及安全运行风险等影响,提出了分布式电源对配电网运行影响的主要原因,并结合现场实际工作经验,在分布式电源承载力、电压调整、分布式电源出力预测、继电保护及安全自动装置、配电网运行安全风险等方面有针对性地提出应对措施。

宽范围负载CL-LDO的设计

针对规模与功耗骤增的集成电路发展趋势,设计了一种可以提供宽范围负载电流的无片外电容型低压差线性稳压器(CL-LDO).为了解决宽范围负载电流与无片外电容等需求所带来的稳定性问题与瞬态特性问题,提出了动态零点补偿的方式与瞬态增强电路结构,既保障了整体电路在全负载范围内保持稳定,又实现了较好的瞬态特性.基于0.11μm CMOS工艺,完成电路设计、版图设计与仿真,仿真结果表明,在0~500 mA的负载范围内,整体环路增益可以达到68 dB;最小相位裕度为56°;当负载电流在1~500 mA之间发生跳变时(Δt=500 ns),输出过冲和下冲分别为56 mV和141 mV,建立时间分别为2μs和0.78μs;PSR为-67.2 dB@1 kHz,负载调整率为0.137μV/mA.

一种宽输入范围高PSRR线性稳压器设计

针对一般线性稳压器输入电压范围较窄,对电源纹波抑制能力较差的问题,设计了一款宽输入范围、高电源抑制比的线性稳压器。采用折叠式共源共栅结构的误差放大器提升环路增益,与负载相关的零点移动频率补偿结构保证整个环路的稳定性。结果表明:基于180 nm 45 V BCD工艺完成电路设计,在输入电压范围为6~45 V,负载电流范围0~100 mA的条件下,能够稳定输出5 V电压,具有良好的线性调整率。当输入电压为24 V,负载电流为50 mA时,低频段下电源抑制比为85.5 dB。