Study on Reducing Injection Pressure of Low Permeability Reservoirs Characterized by High Temperature and High Salinity

In view of the problems of high injection pressure and low water injection rate in water injection wells of low permeability reservoirs featuring high temperature and high salinity,two new surfactants were synthesized,including a quaternary ammonium surfactant and a betaine amphoteric surfactant.The composite surfactant system BYJ-1 was formed by mixing two kinds of surfactants.The minimum interfacial tension between BYJ-1 solution and the crude oil could reach 1.4×10^(-3) mN/m.The temperature resistance was up to 140℃,and the salt resistance could reach up to 120 g/L.For the low permeability core fully saturated with water phase,BYJ-1 could obviously reduce the starting pressure gradient of low permeability core.While for the core with residual oil,BYJ-1 could obviously reduce the injection pressure and improve the oil recovery.Moreover,the field test showed that BYJ-1 could effectively reduce the injection pressure of the water injection well,increase the injection volume,and increase the liquid production and oil production of the corresponding production well.

Heterogeneity and influencing factors of marine gravity flow tight sandstone under abnormally high pressure:A case study from the Miocene Huangliu Formation reservoirs in LD10 area,Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

The characteristics of reservoir heterogeneity of the marine gravity flow tight sandstone from the Miocene Huangliu Formation under abnormally high pressure setting at LD10 area in Yinggehai Basin are studied,and the influencing factors on reservoir heterogeneity are discussed,based on modular formation dynamics test,thin sections,XRD analysis of clay minerals,scanning electron microscopy,measurement of pore throat image,porosity and permeability,and high pressure Hg injection,as well as the stimulation of burial thermal history.The aim is to elucidate characteristics of the heterogeneity and the evolution process of heterogeneity of the reservoir,and predict the favorable reservoirs distribution.(1)The heterogeneity of the reservoir is mainly controlled by the cement heterogeneity,pore throat heterogeneity,quality of the reservoir heterogeneity,and the diagenesis under an abnormally high pressure setting.(2)The differences in pore-throat structure caused by diagenetic evolution affected the intergranular material heterogeneity and the pore throat heterogeneity,and finally controlled the heterogeneity of reservoir quality.(3)Compared with the reservoir under normal pressure,abnormally high pressure restrains strength of the compaction and cementation and enhances the dissolution of the reservoir to some extent,and abnormally high pressure thus weakening the heterogeneity of the reservoir to a certain degree.The favorable reservoirs are mainly distributed in the gravity flow sand body under the strong overpressure zone in the middle and lower part of Huangliu Formation.

Resistivity response to the porosity and permeability of low rank coal

Laojunmiao coal samples from the eastern Junggar basin were studied to understand the relationship between coal resistivity and the physical parameters of coal reservoirs under high temperatures and pressures.Specifically,we analysed the relationship of coal resistivity to porosity and permeability via heating and pressurization experiments.The results indicated that coal resistivity decreases exponentially with increasing pressure.Increasing the temperature decreases the resistivity.The sensitivity of coal resistivity to the confining pressure is worse when the temperature is higher.The resistivity of dry coal samples was linearly related to φ~m.Increasing the temperature decreased the cementation exponent(m).Increasing the confining pressure exponentially decreases the porosity.Decreasing the pressure increases the resistivity and porosity for a constant temperature.Increasing the temperature yields a quadratic relationship between the resistivity and permeability for a constant confining pressure.Based on the Archie formula,we obtained the coupling relationship between coal resistivity and permeability for Laojunmiao coal samples at different temperatures and confining pressures.

Action mechanisms of abnormal fluid pressure on physical properties of deep reservoirs: A case study on Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in the southern margin of Junggar Basin, NW China

Considering the action mechanisms of overpressure on physical changes in skeleton particles of deep reservoir rocks and the differences in physical changes of skeleton particles under overpressure and hydrostatic pressure, the sandstone of the Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in the southern margin of Junggar Basin was taken as an example for physical modeling experiment to analyze the action mechanisms of overpressure on the physical properties of deep reservoirs. (1) In the simulated ultra-deep layer with a burial depth of 6000-8000 m, the mechanical compaction under overpressure reduces the remaining primary pores by about a half that under hydrostatic pressure. Overpressure can effectively suppress the mechanical compaction to allow the preservation of intergranular primary pores. (2) The linear contact length ratio under overpressure is always smaller than the linear contact length ratio under hydrostatic pressure at the same depth. In deep reservoirs, the difference between the mechanical compaction degree under overpressure and hydrostatic pressure shows a decreasing trend, the effect of abnormally high pressure to resist the increase of effective stress is weakened, and the degree of mechanical compaction is gradually close to that under hydrostatic pressure. (3) The microfractures in skeleton particles of deep reservoirs under overpressure are thin and long, while the microfractures in skeleton particles of deep reservoirs under hydrostatic pressure are short and wide. This difference is attributed to the probable presence of tension fractures in the rocks containing abnormally high pressure fluid. (4) The microfractures in skeleton particles under overpressure were mainly formed later than that under hydrostatic pressure, and the development degree and length of microfractures both extend deeper. (5) The development stages of microfractures under overpressure are mainly controlled by the development stages of abnormally high pressure and the magnitude of effective stress acting on the skeleton particles. Moreover, the development stages of microfractures in skeleton particles are more than those under hydrostatic pressure in deep reservoir. The multi-stage abnormally high pressure plays an important role in improving the physical properties of deep reservoirs.

Productivity Analysis Method of Abnormal High-Pressure Gas Reservoir in Ying-Qiong Basin

Ying-Qiong Basin in the west of South China Sea contains plenty of abnormal high-pressure gas reservoirs, whose stress sensitivity is crucial for well productivity. To explore the influence of stress sensitivity on production, the variable outlet back pressure stress sensitivity experiments were applied to test core sample permeability under different burden pressure and obtain the relational expression of power function of core stress sensitivity. Afterwards, new productivity equation is deduced in consideration of reservoir stress sensitivity, and the affection of stress sensitivity on production is analyzed. The result demonstrates close link between stress sensitivity and productivity, since single well production decreases dramatically when reservoir stress sensitivity has been taken into account. This research is constructive for well-testing data interpretation in stress sensitive gas reservoirs.

Test and Study of the Rock Pressure Sensitivity for KeLa-2 Gas Reservoir in the Tarim Basin

KeLa-2 gas reservoir is the largest uncompartimentalized gas field so far discovered in China, with a reserve of hundreds of billions of cubic meters of dry gas. It has such features as extremely long interval (550m), high pressure (74.5MPa) and pressure coefficient (2.022). Gas reservoirs with a pressure coefficient of over 2.0 are not commonly found. The abnormal high-pressure reservoirs are quite different in characteristic and performance during the process of depletion exploitation. Therefore, it is necessary to know the property of pressure sensitivity for this abnormal high-pressure reservoir. The aim of this paper is to test the reservoir pressure sensitivity and to analyze its effect on the deliverability of gas. Through some experiments, the permeability change with the confining pressure of rock samples from KeLa-2 abnormal high-pressure gas reservoir is measured. A power function is used to match the measured data, and to derive an empirical equation to describe the change of permeability through the change of the reservoir pressure or effective overburden pressure. Considering the permeability change during the development of reservoirs, a conventional deliverability equation is modified, and the deliverability curve for KeLa-2 gas reservoir is predicted. The research indicates that the extent of the pressure sensitivity of rock samples from KeLa-2 is higher than that from the Daqing oilfield. KeLa-2 reservoir rock has the feature of an undercompaction state. The pressure sensitivity of a reservoir may decrease the well deliverability. It is concluded that for KeLa-2 reservoir the predicted absolute open flow (AOF), when the pressure sensitivity is taken into account, is approximately 70% of the AOF when permeability is constant and does not change with pressure.

Experimental Investigation on the Pressure Propagation Mechanism of Tight Reservoirs

Low permeability tight sandstone reservoirs have a high filtrational resistance and a very low fluid flow rate.As a result,the propagation speed of the formation pressure is low and fluid flow behaves as a non-Darcy flow,which typically displays a highly non-linear behavior.In this paper,the characteristics and mechanism of pressure propagation in this kind of reservoir are revealed through a laboratory pressure propagation experiment and through data from an actual tight reservoir development.The main performance mechanism is as follows:A new pressure cage concept is proposed based on the pressure variation characteristics of the laboratory experiments.There are two methods of energy propagation in the actual water injection process:one is that energy is transmitted to the deep reservoir by the fluid flowing through the reservoir,and the other is that energy is transmitted by the elasticity of the reservoir.For one injection well model and one production well model,the pressure distribution curve between the injection and production wells,as calculated by the theoretical method,has three section types,and they show an oblique“S”shape with a straight middle section.However,the actual pressure distribution curve is nonlinear,with an obvious pressure advance at the front.After the injection pressure increases to a certain level,the curve shape is an oblique and reversed“S”shape.Based on the research,this paper explains the deep-seated reasons for the difference in pressure distribution and proposes that it is an effective way to develop low permeability tight reservoirs using the water injection supplement energy method.

中低渗油藏高倍数水驱过程中水相渗透率变化特征

冀东油田G76断块在注水开发过程中出现注水井注入压力升高,注水难度增加等问题。为了分析注水过程中储层物性的变化规律,开展了基于二维核磁共振技术的岩心高倍数水驱实验。对目标油藏岩心进行激光粒度测试分析,获得岩心的粒度分布;进行X射线衍射矿物含量分析,获得不同矿物含量占比;开展基于核磁共振技术的高倍数水驱油实验,分析储层物性变化规律。研究结果表明:岩心5-1和岩心6-1分别为含中砂粉砂质细砂岩和含粉砂中砂质细砂岩,其细砂、细粉砂和黏土矿物含量较多。水相相对渗透率及核磁孔隙度随着注水倍数的增加上升到某一高值后呈下降趋势,核磁T_2谱中随着注水倍数的增加,右侧端点值及中、大孔隙对应的曲线左移,二维图谱中自由水信号强度随着注水倍数的不断增加而增加。注入水由束缚水状态至累计注水倍数为500PV时,束缚水信号不断增加;累计注水倍数为>500~1 000 PV时,岩心5-1的束缚水信号持续增强而岩心6-1的束缚水信号发生减弱。研究认为:注水前期由于黏土矿物发生微弱的水化作用,注水后期因受到水的冲刷,细粉砂粒以及胶结物中的黏土矿物容易脱落运移至喉道处发生堵塞,对孔隙喉道产生一定损害,导致水相渗透率降低。研究成果揭示了中低渗油藏注水井出现注水困难和注水压力增大等问题的原因,对有效降低污染、进一步提升注水开发油藏开发效果提供一定的指导。

低渗—特低渗气藏储集层物性与电性下限变化规律

南海西部东方A区气藏和文昌X/Y区气藏均为低渗—特低渗气藏,储集层微观孔隙结构复杂,对物性和电性下限变化规律认识不清。通过开展不同压差条件下的岩心单相驱替实验,结合高温高压条件下岩心毛细管压力-岩电联测实验,开展研究区低渗—特低渗储集层下限研究,分别获取储集层孔隙度、渗透率、含气饱和度和电阻率下限。在此基础上,开展储集层下限变化规律研究,结果表明,东方A区气藏储集层物性与气体流量呈正相关关系,而文昌X/Y区特低渗岩心气体流量极低,且增大实验压差提高气体流量不明显。在束缚水条件下,随着生产压差增大,2个区块孔隙度和渗透率下限逐渐降低。随着储集层物性变好,含水饱和度上限均变低。东方A区气藏电阻率下限随物性变好而逐渐增大,文昌X/Y区气藏特低渗气层电阻率下限随物性变好而逐渐降低,其原因主要是受储集层微观孔隙结构和地层流体赋存状态影响。

TRANSIENT PRESSURE OF PERCOLATION THROUGH ONE DIMENSION POROUS MEDIA WITH THRESHOLD PRESSURE GRADIENT

This paper studies the transient pressure of percolation during one production and one shutting in one dimension porous media with threshold pressure gradient, the differential equations are derived and solved with numerical computation. Basing on numerical solution, it is analyzed that: 1. the relation between the steady pressure at well bore (or at endpoint) and threshold pressure gradient, shut-in time, and the corresponding formulae are derived; 2, the regulation of transient pressure peak. The result is very useful and will help experiments and applications in the development of low permeability reservoirs with threshold pressure gradient.

The establishment of a new deliverability equation considering threshold pressure gradient

The flowing mechanism of a low permeability gas reservoir is different from a conventional gas reservoir,especially for that with higher irreducible water saturation the threshold pressure gradient exists. At present,in all the deliverability equation,the additional pressure drop caused by the threshold pressure gradient is viewed as constant,but this method has big error in the practical application. Based on the non-Darcy steady flow equation,the limited integral of the additional pressure drop is solved in this paper and it is realized that the additional pressure drop is not a constant but has something to do with production data,and a new deliverability equation is derived,with the relevant processing method for modified isochronal test data. The new deliverability equation turns out to be practical through onsite application.

A streamline approach for identification of the flowing and stagnant zones for five-spot well patterns in low permeability reservoirs

The mechanism of the fluid flow in low permeability reservoirs is different from that in middle-high permeability reservoirs because of the existence of the Threshold Pressure Gradient （TPG）. When the pressure gradient at some location is greater than the TPG, the fluid in porous media begins to flow. By applying the mirror image method and the principle of potential superposition, the steady-state pressure distribution and the stream function for infinite five-spot well patterns can be obtained for a low permeability reservoir with the TPG effect. Based on the streamlines distribution, the flowing and stagnant zones in five-spot well patterns can be clearly seen. By the definition of the effective startup coefficient （SUC）, the ratio of the flowing and stagnant zones can be calculated accurately. It is shown that the SUC for five-spot well patterns is not constant, but decreases with the increase of the di- mensionless TPG. By increasing the effective permeability of the formation （such as by the acid treatment and the hydraulic fracture）, in increasing the injection-production differential pressure or shortening the well space （such as by infilling well）, the SUC can be improved. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that a better choice for the SUC enhancement is to shorten the well spacing for small permeability reservoirs and to increase the pressure difference for large permeability reservoirs. This streamline approach can be used to determine the distribution of remaining oil and provide guidance for infilling well.

基于压力衰减法的低渗透储层高温敏感性评价实验

低渗透油气藏在钻完井过程中易受到损害且难以解除,而利用传统的稳态驱替法评价低渗透储层损害存在适用性差及实验效率低等技术局限。为此,基于压力脉冲衰减法基本原理,分析了上游压力衰减规律及其与岩心渗透率的关系,以岩心损害前后压力脉冲衰减时间为评价指标,建立了适用于低渗透储层损害评价的实验设备与方法,并利用渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷深部低渗透砂岩岩心,开展了室温和150℃高温条件下的敏感性实验。研究结果表明:(1)当实验条件一定时,压力衰减时间仅与岩心的渗透率有关,压力脉冲衰减法可在无需计算渗透率的情况下对低渗透岩心的损害程度进行评价;(2)实验设备组成简单且操作便捷,避免了复杂的渗透率计算及其带来的误差,实验所需时间远低于常规的稳态法且可重复性良好,在低渗透气藏、特低渗透及超低渗透油藏具有很好的适用性;(3)高温环境明显加剧了储层的敏感性损害,深部高温储层损害特征及技术对策研究需要充分考虑高温的影响。结论认为,该认识解决了传统低渗透储层敏感性评价方法适用性差的难题,为高温低渗透储层保护技术对策研究提供了实验方法支撑和理论依据。

胜利油田CO_(2)高压混相驱油与封存理论技术及矿场实践

针对胜利油田开展CO_(2)驱油与封存面临的原油轻烃含量低混相难、储层非均质性强波及效率低、易气窜全过程调控难等问题,通过室内实验、技术攻关和矿场实践,形成CO_(2)高压混相驱油与封存理论及关键技术。研究发现,提高地层压力至1.2倍最小混相压力之上,可以提高原油中的中重质组分混相能力,增大小孔隙中的原油动用程度,均衡驱替前缘,扩大波及体积。通过超前压驱补能实现快速高压混相,采用梯级气水交替、注采耦合、多级化学调堵等技术全过程动态调控渗流阻力,实现采收率与封存率的协同最优。研究成果应用于高89-樊142 CCUS(二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存)示范区,区块日产油由254.6 t提高至358.2 t,预计实施15年可提高采出程度11.6个百分点,为CCUS规模化应用提供理论和技术支撑。

考虑压敏效应的低渗透油藏CO_(2)辅助重力驱合理配产方法

高倾角低渗透油藏在进行水驱开发时,在油藏高部位存在大量剩余油,采收率较低,采用CO_(2)辅助重力驱,可以充分利用高倾角的地质特征,有效提高该类油藏的采出程度。但是由于CO_(2)对原油物性影响要远大于水对原油物性的影响,CO_(2)驱替过程中流体的渗流过程更加复杂,因此有必要对低渗透油藏CO_(2)重力驱合理配产优化进行研究。首先,依据油藏中任意一点压力与最小混相压力的关系,分别建立了考虑压敏效应的低渗透油藏CO_(2)重力驱混相和非混相模型;其次,运用Python对模型进行求解,同时分析了压敏系数、地层倾角、注采井距和注气速度对油藏配产的影响;最后,结合现有工作制度法和增产倍数法,对比本模型计算结果,运用tNavigtor软件对3种方法进行采收率预测。研究结果表明:运用本文方法对油藏进行合理配产具有较好的开发效果,油藏采收率相对较高,研究结果对该类低渗油藏的开发具有较好的借鉴意义。

低渗透砂岩储层压驱裂缝起裂及扩展特征实验研究

针对水驱低渗透油藏地层能量补充困难、“注不进、采不出”的问题,胜利油田结合提液稳产技术需求,形成了针对低渗透油藏的压驱注水技术。压驱通过高压注水有效提高了水驱注水总量,矿场试验表明压驱过程中储层形成了一定规模的裂缝,但压驱破裂压力及裂缝扩展规律尚不明确。为了优化矿场施工参数,采用天然砂岩和真三轴水力压裂平台开展5组压驱与压裂物理模拟实验,研究注入排量对压驱破裂压力和裂缝形态的影响,分析注入方式对裂缝形态的影响,并利用多孔弹性理论分析其成因。结果表明:压驱过程同时存在明显的起裂压力和破裂压力,裂缝发育呈现弹性变形、微破裂和失稳破裂3个阶段。随着注入排量升高,起裂压力基本不变,破裂压力逐渐降低。H-F模型可用于预测起裂压力,H-W模型可用于预测破裂压力的上限。压驱裂缝扩展方向受岩石非均质性的影响较大,非均质性通过影响井眼附近的孔隙压力场,进而改变应力场,使裂缝扩展方向不再垂直于最小地应力。定排量注入时,分支缝与主裂缝夹角大,形成鱼骨状裂缝;变排量注入时,分支缝与主裂缝近平行,在主裂缝两侧形成裂缝带。

高温中低渗油藏智能纳米黑卡驱提高采收率技术

当前化学驱储量接替严重不足,亟需攻关突破高温中低渗油藏提高采收率技术。智能纳米黑卡驱油技术是当下极具前瞻性的纳米驱油技术,可大幅度提高采收率。针对河南油田高温中低渗油藏,开展高温条件下纳米黑卡静态性能评价,并通过高温岩心驱替实验评价不同渗透率条件下智能纳米黑卡驱油效果。结果表明,智能纳米黑卡具有优异的耐高温性能,分散稳定性好,能够降低油水界面张力至10^(-1)mN/m,并具有改变润湿性和快速乳化与破乳性能。同时,纳米黑卡具有高效的洗油能力,在95℃下注入0.3 PV的质量分数为0.005%的智能纳米黑卡溶液,在目标油田不同渗透率(50×10^(-3)~450×10^(-3)μm^(2))条件下可提高采收率15.8百分点~20.0百分点。因此,智能纳米黑卡驱油技术适用于河南油田高温中低渗油藏提高采收率。

低渗透稠油油藏CO_(2)压驱提高采收率机理及规律研究

为明确低渗透稠油油藏CO_(2)压驱开采机理及开发效果,利用相态模拟技术分析了CO_(2)对稠油的作用机理。基于有限元离散法,建立了裂缝扩展渗流场-应力场耦合模型,分析了注入压力对裂缝扩展行为的影响。基于裂缝生成模拟结果,建立了考虑CO_(2)复合压驱后形成复杂裂缝的数值模型,进行了油藏压后生产模拟,形成了基于油藏动态参数的稠油油藏CO_(2)压驱数值模拟方法,分析了CO_(2)压驱过程中的裂缝扩展规律,优化了CO_(2)压驱工艺参数。模拟结果表明,CO_(2)压驱的主要作用机理包括降低原油黏度、膨胀原油、增强原油流动性、在注入井附近造缝提高CO_(2)注入能力及增加地层压力。CO_(2)具有较好的增能效果,CO_(2)运移受储层非均质性影响严重,气体超覆作用导致注入的CO_(2)易在储层上部位聚集,上部位原油降黏效果更为显著。通过优化稠油CO_(2)压驱工艺参数,建议压驱注入压力控制在40~50 MPa。该研究结果对稠油油藏CO_(2)压驱设计及现场应用具有一定的指导作用。

低透气性煤层高压脉冲射流割缝-压裂增透技术应用研究

针对盘州平关镇大坪煤矿18采区20号煤层复杂地质条件及瓦斯抽采难题,提出一种高压脉冲射流割缝导向压裂增透技术。为验证该技术效果,分析了其增透技术机理,并设计了4种试验方案进行对比分析。结果表明,采用高压脉冲射流割缝导向压裂方案在瓦斯抽采效果方面显著优于其他方法,与普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝、高压水力压裂抽采瓦斯相比,其平均每日抽采瓦斯浓度分别提高了3.01倍、1.41倍和1.67倍;平均每日抽采瓦斯纯流量也相应提升了2.86倍、1.42倍和1.62倍。经过90 d的抽采,该方案的抽采影响半径达到了5.06 m,分别为普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝和高压水力压裂抽采方案的2.56倍、1.25倍和1.29倍;在抽采效果相同的条件下,钻孔施工时间分别比普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝和高压水力压裂方案缩短了60%、32%和20%,瓦斯抽采达标所需时间分别比普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝和高压水力压裂方案缩短了70%、50%和62%。高压脉冲射流割缝导向压裂技术对低透气性煤层瓦斯治理效果较为理想,可供类似矿井借鉴。

特低渗透滩坝砂油藏超前压驱技术及其应用

胜利油田在特低渗透滩坝砂油藏创新提出一种“超前压驱”的开发技术模式,并取得高产稳产的应用效果。针对高产稳产的致效机制,开展了物理模拟、数值模拟和矿场应用对比研究,分析高压力系数条件下油水井间压力剖面的建立和水井先压驱条件下储层应力场的改变及其对油井产能的影响。结果表明:高压力系数构建连续稳定的驱替压力剖面、超前压驱变应力场油井差异造缝是高产稳产的两大致效机制,在高压力系数条件下,有利于压力与介质协同传导,同时高压压头前移,有利于克服启动压力梯度,形成连续稳定的压力剖面;在超前压驱注水条件下,高油藏压力可有效降低储层的破裂压力,易形成复杂缝网,同时改变储层地应力场的大小和分布,进而影响油井压裂裂缝展布及产能。研究成果揭示了超前压驱高产稳产的致效机制,对特低渗透滩坝砂油藏的规模效益建产具有重要的指导意义。