Calculation and Analysis of Acoustic Characteristics of Straight-Through Perforated Pipe Muffler Based on Multilayer Sound Absorbing Material

Using the multi-physical field simulation software COMSOL,the acoustic characteristics of the multilayer sound absorbing material straight-through perforated pipe muffler are studied by the finite element method.The results show that the finite element calculation of the multilayer sound absorbing material straight-through the perforated pipe muffler agrees well with the experimental measurement results.The reliability of the finite element method for studying the acoustic performance of the straight-through perforated pipe muffler with multilayer sound absorbing materials is shown.Furthermore,the influence of some structural parameters of porous sound absorbing material and micro-perforated plate on the acoustic performance of the multilayer sound absorbing material straight-through perforated pipe muffler is analyzed.The muffler based on multilayer sound absorbing material is different from the traditional muffler.After applying the multilayer sound absorbing material to the straight-through perforated pipe muffler,the transmission loss value greatly increases,which provides new ideas and directions for future research on the muffler.

Equivalent Currents on an Anisotropic MaterialBacked by a Metal Surface and Their Relation

Based on a first-order state-vector differential equation representation of Maxwell's equations, an analytical formulation is derived for the equivalent currents on an anisotropic material backed by a metal surface, and the relation between two currents is also considered. These expressions are degenerated into the common forms for some simple cases. This effort will provide the theoretical preparation for the approximate calculation of electromagnetic scattering from a conducting object coated by an anisotropic material.

Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Two-Dimensional Metal Covered with Radar Absorbing Material and Plasma

A two-dimensional metal model is established to investigate the stealth mechanisms of radar absorbing material （RAM） and plasma when they cover the model together. Using the finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method, the interaction of electromagnetic （EM） waves with the model can be studied. In this paper, three covering cases are considered： a. RAM or plasma covering the metal solely; b. RAM and plasma covering the metal, while plasma is placed outside; e. RAM and plasma covering the metal, while RAM is placed outside. The calculated results show that the covering order has a great influence on the absorption of EM waves. Compared to case a, case b has an advantage in the absorption of relatively high-frequency EM waves （HFWs）, whereas case c has an advantage in the absorption of relatively low-frequency EM waves （LFWs）. Through the optimization of the parameters of both plasma and RAM, it is hopeful to obtain a broad absorption band by RAM and plasma covering. Near-field attenuation rate and far-field radar cross section （RCS） are employed to compare the different cases.

Microwave Absorption Properties of the Carbonyl Iron/EPDM Radar Absorbing Materials

Employing carbonyl iron powder and Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer （EPDM） as the absorbent and matrix, rubber radar absorbing materials （RAM） were prepared. Effects of the carbonyl iron volume fraction and the thickness of the RAM on the microwave absorption properties in the frequency range of 2.6-18GHz were studied, and a mathematical analysis was made using the electromagnetic theory. The experimental results indicate that the minimum reflectivity of the radar absorbing materials continuously decreases with the increase of the carbonyl iron volume fraction, and the absorption peak also moves towards the low frequency for the same thickness of the RAM. The minimum reflectivity of the 3.0 mm RAM is -21.7dB at 3.5 GHz when the volume fraction of carbonyl iron is 45%. The reflectivity of the RAM is not in direct proportional to the thickness of the RAM, when the RAM has the same volume fraction of the carbonyl iron. The reflectivity of the RAM presents a regular trend at a given carbonyl iron volume fraction in the frequency range of 2.6-18 GHz. With the increase of the thickness, the maximum absorption peak moves towards low frequency band, the minimum reflectivity firstly decreases and then increases, and the absorption bandwidth for reflectivity〈-10 dB firstly increases and then decreases. The microwave absorption properties of the RAM are determined by the thickness and the composition of the radar absorbing materials. Theoretical analysis indicates that the reflectivity of the RAM is determined by the matching degree of the air＇s characteristic impedance and the input impedance.

Theoretical Calculation and Analysis of Muffler Based on Multilayer Sound Absorbing Material

The multilayer impedance composite sound absorption structure of the new muffler is proposed by combining the microporous plate structure with the resonant sound absorption structure of the porous material.Firstly,the acoustic impedance and acoustic absorption coefficient of the new muffler structure are calculated by acoustic electric analogy method,and then the noise attenuation is calculated.When the new muffler structure parameters change,the relationship among the noise frequency,the sound absorption coefficient and the noise attenuation is calculated by using MATLAB.Finally,the calculated results are compared with the experimental data to verify the correctness of the theoretical calculation.The variation of resonance peak,resonance frequency and attenuation band width of each structural parameter is analyzed by the relation curve.The conclusion shows that it is feasible to use multilayer sound absorbing materials as the body structure of the new muffler.And the influence relationship between the change of various parameters of the sound absorption structure with the sound absorption coefficient and noise attenuation is obtained.

Fabrication and performance optimization of Mn-Zn ferrite/EP composites as microwave absorbing materials

Magnesium-substituted Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 ferrite is synthesized by the sol–gel combustion method using citrate acid as the complex agent. The electromagnetic absorbing behaviors of ferrite/polymer coatings fabricated by dispersing Mn–Zn ferrite into epoxy resin （EP） are studied. The microstructure and morphology are characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. Complex permittivity, complex permeability, and reflection loss of ferrite/EP composite coating are investigated in a low frequency range. It is found that the prepared ferrite particles are traditional cubic spinel ferrite particles with an average size of 200 nm. The results reveal that the electromagnetic microwave absorbing properties are significantly influenced by the weight ratio of ferrite to polymer. The composites with a weight ratio of ferrite/polymer being 3：20 have a maximum reflection loss of –16 dB and wide absorbing band. Thus, the Mn–Zn ferrite is the potential candidate in electromagnetic absorbing application in the low frequency range （10 MHz–1 GHz）.

The Optimizing Research about Radar Absorbent Material Parameters

From the Physical Optics theory (PO) and Leontovich Impedance Boundary Condition (IBC), We research RCS reduction (RCSR) of multilayer dielectric and magnetic medium on different shape conductors such as plate, cuboid and cone by use of Matlab programs. Some available RCS data and graph results are given. These show the connection between Radar Absorbent Material (RAM) parameters and the number of layers. In the mean time, the relation between RAM optimized parameters and RCS value is also shown. It has better practical significance.

The Effects of Absorbable Materials in the Treatment for Non-Weight-Bearing Bone Fractures of Extremities

Objective:To study the effects of absorbable materials in non-weight-bearing bone fractures of extremities.Methods:After 66 patients with nonweight-bearing bone fractures of extremities were selected,absorbable materials were used in the observation group and metal materials were used in the control group.Results:After treatment,the bone healing in the observation group was significantly improved(P<0.05).Conclusion:the application of absorbable materials in non-weight-bearing bone fractures of extremities is effective.

Application of Nanocrystalline LaNi_5-type Hydrogen Absorbing Alloys in Ni-MH_x Batteries

The structure and electrochemical properties of nanocrystalline LaNi_5-type alloys were studied. These materials were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) followed by annealing. The properties of hydrogen host materials can be modified substantially by alloying to obtain the desired storage characteristics. It was found that the partial substitution of Ni by Al or Mn in LaNi_(5-x)M_x alloy leads to an increase in discharge capacity. The alloying elements such as Al, Mn and Co greatly improved the cycle life of LaNi_5 material. For example, in the nanocrystalline LaNi_(3.75)Mn_(0.75)Al_(0.25)Co_(0.25) powder, discharge capacity up to 258 mAh·g^(-1) was measured (at 40 mA·g^(-1) discharge current). Furthermore, the effect of the graphite coating on the structure of some nanocrystalline alloys and the electrodes characteristics were investigated. The mechanical coating with graphite effectively reduced the degradation rate of the studied electrode materials. The combination of a nanocrystalline LaNi_5-type hydride electrodes and a nickel positive electrode to form a Ni-MH battery, was successful.

Enhancing magnetic properties of anisotropic NdDyFeCoNbCuB powder by applying magnetic field at high temperature during hydrogen desorption

Anisotropic powder was prepared with precursor （NdDy）-（FeCoNbCu）-B sintered magnets by hydrogen decrepitation, desorption, and subsequent annealing treatment. The hydrogen desorption was performed in magnetic fields of 0, 1, 3, and 5 T. The orientation of tetragonal phase grains of the powder was evaluated from the hysteresis loops measured by extraction magnetometer. Residual hydrogen content of the powder was evaluated by thermal-magnetic analysis. The powder with Hcj, Br, and （BH）max of 1138 kA.m^-1, 1.029 T, and 172.5 kJ.m^-3, respectively, was achieved under the condition of the magnetic field of 3 T. Magnetic properties of the powder, especially, the remanence of the powder, are enhanced upon magnetic fields, which is due to better orientation of powder particles and less residual hydrogen in the powder resulted from the magnetic field during the hydrogen desorption process.

Protection of armoured vehicles against chemical, biological and radiological contamination

The article presents problems related to mechanical protection of vehicles with different add-on armours against chemical,biological and radiological contamination.This applies to vehicles with additional passive,reactive and hybrid protection in the form of cassettes against piercing with anti-tank projectiles,piercing with their kinetic energy of impact,and as a result of chemical energy of shaped charges as well as explosively formed projectiles.It has been shown how increased ballistic protection of these vehicles at the same time reduces their decontaminability in various places of the vehicle due to the increased additional surface of the vehicle with cassettes.Prevention of contamination of these cassettes has been presented as a way of reducing hard to reach surface for decontamination and a method of insulating construction elements(stands),fixing these cassettes to the vehicle,from the environment to prevent contact with contaminated liquids and dusts.The selection of appropriate materials is shown,which may affect the improvement of the decontamination efficiency of the vehicle with such cassettes.This applies to the use of materials with low absorption of chemical warfare agents,which prevent the accumulation of large amounts of these agents on contaminated surfaces and improve the effectiveness of decontamination.It also shows how to ensure better access of the disinfectant to as much of the vehicle surface as possible,covered with cassettes that have been contaminated.It shows how a vehicle,in particular with such cassettes,can provide protection against radar detection when Radar Absorbent Material is used on vehicle cassettes.

Preparation and Characterization of Mullite-Silicon Carbide Heat Absorbing Ceramics for Solar Thermal Tower Plant

The in-situ synthesized mullite bonded SiC ceramics for solar thermal tower plant were prepared from Silicon carbide （SIC）, manufactured aluminum hydroxide （Al（OH）3） and Suzhou kaolin via semi-dry pressing and pressureless firing. The results indicate that sample B3 （designed mullite content 15 wt%） fired at 1 400 ℃ exhibited optimal performance with a bending strength of 97.41 MPa. Sample B3 can withstand 30-cycles thermal shock without cracking （wind cooling from 1 100 ℃ to room temperature）, and the bending strength after thermal shock decreased by 17.92%. When the service temperature is 600℃, the thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity are 6.48× 10-2 cm：.s-1, 0.69 kJ·kg-1. K-1, 9.62 W·m-1·K-1 and 977.76 kJ·kg-1, respectively. The XRD and SEM results show that SiC, mullite, or-quartz, and tridymite are connected closely, which gives the material a good bending strength. After 30-time thermal shock cycles, the structure of samples becomes loose. SiC grains are intersectingly arranged with rodshape mullite, exhibiting a favorable thermal shock resistance. The addition of Al（OH）3 and Suzhou kaolin can accelerate the synthesis of mullite, thus to reduce the firing temperature effectively. The volume effect of tfidymite is relatively small, improving the thermal shock resistance of materials. A higher designed muUite content yields a lower loss rate of bending strength. The mullite content should not be more than 15 wt% or else the bending strength would be diminished.

Advances in microwave absorbing materials with broad-bandwidth response

Microwave absorbing materials(MAMs)are playing an increasingly essential role in the development of wireless communications,high-power electronic devices,and advanced target detection technology.MAMs with a broad-bandwidth response are particularly important in the area of communication security,radiation prevention,electronic reliability,and military stealth.Although considerable progress has been made in the design and preparation of MAMs with a broad-bandwidth response,a number of challenges still remain,and the structure–function relationship of MAMs is still far from being completely understood.Herein,the advances in the design and research of MAMs with a broad-bandwidth response are outlined.The main strategies for expanding the effective absorption bandwidth of MAMs are comprehensively summarized considering three perspectives:the chemical combination strategy,morphological control strategy,and macrostructure control strategy.Several important results as well as design principles and absorption mechanisms are highlighted.A coherent explanation detailing the influence of the chemical composition and structure of various materials on the microwave absorption properties of MAMs is provided.The main challenges,new opportunities,and future perspectives in this promising field are also presented.

Biodegradation of Absorbable Hydroxyapatite/Poly-DL-lactide Composites in Different Environment

To develop a new generation of absorbable fracture fixation devices with enhanced biocompatibility, the biodegradation mechanism and its influence on the cellular response at the tissue/implant interface of hydroxyapatite/ poly DL lactide (HA/PDLLA) composites were investigated in vitro and in vivo.HA/PDLLA rods were immersed in phosphate buffered saline,or implanted in muscle and bony tissue for 52 weeks.Scanning electron microscopic and histological studies were done.The degradation rate was the slowest in vitro,slower in muscle tissue and fast in bone.In vitro, the composites degraded heterogeneously and a hollow structure was formed.In bone,the limited clearing capacity leads to the accumulation of oligomeric debris,which contribute totally to the autocatalytic effect.So,the fastest degradation and intense tissue response were seen.In muscle tissue,oligomeric debris migrated into vicinal fibers over a long distance from the original implant cavity and the tissue reactions were,however, quite moderate.For the same size organic/inorganic composite,the environment where it was placed is the major factor in determining its biodegradation process and cellular reaction.In living tissue,factors such as cells,enzymes and mechanical stress have an obvious influence on the biodegradation and biological process at the tissue/implant interface.The biocompatibility of the HA/PDLLA composites is enhanced with the incorporating of the resorbable HA microparticles.

Preparation and radar-absorbing properties of Al2O3/TiO2/Fe2O3/Yb2O3 composite powder

Al2O3/TiOe/FeeO3/Yb2O3 composite powder was synthesized via the sol-gel method. The structure, morphology, and ra- dar-absorption properties of the composite powder were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and RF impedance analysis. The results show that two types of particles exist in the composite powder. One is irregular flakes （100-200 rim） and the other is spherical A1203 particles （smaller than 80 rim）. Electromagnetic wave attenuation is mostly achieved by dielectric loss. The maximum value of the dissipation factor reaches 0.76 （at 15.68 GHz） in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz. The electromagnetic absorption of waves covers 2-18 GHz with the matching thicknesses of 1.5-4.5 mm. The absorption peak shifts to the lower-frequency area with increas- ing matching thickness. The effective absorption hand covers the frequency range of 2.16-9.76 GHz, and the maximum absorption peak reaches -20.18 dB with a matching thickness of 3.5 mm at a frequency of 3.52 GHz.

Microwave-Absorbing Properties of La_(1-x)Sr_xMn_ (1-y)Fe_yO_3

The experiment samples of La1-xSrxMn1-y FeyO3（x = 0. 15, 0.20, 0.23; y = 0. 10, 0. 12, 0.14, 0.16） were prepared by sol-gel process, and the loss tangent and absorption coefficient in the range of 2 - 18 GHz were measured by HP8722 net analyzing apparatus. It is found that changing the content of Sr or Fe would effect the microwave absorbing. When the thickness of La1-x SrxMn1-y FeyO3 is 2 mm and x =0.20, y = 0.14, the capability of microwave absorbing is the best one. There are two absorption peaks; the maximum is 34 dB and effective band width with 10 dB and more reaches 6.2 GHz.

Design and realization of a magnetic-type absorber with a broadened operating frequency band

In this paper, we present an efficient method to obtain absorbers with broadened operating frequency bands. They are accomplished by using conventional magnetic absorbing materials （MAMs） in the forms of array and mesh structures, which are similar to those in the case of a frequency selective surface. The proposed approach is verified not only by simulations but also by experimental results under the normal incidence at microwave frequencies. Moreover, the wideband absorber is lighter than the conventional magnetic absorber. These results indicate that our proposed absorbing structures can be used for designing good electromagnetic absorbers.

EM Scattering from Conducting Flat Plates Coated with Thin RAM

According to the equivalence principles, high frequency approximation and boundary conditions, a method has been developed to deal with the EM scattering by a rectangular conducting flat plate coated with uniaxial anisotropic radar absorbing material (RAM). The simple and effective method is available to the system of RCS prediction in which the large complex targets modeled by facets and wedges. Numerical results show some properties of EM scattering by conducting plate coated with thin uniaxial anisotropic RAM.

BIODEGRADATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYAPATITE/POLY-DL-LACTIDE COMPOSITES FOR FRACTURE FIXATION

The biodegradation and mechanical properties of self-designed hydroxyapatite/poly-DL-lactide (HA/PDLLA) composites were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the specimens of HA/PDLLA and unfilled PDLLA with similar molecular weights were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline. Ageing of the various devices were monitored by measuring molecular weight, water absorption, weight loss, PH, mechanical strengths and microstructural changes. The follow-up times were 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks. In vivo, a transverse transcondylar osteotomy of the distal femur was fixed with a HA/PDLLA rod (diameter, 4.5 mm; length, 30 to approximately 40 mm). The follow-up times were 3, 6 and 12 weeks. Roentgenographic, histologic, and biomechanical studies were carried out. The results show that the HA/PDLLA composites have higher mechanical strength and slower degradation than that of the unfilled PDLLA and that of all osteotomies unite within six weeks without delay. Consequently, the HA/PDLLA composites possess sufficient mechanical strength for the fixation of cancellous osteotomies. (Author abstract) 5 Refs.

Stealth Considerations for Aerodynamic Configurations Design of Missiles

The aerodynamic design of a strategic weapon is of interest, especially when the radar signatures are included in the conceptual design phase. The basics of stealth configurations and stealth mechanisms for missiles are reviewed. The Radar Cross Sections （RCS） of some generic missiles are predicted and compared to analyze the trade-offs involved between low RCS and aerodynamic performance. The consideration of RCS prediction in the conceptual design phase gives a quick insight into the stealth performance prior to detailed design.