APPLICATION OF THE PML ABSORBING BOUNDARY CONDITION TO FD-TD SIMULATION

The key problem of finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method is the skillful application of special conditions on the boundaries of the computational domain. A new technique named Perfectly Matched Layer(PML) yields a robust Absorbing Boundary Condition(ABC) independent of the angle of incidence and the frequency of outgoing waves. In this paper, the principle of the PML technique is briefly presented. Then some problems in the application and their settlements are discussed emphatically. Finally three numerical tests and a measured result are devoted to examine the accuracy and effectiveness of this approach.

Comparison of perfectly matched layer and multi-transmitting formula artificial boundary condition based on hybrid finite element formulation

The theory of perfectly matched layer （PML） artificial boundary condition （ABC）, which is characterized by absorption any wave motions with arbitrary frequency and arbitrarily incident angle, is introduced. The construction process of PML boundary based on elastodynamic partial differential equation （PDE） system is developed. Combining with velocity-stress hybrid finite element formulation, the applicability of PML boundary is investigated and the numerical reflection of PML boundary is estimated. The reflectivity of PML and multi-transmitting formula （MTF） boundary is then compared based on body wave and surface wave simulations. The results show that although PML boundary yields some reflection, its absorption performance is superior to MTF boundary in the numerical simulations of near-fault wave propagation, especially in comer and large angle grazing incidence situations. The PML boundary does not arise any unstable phenomenon and the stability of PML boundary is better than MTF boundary in hybrid finite element method. For a specified problem and analysis tolerance, the computational efficiency of PML boundary is only a little lower than MTF boundary.

Perfectly Matched Layer for an Elastic Parabolic Equation Model in Ocean Acoustics

The perfectly matched layer(PML) is an effective technique for truncating unbounded domains with minimal spurious reflections. A fluid parabolic equation(PE) model applying PML technique was previously used to analyze the sound propagation problem in a range-dependent waveguide(Lu and Zhu, 2007). However, Lu and Zhu only considered a standard fluid PE to demonstrate the capability of the PML and did not take improved one-way models into consideration. They applied a [1/1] Padé approximant to the parabolic equation. The higher-order PEs are more accurate than standard ones when a very large angle propagation is considered. As for range-dependent problems, the techniques to handle the vertical interface between adjacent regions are mainly energy conserving and single-scattering. In this paper, the PML technique is generalized to the higher order elastic PE, as is to the higher order fluid PE. The correction of energy conserving is used in range-dependent waveguides. Simulation is made in both acoustic cases and seismo-acoustic cases. Range-independent and range-dependent waveguides are both adopted to test the accuracy and efficiency of this method. The numerical results illustrate that a PML is much more effective than an artificial absorbing layer(ABL) both in acoustic and seismo-acoustic sound propagation modeling.

An improved convolution perfectly matched layer for elastic second-order wave equation

A convolution perfectly matched layer(CPML)can efficiently absorb boundary reflection in numerical simulation.However,the CPML is suitable for the first-order elastic wave equation and is difficult to apply directly to the second-order elastic wave equation.In view of this,based on the first-order CPML absorbing boundary condition,we propose a new CPML(NCPML)boundary which can be directly applied to the second-order wave equation.We first systematically extend the first-order CPML technique into second-order wave equations,neglecting the space-varying characteristics of the partial damping coefficient in the complex-frequency domain,avoiding the generation of convolution in the time domain.We then transform the technique back to the time domain through the inverse Fourier transform.Numerical simulation indicates that the space-varying characteristics of the attenuation factor have little influence on the absorption effect and increase the memory at the same time.A number of numerical examples show that the NCPML proposed in this study is effective in simulating elastic wave propagation,and this algorithm is more efficient and requires less memory allocation than the conventional PML absorbing boundary.

Theoretical and quantitative evaluation of hybrid PMLABCs for seismic wave simulation

A good artificial boundary treatment in a seismic wave grid-based numerical simulation can reduce the size of the computational region and increase the computational efficiency,which is becoming increasingly important for seismic migration and waveform inversion tasks requiring hundreds or thousands of simulations.Two artificial boundary techniques are commonly used:perfectly matched layers(PMLs),which exhibit the excellent absorption performance but impose a greater computational burden by using finite layers to gradually reduce wave amplitudes;and absorbing boundary conditions(ABCs),which have the high computational efficiency but are less effective in absorption because they employ the one-way wave equation at the exterior boundary.Naturally,PMLs have been combined with ABCs to reduce the number of PMLs,thus improving the computational efficiency;many studies have proposed such hybrid PMLs.Depending on the equations from which the ABCs are derived,there are two hybrid PML variants:the PML+unstretched ABC(UABC),in which the ABC is derived from a physical equation;or the PML+stretched ABC(SABC),in which the ABC is derived from the PML equation.Even though all the previous studies concluded that hybrid PMLs can improve the absorption performance,none of them quantified how many PMLs can be removed by combining the PML with the ABC compared with the pure PML.In this paper,we systematically study the absorption performance of the two hybrid PML variants.We develop a method to distinguish the artificial reflections from the PML-interior interface and those caused by the PML exterior boundary to accurately approximate the additional absorption achieved by using the UABC and the SABC.The reflection coefficients based on a theoretical derivation and numerical tests both show that the UABC amplifies most reflections and is not recommended in any situation;conversely,the SABC can always diminish reflections,but the additional absorption achieved by the SABC is relatively poor and cannot effectively reduce the number of PMLs.In contrast,we find that simply increasing the damping parameter improves absorption better than the PML+SABC.Our results show that the improvement in absorption achieved by combining the PML with either the SABC or the UABC is not better than that obtained by simply adjusting the damping profile of the PML;thus,combining the PML with the ABC is not recommended in practice.

发展方程的完美匹配边界层模型

在有界区域上使用数值方法模拟无界区域上的偏微分方程时,要求在有界区域边界上添加人工边界条件。构造的人工边界条件必须能消除边界上不必要的反射,完美匹配边界层是非常有效的人工吸收边界条件之一。本研究采用复值坐标拉伸的方法,在不分离变量的前提下对发展方程推导出了完美匹配边界层模型。通过平面波分析可知,波在初始求解区域边界上无反射,且在有界的完美匹配边界层上振幅是指数衰减的。

ANALYSIS OF FDTD TO UPML FOR MAXWELL EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDINATES

An FDTD system associated with uniaxial perfectly matched layer（UPML） for an electromagnetic scattering problem in two-dimensional space in polar coordinates is considered.Particularly the FDTD system of an initial-boundary value problems of the transverse magnetic（TM） mode to Maxwell＇s equations is obtained by Yee＇s algorithm,and the open domain of the scattering problem is truncated by a circle with a UPML.Besides,an artificial boundary condition is imposed on the outer boundary of the UPML.Afterwards,stability of the FDTD system on the truncated domain is established through energy estimates by the Gronwall inequality.Numerical experiments are designed to approve the theoretical analysis.

Perfectly Matched Layer Method for Acoustic Scattering Problem by a Locally Perturbed Line with Impedance Boundary Condition

In this paper,we study the two-dimensional Helmholtz scattering problem by a locally perturbed line with impedance boundary condition.Different from the problem with Dirichlet boundary condition,the Green function of the Helmholtz equation with impedance boundary condition becomes very complicated and comprises surface waves along the locally perturbed line.A uniaxial perfectly matched layer(UPML)method is proposed to truncate the half plane into a bounded computational domain.The main contribution of this paper is to prove the well-posedness of the PML problem and the exponential convergence of the approximate solution to the exact solution as either the thickness or the medium parameter of PML increases.

RADIATION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS:A REVIEW OF ACCURATE TIME-DOMAIN FORMULATIONS

We review time-domain formulations of radiation boundary conditions for Maxwell＇s equations, focusing on methods which can deliver arbitrary accuracy at acceptable compu-tational cost. Examples include fast evaluations of nonlocal conditions on symmetric and general boundaries, methods based on identifying and evaluating equivalent sources, and local approximations such as the perfectly matched layer and sequences of local boundary conditions. Complexity estimates are derived to assess work and storage requirements as a function of wavelength and simulation time.

完全匹配层吸收边界在孔隙介质弹性波模拟中的应用

模拟弹性波在孔隙介质中传播,需要稳定有效的吸收边界来消除或尽可能的减小由人工边界引起的虚假反射.本文在前人工作基础上,首次建立了弹性孔隙介质情况下完全匹配层吸收边界的高阶速度-应力交错网格有限差分算法,并详细讨论了完全匹配层的构建及其有限差分算法实现.首先,本文通过均匀孔隙模型的数值解与解析解的对比,验证所提出的数值方法的正确性;然后,本文考察了完全匹配层对不同入射角度入射波和自由表面上的瑞利波的吸收性能,将完全匹配层与廖氏和阻尼吸收边界进行了对比,研究了这三种吸收边界在不同吸收厚度情况下对弹性波吸收能力.数值结果表明,在孔隙介质中,完全匹配层作为吸收边界能十分有效地吸收衰减外行波,无论对体波还是面波,是一种高效边界吸收算法.

完全匹配层吸收边界条件的研究

边界反射是数值模拟中的一个关键问题。构建完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件是消除边界反射的理想方法之一。此方法是在研究区域的边界上加入吸收层,使边界上传入吸收层的波随传播距离按指数规律衰减,不产生任何反射,达到消除边界反射的目的。首先给出了二维声波方程完全匹配层的公式,然后通过地面地震模型和井间地震模型数值算例与常规吸收边界条件进行了比较。结果表明,PML边界条件具有吸收更干净、相位对应关系好且能够吸收各种角度的边界反射等优点,从而验证了完全匹配层吸收效果的优越性。

粒子模拟软件吸收边界的研究

实现了时域有限差分法的Gedney完全匹配层吸收边界条件,并进行了数值验证和参数优化。从结果可以看出其有较低的反射,性能优良;对吸收媒质厚度和电导率分布阶数的参数优化结果与Gedney经验值基本一致。将此吸收边界模块加入到国产粒子模拟软件CHIPIC中,同美国商业粒子模拟软件MAGIC相比有更好的吸收效果。通过对2维极坐标下磁控管的模拟,证明了此吸收边界具有实际应用价值。

完全匹配层吸收边界条件研究

为了提高人为截断边界的吸收效率,提出了一种完全匹配层边界吸收衰减因子——正、余弦型吸收衰减因子。采用声波波动方程,并应用统一格式的高阶交错网格有限差分法来构建正演递推算子实现声波全波场正演计算(边界处差分阶数依次递减)。以单层均匀介质模型为例,研究不同吸收层厚度与介质速度和声波模拟主频的关系。数值试算结果表明,不同吸收层厚度所消耗的时间按一定的函数关系变化,边界吸收层厚度与速度和最大频率之间无明确的对应关系,边界吸收层厚度所占节点数不小于6个时就可以得到较好的边界吸收效果。以Marmousi模型为例研究了完全匹配层边界吸收衰减因子在复杂地质模型中的边界吸收效果,与解析解的对比可知,该边界吸收衰减因子能在复杂地质模型中取得满意的边界吸收效果。

一种改进的二阶弹性波动方程的最佳匹配层吸收边界条件

在分析前人有关二阶波动方程的最佳匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件的构建方式的基础上,讨论了这些PML吸收边界条件在计算效率和计算精度方面的不足,并给出了一种新的改进PML吸收边界条件.本文的核心思想是在频率域引入一个中间变量,避免了褶积运算,对该变量做傅里叶逆变换得到时间域的精确解.通过模型试算,把本文的改进算法与前人的算法的计算精度和计算时间进行比较.对比分析表明,本文提出的PML吸收边界条件计算量小且精度较高,并且是一种稳定的算法.

二阶声波方程频域PML边界条件及频域变网格步长并行计算

研究了二阶声波方程频域PML边界条件和频域变网格并行计算技术。PML边界是一种较为理想的吸收边界方法,多用在求解时域应力速度方程中,但对于频域声波正演,二阶位移方程更常用。从一阶声波方程PML吸收边界条件导出频域二阶位移方程PML边界条件,模拟算例得到的频率切片、时间切片和地震记录对比都说明该边界条件吸收效果很好。频域单炮正演不同频率间是独立的,据此低频部分采用大网格计算,高频采用小网格,实现变网格步长计算技术,这是较时间域正演的一个优势,在保证模拟质量的同时,减少计算量和内存消耗。

声波数值模拟中改进的非分裂式PML边界条件

如今完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件被认为是最好的吸收边界条件,但常规PML吸收边界条件存在变量个数多、计算存储量大、编程复杂以及场源靠近截断边界时吸收性能有所下降等缺点。本文推导出一种适用于声波方程改进的非分裂式(NPML)吸收边界条件。该方法基于非分裂式PML吸收边界条件,采用复频移伸展函数,将PML介质中的波动方程分解为正常项和衰减项并单独进行迭代更新。分析和试验结果表明该方法应用于声波数值模拟时不但具有优良的吸收衰减性能,而且有计算方程简单、编程实现容易、PML辅助变量占内存小等优点。

完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件的理论分析

本文以屏蔽微带线为例,应用谱域方法推导了时域差分(FDTD)法中所用的完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件的公式,并且严格证明了有关参数的选择原则.计算表明,在屏蔽微带线中,这种吸收边界条件的反射系数可以小于-80dB.本文所给出的推导方法对于平面分层介质结构是普遍适用的,因为谱域中的每一个波谱实际上都代表一个平面波.文中所给出的推导揭示了这种吸收边界条件的机理,它对于正确使用以及进一步改进这种吸收边界条件都是有意义的.

标量地震波频率-空间域有限差分法数值模拟

讨论了频率-空间域优化有限差分算子地震波场模拟方法。推导了频率-空间域双程波高阶有限差分算子,计算了9点有限差分系数;提出了一种节省内存的存储策略,对稀疏矩阵和稀疏矩阵LU分解后的矩阵采用了节省内存的存储策略,使内存空间的需求量大幅度降低,可以利用本方法进行具有生产规模的地震波正演模拟;推导了依赖于频率的最佳匹配层吸收边界条件,获得了很好的吸收效果。洼陷模型和Marmousi模型数值模拟试验表明,方法可行且有效,在节约计算机资源的同时,计算精度也能得到保证。

完全匹配层吸收边界条件应用研究

在地震波正演和波动方程偏移的数值计算中,人工边界的引入限制了实际计算区域的大小,边界处反射波的能量严重影响数值计算结果.文中研究了完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件在地震波正演及逆时偏移中的有效应用,将PML边界条件的衰减因子引入到声波方程中,利用有限差分的数值方法求解声波方程,在保证差分近似稳定性的情况下,也使边界处的人工反射得到了最小化的处理.数值结果表明,文中所述的完全匹配层方法对地震波的吸收能力不受入射角度的限制,在地震波传播的数值模拟以及叠前逆时偏移算法测试中,均能有效地吸收地震波,是一种高效的边界吸收算法.

组合边界条件下二维三分量TTI介质波场数值模拟

从TTI介质一阶应力—速度方程出发,利用旋转交错网格高阶有限差分方法,将非分裂完全匹配层(Non-spliting Perfect Match Layer,简称NPML)边界吸收条件和自由边界条件相结合形成组合边界条件,进行了二维三分量TTI介质弹性波场数值模拟。波场快照和炮记录表明:①采用非分裂式边界条件能较好地消除近地表大角度入射波和瞬逝波;②组合边界条件与NPML边界吸收条件相比,不仅有效地压制了边界反射,同时实现了对自由地表的模拟,获得了丰富的全波场信息,其中在地表产生的PS转换横波作为一种特殊的横波现象,可为近地表结构调查以及多波波场分析等提供有益信息;③自由地表引起的面波以及多次波对偏移结果有着重要影响,因此在实际地震资料处理中应当充分考虑自由地表条件对波场的影响效应。数值模拟结果证实了组合边界条件下二维三分量TTI介质波场数值模拟方法的可行性和正确性。