Tanshinone ⅡA improves Alzheimer’s disease via RNA nuclearenriched abundant transcript 1/microRNA-291a-3p/member RAS oncogene family Rab22a axis

BACKGROUND Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.Tanshinone ⅡA(Tan-ⅡA),a bioactive compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza plants,has shown potential neuroprotective effects;however,the mechanisms underlying such a function remain unclear.AIM To investigate potential Tan-ⅡA neuroprotective effects in AD and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms.METHODS Hematoxylin and eosin staining was utilized to analyze structural brain tissue morphology.To assess changes in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation,we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting.Additionally,the effect of Tan-ⅡA on AD cell models was evaluated in vitro using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Genetic changes related to the long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1(NEAT1)/microRNA(miRNA,miR)-291a-3p/member RAS oncogene family Rab22a axis were assessed through reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS In vivo,Tan-ⅡA treatment improved neuronal morphology and attenuated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain tissue of AD mice.In vitro experiments showed that Tan-ⅡA dose-dependently ameliorated the amyloid-beta 1-42-induced reduction of neural stem cell viability,apoptosis,oxidative stress,and neuroinflammation.In this process,the lncRNA NEAT1-a potential therapeutic target-is highly expressed in AD mice and downregulated via Tan-ⅡA treatment.Mechanistically,NEAT1 promotes the transcription and translation of Rab22a via miR-291a-3p,which activates nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)signaling,leading to activation of the pro-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein and inhibition of the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 protein,which exacerbates AD.Tan-ⅡA intervention effectively blocked this process by inhibiting the NEAT1/miR-291a-3p/Rab22a axis and NF-κB signaling.CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Tan-ⅡA exerts neuroprotective effects in AD by modulating the NEAT1/miR-291a-3p/Rab22a/NF-κB signaling pathway,serving as a foundation for the development of innovative approaches for AD therapy.

Soil properties and not plant factors affect both abundant and rare microbial taxa after thinning in a mixed stand of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tzumu

Thinning is an effective management step for sustainable forest development,yet less attention is paid to the restoration of soil microbiota after thinning.In this study,both abundant and rare soil microbial communities(i.e.,bacterial,fungal),were evaluated under various thinning treatments in a mixed stand of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tzumu using Mi Seq sequencing.Thinning did not significantly change either abundant or rare bacterial and fungal community composition,but affected their alpha diversity.The Shannon–Wiener indexes of rare fungal taxa under medium thinning were significantly lower than in the light thinning(P<0.05 level).Xanthobacteraceae dominated the abundant bacterial taxa,and Saitozyma and Mortierlla the abundant fungal taxa.The most common rare bacterial taxa varied;there was no prevalent rare fungal taxa under different thinnings.In addition,soil available nitrogen,total phosphorus,and p H had significant effects on rare bacterial taxa.Nutrients,especially available phosphorus,but not nitrogen,affected abundant and rare soil fungi.The results indicate that soil properties rather than plant factors affect abundant and rare microbial communities in soils of mixed stands.Thinning,through mediating soil properties,influences both abundant and rare bacterial and fungal communities in the mixed C.lanceolata and S.tzumu stand.

Response and assembly of abundant and rare taxa in Zaopei under different combination patterns of Daqu and pit mud:from microbial ecology to Baijiu brewing microecosystem

The quality and aroma of strong-flavor Baijiu are mainly dependent on Daqu,pit mud(PM),and the interaction of both.However,little is known about how their combination patterns affect the microbiome and metabolome of Zaopei,especially the metabolic function of rare taxa.Here,an experiment on industrial size was designed to assess the effects of 6 combinations(3 kinds of Daqu×2 kinds of PM)on the composition and assembly of different taxa,as well as the flavor profile.The results showed that Zaopei's microbiota was composed of a few abundant taxa and enormous rare taxa,and rare bacterial and abundant fungal subcommunities were significantly affected by combination patterns.The assembly processes of abundant/rare taxa and bacterial/fungal communities were distinct,and environmental changes mediated the balance between stochastic and deterministic processes in rare bacteria assembly.Furthermore,specific combination patterns improved the flavor quality of Zaopei by enhancing the interspecies interaction,which was closely related to rare taxa,especially rare bacteria.These findings highlighted that rare bacteria might be the keystone in involving community interaction and maintaining metabolic function,which provided a scientific foundation for better understanding and regulating the brewing microbiota from the viewpoint of microbial ecology.

The largest CPIES array in the marginal sea:abundant dynamics in the northeast South China Sea

The South China Sea(SCS)is a marginal sea connecting the Pacific and Indian oceans and has gained much attention in recent decades.The dynamics in the northeast SCS are considerably influenced by topography,monsoons,tropical cyclones,the Kuroshio intrusion,and water exchange through the Luzon Strait(LS).

Recent progress on earth abundant electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) in alkaline medium to achieve efficient water splitting–A review

Developing earth-abundant-electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction is one of the promising ways to achieve efficient water-splitting for hydrogen production(a clean chemical fuel).This paper reviews the activity,stability and durability for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline medium of different types of recently reported potential electrocatalysts such as Ni,Co,NiCo,Fe,Cu,W,Mo,Se,Mn.Zn,V,and metal free based earth-abundant-electrocatalysts.Further,this paper reviews the strategies used to achieve the remarkably low overpotential(including r/i0:<35mV),high long term stability(including^:100 h)and high durability(including>5000 cycles)of potential earth-abundant-electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline medium and those are better or well comparable with the state-of-the-art,noble,Pt/C electrocatalyst.Finally,this paper summarizes the efficient strategies such as preparing porous structured materials,preparing nanostructured materials with superaerophobic surface,preparing nanostructured materials,preparing carbon composites/integrating electrocatalysts with carbon,preparing amorphous materials,preparing materials w让h oxygen vacancies/defects,preparing metal chalcogenides,preparing bimetallic/multi-metallic materials,doping metals or heteroatoms,preparing electrocatalysts with core-shell structure,decorating electrocatalysts with amines,preparing homojunction/heterojunction structured materials,preparing hollow structured materials,and preparing boronrich surface to enhance the activity,stability,and durability for HER.

Tuning the electronic structure of the earth-abundant electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction(OER)to achieve efficient alkaline water splitting-A review

Tuning the electronic structure of the electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is a promising way to achieve efficient alkaline water splitting for clean energy production(H2).At first,this paper introduces the significance of the tuning of electronic structure,where modifying the electronic structure of the electrocatalysts could generate active sites having optimal adsorption energy with OER intermediates,and that could diminish the energy barrier for OER,and that could improve the activity for OER.Later,this paper reviews the tuning of electronic structure along with catalytic performances,synthetic methodologies,chemical properties,and DFT calculations on various nanostructured earth-abundant electrocatalysts for OER in alkaline environment.Further,this review discusses the tuning of the electronic structure of the several nanostructured earth-abundant electrocatalysts including oxide,(oxy)hydroxide,layered double hydroxide,alloy,metal phosphide/phosphate,nitride,sulfide,selenide,carbon containing materials,MOF,core-shell/hetero/hollow structured materials,and materials with vacancies/defects for OER in alkaline environment(including activity:overpotential(η)of ≤200 mV at10 m A cm^(-2);stability:≥100 h;durability:≥5000 cycles).Then,this review discusses the robust stability of the electrocatalysts for OER towards practical application.Moreover,this review discusses the in situ formation of thin layer on the catalyst surface during OER.In addition,this review discusses the influence of the adsorption energy of the OER intermediates on OER performance of the catalysts.Finally,this review summarizes the various promising strategies for tuning the electronic structure of the electrocatalysts to achieve enhanced performance for OER in alkaline environment.

Employment Effect of the Resource-abundant Industrial Cluster in Southwestern Region of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China——A Case of Chongzuo City

Taking Chongzuo City of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region as an example, the employment effect of the resource-abundant industrial cluster in southwestern Guangxi Province is analyzed according to the data from the Chongzuo Statistical Yearbook , Guangxi Statistical Yearbook from 2003 to 2008 and the data from the relevant sections of Chongzuo City, and the four employment effects of industrial cluster--the spatial expansion effect of employment chain, optimizing effect of employment structure, the multiplier effect of employment absorption and the effect of improving the quality of labors and the degree of the intensity of employment and location quotient of employment. Results show that the employment absorption of sugar industry in Chongzuo City is stable and upward slightly, and it shows strong employment effect; the sugar industry in Chongzuo is not only competitive, but also has a great share of market in employment, so it owns strong absorption of employment. The countermeasures for improving the employment level of resource-abundant and industrial cluster in southwest of Guangxi Province are put forward, including elongating industrial chain and widening employment space; strengthening various kinds of formal and informal training to improve the employment capability of laborers; laying stress on industrial structure and optimizing the employment structure; strengthening the construction of the industrial economic zone towards ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations), and fully displaying the regional advantages of the offshore border.

Analysis of the Weather Conditions in the Abundant or Lean Years in Mudanjiang City of Heilongjiang Province

The meteorological conditions in the abundant or the lean years of crops in Mudanjiang City of Heilongjiang Province were analyzed. The study shows that heat,water and light coordinated closely in the abundant years;on the contrary,the comprehensive meteorological conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production in the lean years. A good yield showed up when there were a higher temperature and a larger amount of accumulated temperature above 10 ℃ with no sign of cold damage,an exactly favorable precipitation distribution with little drought or water-logging and a comparatively abundant light during the growing season(from May to September) . However,the crop yield was low when there were a lower temperature and a smaller amount of accumulated temperature,an abnormal precipitation distribution with drought or water logging and scant sunlight during the growing season(from May to September).

Genesis of Abnormally High Abundant Rearranged Hopanes in Condensates from the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin

Objective The Tarim Basin is China＇s largest ore-bearing interior basin, and contains mainly marine oils. The Kuqa depression, a secondary structural unit within the northem Tarim Basin, is composed of Mesozoic and Cenozoic clastic sedimentary rocks dominated by continental oil. Previous research suggests that the crude oils especially condensates in the Kuqa depression are rich in abnormally high abundant rearranged hopanes. On the basis of 41 condensate samples and five oil samples from the Kuqa depression, this work systematically discussed the relationship between biomarker parameters and rearranged hopanes and deeply investigated the influence of depositional environment, original source,

Spin-exchange relaxation of naturally abundant Rb in a K-Rb-21Ne self-compensated atomic comagnetometer

The total effective spin-exchange relaxation of naturally abundant Rb in a K–Rb–21Ne comagnetometer is analyzed,and the results show that the coexistence of 87Rb and 85Rb isotopes in the same volume can lead to a large extra spinexchange broadening compared to pure 87Rb.This broadening mainly comes from the contribution of the equivalent reduction in the Rb spin-exchange rate.On this basis,an approximate relaxation model is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to be more accurate than that from a previous work.This study also provides a method for determining the properties of alkali-metal vapor cells.

Rational development of molecular earth-abundant metal complexes for electrocatalytic hydrogen production

For public health and environmental protection reasons,there is an urgent need to replace traditional fossil fuels with clean and renewable sources.Electrochemical splitting of water has the potential to produce clean hydrogen as a possible solution to global energy problems.This review article introduces the rational design of molecular metal complexes based on earth-abundant metals for electrocatalytic hydrogen production in water or water-organic media.Emphasis is placed on providing insight into structure-function relationships in catalytic properties for future ligand and catalyst design.

A CLASS OF NATURALLY ORDERED ABUNDANT SEMIGROUPS WITH A GREATESTIDEMPOTENT

On the base of the construction of abundant semigroups with a normal medial idempotent [14], in this paper we consider a class of naturally ordered abundant semigroups which satisfies the regularity condition and contains a greatest idempotent. Furthermore, we give a completely description of the overall structure of such ordered semigroups via the algebraic structure of them, which generalizes known result obtained by Blyth and McFadden[3].

On Abundant Semigroups with Quasi-ideal Adequate Transversals

In this paper, we discuss some properties about an abundant semigroup with a quasi-ideal adequate transversal. Moreover, we show that the product of two quasi-ideal adequate transversals of an abundant semigroup which satisfies some conditions is a quasiideal adequate transversal.

The 1.85 GPa AlSc Bulk Alloy with Abundant Nanoscale Growth Twins

An in situ ultrahigh-strength ductile Al50Sc50 bulk alloy is produced by the copper mold casting method with a composite microstructure of micron-/submicron-sized grains and nanoscale twins. According to the microstruc- rural investigations, hierarchical nanotwinned lamellar AISc bundles with embedded micron-/submicron-sized AI2Sc and AISc2 are observed. The as-cast alloy displays a unique act of ultrahigh strength of -1.85 GPa to- gether with pronounced work hardening and a large plasticity of -14%. Further microstructural investigations on deformed specimens indicate that abundant hierarchical nanotwinned lamellar AISc bundles are effective to dissipate localization of shear stress or block dislocations from spreading throughout the alloy and hinder the propagation of mierocracks formed by local stress transition.

Qianjiang: A Land of Abundant Rivers and Lakes

CAO Yu is famous for having been one ofChina’s greatest contemporary dramatists, butfew people know that Qianjiang is his home-town. Similarly, the Jianghan Oilfield is knownnationally as one of China’s ten major oilfields. Whatis not widely known is that it is also located inQianjiang.

Separation and identification of an abundant trigalloylglucose from special tea genetic resources

Galloylglucoses can extensively and intensively interact with proteins and possess many biological activities and exhibit optimal health benefits.A novel galloylglucose had been observed and separated from fresh shoots of some special tea genetic resources,and was characterized as a trigalloylglucose isomer with mass parent ion[M-H]−at m/z 635.10 and daughter ions at m/z 483.08,465.08,313.02 and 168.98 and with UV absorbance peaks at 221 nm and 278 nm after being measured with UPLC-DAD-MS/MS.The trigalloylglucose was highly purified by semipreparative chromatography and identified as 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-glucopyranose(1,4,6-TGG)by 1H-NMR,13C-NMR,H1-H1 COSY and HMQC.Antioxidant capacity of the 1,4,6-TGG was 2.68−5.77μmol TEAC/μmol,and significantly higher(42.7%−419.4%)than that of ascorbic acid,but similar to another well-known powerful antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate in tea,indicating that 1,4,6-TGG could,in the future,be applied in the development of functional foods and pharmaceuticals.

Stochastic community assembly of abundant taxa maintains the relationship of soil biodiversity-multifunctionality under mercury stress

Soil abundant taxa diversity positively related to multifunctionality under Hg stress.•Microbial network complexity of soil abundant taxa supported the strength of SBF.•Stochastic assembly of soil abundant subcommunity supported the strength of SBF.•Stochastic ratio was the most important predictor for the strength of SBF.It is known that soil microbial communities are intricately linked to multiple ecosystem functions and can maintain the relationship between soil biodiversity and multifunctionality(SBF)under environmental stresses.However,the relative contributions and driving forces of abundant and rare taxa within the communities in maintaining soil biodiversity-multifunctionality relationship under pollution stresses are still unclear.Here,we conducted microcosm experiments to estimate the importance of soil abundant and rare taxa in predicting these relationships under heavy metal mercury(Hg)stress in paired paddy and upland fields.The results revealed that the diversity of abundant taxa,rather than rare taxa,was positively related to multifunctionality,with the abundant subcommunity tending to maintain a larger proportion of soil functions including chitin degradation,protein degradation,and phosphorus mineralization.Soil multitrophic network complexity consisting of abundant species showed positive correlations with biodiversity and multifunctionality,and supported the strength of SBF within a network complexity range.Stochastic assembly processes of the abundant subcommunity were positively correlated with the strength of SBF,although stochastic processes decreased the biodiversity and the multifunctionality,respectively.After simultaneously accounting for multiple factors on the strength of SBF,we found that the stochastic community assembly ratio of abundant taxa was the most important predictor for SBF strength under Hg stress.Our results highlight the importance of abundant taxa in supporting soil multifunctionality,and elucidate the linkages between community assembly,network complexity and SBF relationship under environmental stresses.

An abundant valuable resource for salt-tolerance allele hunting in rice

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stressor that limits plant growth and crop productivity worldwide.Concerningly,soil salinity is predictably increasing owing to global climate change,over-fertilization,and various farm irrigation practices.Statistically,there are more than 833 million hectares of salt-affected soils around the globe(8.7%of the planet),accounting for approximately 20%–50%of irrigated soils and posing a significant threat to food production and security for over 1.5 billion people worldwide as a result of salt-induced land degradation(FAO,2021;https://www.fao.org/global-soil-partnership/resources/highlights/detail/en/c/1445579/).

Unique genes carried by abundant species enhance CH_(4) emissions during the growing season at the Tibetan Plateau

CH_(4) emission rates followed an increased pattern during the growing season at Tibetan Plateau.•Unique genes carried by abundant species were positively correlated with CH_(4) emission rates.•Climate factors influenced CH_(4) emission rates by regulating microbial community and their genes.Microorganisms play pivotal roles in soil methane(CH_(4))emissions and their functional genes are origins of a key mechanism for soil CH4-cycling.However,understanding of the roles of specific genes(e.g.,unique or shared genes carried by species)underlying CH_(4)-cycling remains elusive.Here,we measured CH_(4) emission rates and investigated variations in microbial community and the abundance of genes carried by species during the growing season in alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.We discovered that CH_(4) emission rates increased from 394.4,745.9,and 1092.7µg CH4 m−2 h−1,in April,June,and August,respectively,and had a positive correlation with unique genes carried by abundant species during the growing season.Moreover,we found that unique genes carried by abundant species involved in methanogenesis processes have a higher abundance than methanotrophic processes.Further analysis indicated that climate factors(i.e.,mean monthly temperature(MMT)and mean monthly precipitation(MMP))influenced microbial community and their functional genes,and therefore affected the CH_(4) emission rates.Overall,the present study provides a novel insight into the variation of soil CH4 emissions from a functional gene perspective,highlighting the important roles of unique genes carried by abundant species in CH4 emissions in the Tibetan Plateau under seasonal variation.