Extraterritorial Application of International Human Rights Conventions——From the Perspective of States Regulating the Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations of Transnational Corporations

The extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions is the legal basis for states to regulate the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations.In recent years,it has been increasingly challenged by the new trend of the United Nations governing the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.A study of existing international rules and practices shows that the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions depends on the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the States Parties,which mainly includes the actual control over extraterritorial territories and individuals as well as the execution of authority outside the territories.In view of the above,if human rights violations by individuals or transnational corporations occur in areas outside their home territories or are authorized and orchestrated by the home state,the home state shall bear the corresponding human rights responsibilities.Given the restrictive scope of the abovementioned extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions,the international cooperation obligation and the"do no harm"principle may become a new legal basis for states to fulfill their extraterritorial human rights obligations in the future,thereby expanding the basis for the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions to deal with more serious issues of human rights violations by transnational corporations.However,on the whole,the current identification and codification of states regulating the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations should respect the existing rules of international human rights law and should not add any new human rights obligations on states.

Protection of Basic Human Rights in the Application of Big Data to Counter Terrorism

In the era of big data,the ways people work,live and think have changed dramatically,and the social governance system is also being restructured.Achieving intelligent social governance has now become a national strategy.The application of big data technology to counterterrorism efforts has become a powerful weapon for all countries.However,due to the uncertainty,difficulty of interpretation and potential risk of discrimination in big data technology and algorithm models,basic human rights,freedom and even ethics are likely to be impacted and challenged.As a result,there is an urgent need to prioritize basic human rights and regulate the application of big data for counter terrorism purposes.The legislation and law enforcement regarding the use of big data to counter terrorism must be subject to constitutional and other legal reviews,so as to strike a balance between safeguarding national security and protecting basic human rights.

Judicial Application of International Human Rights Treaties in China

Since the Chinese Constitution does not stipulate the status of international treaties in the domestic legal system,the question of whether the domestic court can apply international human rights treaties keeps obscure all the time.China’s official statement and academic opinions generally believe that the domestic court couldn’t resort to the human rights treaties.In recent years,however,several cases have come out involving direct reference to human rights treaties by the court.The following factors contribute together to the direct reference:the inward-looking nature of international human rights treaties,specific requirements of human rights treaties,and the possible institutional room in Chinas’s current legal system.Take the view off ulfilling international human rights obligations,the practice of judicial application should be fully affirmed.Nevertheless,it should also be noted that relevant practice is still in its infancy,there are some problems such as inconsistent understanding and non-standard application.From the perspective of top-level design,it is necessary to provide a normative basis for the practice of the court,so as to make the international human rights treaties play their due role.

Abuses of Women in Inheritance Across Cultures： An Exploratory Study of Its Prevalence and Religious Panacea

The patriarchal nature of African society generally lays emphasis on the superiority of men over women in every sphere of life. When a woman dies, in most African societies, her legacy is usually inherited by the husband, children, and her family. But if a man dies, the widow, usually experiences false accusations of killing her husband to deny her share of her husband＇s properties. This paper examines how the dynamics of cultural practices in Nigeria promotes abuse of inheritance rights of women and discusses the possibilities of using Islamic inheritance rules as a divine solution to the abuse of inheritance rights of women. The research questions as follows： what is the nature of women＇s rights to father＇s estate？ What is the nature of widow＇s right to the husband＇s estate？ What is your perception about the Islamic law of inheritance？ The data for this study were collected using questionnaire and simple percentage was used for the analysis. In this respect, a questionnaire was administered to 220 women who were purposely selected from the three major tribes in Lagos state, Nigeria. The result showed that various cultures in Nigeria favour male child, grant male higher rights to land and other properties and promote abuse of inheritance rights against women.

The Whaling in the Antarctic Case, Applying the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling as a Self-contained Regime

The Whaling in the Antarctic Case (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) decided by the International Court of Justice (hereinafter "ICJ" or "the Court") on 31 March 2014 dealt with the interpretation of specific provisions of the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), in particular Article VIII.1, and its complementary instruments, i.e., the Schedule and the Annexes of the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee. The decision of the Court was a remarkable good one. However, its rigorous reasoning focused almost exclusively on the required purpose of "scientific research" of the JARPA II Programme1 permits as set out in the ICRW, approaching the convention as an autonomous self-contained regime which leaves aside other additional grounds. Nonetheless, it would be beneficial for further jurisdictional developments to strengthen the scope of the ICWR system with the applicable provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and other treaties and institutions impinging on whales and whaling, e.g., CITES, Bonn Convention, Antarctic Treaty System, among others. The query remains concerning the unexplored sources of international law ruling Antarctic spaces and species which are absent in the judgment of the Court but may allow an evolutive interpretation of the ICRW.

A Judicial Empirical Study on the Principle of “the Best Interests of the Child”——From the Principles of National Conventions to the Building of Adjudication Norms

“The best interests of the child”is an essential principle of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.Due to the abstractness and ambiguity of this principle,its application is inevitably subject to the judge’s personality.Through empirical analysis,we can find that the judicial documents invoking the principle of“the best interests of the child”by Chinese courts show a significant increase in the number of disputes,types of disputes,and pronounced regional characteristics.The application of this principle by the courts is highly consistent with the judicial interpretative documents issued by the Supreme People’s Court.The invocation of this principle plays the role of interpreting the provisions of the law,the value basis for discretion,and the value orientation for shaping new rules in adjudication.At the same time,it is plagued by a lack of guidelines for the application of principles,invocations that serve the will of judges,and imperfect thinking in weighing the various factors involved.The application of this principle should be improved by setting normative standards for the principle of“the best interests of the child”,increasing case guidance for invoking the principle,and enhancing the professionalism of judges.

Reiki as a Communication Process:Between Philosophic Concepts and Experimental Application

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze and provide reliable solutions to the Reiki application technique,starting from the fundamental principles expressed by the Reiki origin philosophy,which are proved to be in accordance with the Informational Model of Human and Living Structures(IMHLS).This model reveals the following main fundamental features of the living organisms:(i)On the entire scale of evolution and organization,from the eukaryotic cell-the composing unit of human,plants,animals to human,the living organisms show a similar informational structure,defined as Informational System of Human and Living Structure(ISHLS);(ii)this informational system is organized in seven informational components,three of them assuring the structuration/restructuration/reproduction and maintenance of the body itself,and the other four the connection with external/inner reality for adaptation;(iii)the neuro-connections between brain and body of the informational components of the ISHLS correspond with the activity of“Chakras”of the ancient empirical model as vital centers of human;(iv)the activity of the ISHLS is reflected in mind by cognitive centers,explaining consciousness.The comparison between the informational results of the IMHLS,with the philosophic Reiki origin concepts,sustains the application of Reiki technique,but improves its understanding and right application by using new,modern concepts developed by the informational model,in accordance not only with their ancient,empirical expression,but much more than that,with actual scientific knowledge on this issue nowadays,concerning information and info-transferring/communication stream in the living bodies.The successful application and effective results of this new version allow to consider this as Ro-Reiki version,just to recognize the essential Romanian contribution to this improvement,concerning the implication and effectiveness of information and the info-communication mechanisms into the human and living organisms,explained in scientific terms of information and psycho-somatic therapy effects.

论声音权益的法律保护模式

声音具有独特性,是自然人身份识别与社会交往的媒介。比较法上主要通过公开权、一般人格权、独立人格权或人格利益等模式对声音权益予以保护。公开权模式仅保护声音的经济价值、弱化其人格权属性。声音虽然与知识产权存在密切关联,但其主要不是知识产权的客体。一般人格权在具体化过程中也面临保护对象与边界不清晰的问题。我国《民法典》并没有承认声音为独立的具体人格权类型,而对声音权益采取了法定的独立人格利益保护模式,是更为简明、清晰的制度安排。声音权益虽不属于具体人格权,但作为一项人格利益可参照适用肖像权保护的规定。

最有利于未成年人原则的实践基础与制度理性

《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》一致采用“最有利于(被监护人/未成年子女/被收养人/未成年人)”表达范式,由此整个未成年人法律体系得以确立贯通性的基本原则,即最有利于未成年人原则。该原则同时具有承继国内法治实践和转化国际公约义务两个向度。对解释文件和司法数据的梳理表明,当前该原则的适用主要呈点阵式分布,存在覆盖不足、标准不一、机械援引等问题。对照国际规范体系,厘清儿童最大利益原则的权利要义、制度约束、效力层级和程序保障有助于为我国最有利于未成年人原则的适用注入系统、辩证和自洽的制度理性,进而通过权利本位明晰化、权益认定规范化、个案研判独异化和保护机制协同化,将这一中国特色表达深化为中国特色实践。

认罪认罚案件被告人滥用上诉权法律规制之探讨

在我国认罪认罚从宽制度实施过程中存在被告人滥用上诉权的问题。被告人滥用上诉权有违认罪认罚从宽制度的设立宗旨,降低了诉讼效率,浪费了司法资源,有必要从法律上进行规制。我国应在借鉴域外规制认罪协商案件被告人滥用上诉权立法经验的基础上,结合我国司法实践,对认罪认罚案件被告人滥用上诉权问题进行法律上的规制,构建认罪认罚案件一审法院上诉理由过滤机制,同时建立认罪认罚案件二审法院上诉许可审查机制。处理好保障认罪认罚案件被告人上诉权和规制其滥用上诉权的关系,确保我国认罪认罚从宽制度有序运行。

平台经营者管理权的滥用与规范进路

数字时代平台经营者的角色定位已然由市场工具人向组织化的管理者转变,具有自律管理的法定职能。然而,平台经营者营利主体与管理主体的身份复合造成其在缔约与履约的过程中暗藏难以被有效识别且规制有限的权利滥用。主要原因在于:平台经营者的私主体面相与行为公共性的冲突、管理规则的私法自治与缔约商谈环境缺失的冲突和管理行为受原则性规范引导与包容审慎监管。为维护良善的平台商业生态,平台经营者应肩负起角色责任,根据《中华人民共和国公司法》第十九、二十条的规定,细化企业社会责任。在程序层面上,构造平台服务的选择渠道,强化平台用户话语权。在实体层面上,管理行为需要接受司法审查,行权措施应当符合禁止权利滥用规范。

电子竞技生态系统的反垄断规制——以游戏版权独家授权为切入点

伴随着电子竞技全面进入特许经营时代,游戏市场迎来了“后独家时代”,电子竞技正在逐渐演变为一种以游戏发行平台为核心的数字生态系统。游戏发行平台通过抢夺游戏版权来抢占市场,并且借助网络效应来提高游戏版权市场的进入壁垒。同时,基于在游戏版权这个利基市场所形成的市场支配地位,游戏发行平台可以轻易控制职业联盟、电竞俱乐部、游戏直播等下游市场主体,从而逐步在生态系统内部的所有领域均实现垄断,最终达到生态垄断的状态。电子竞技生态垄断带来了一系列新型的垄断行为,在产业层面和社会层面造成了诸多负外部性问题。然而,以知识产权法还是反垄断法来规制版权滥用行为一直存在争议,著作权法难以完全厘清知识产权滥用带来的失衡竞争关系,反垄断法在适用上存在着难度。为此,我们需要结合电子竞技生态垄断的特点,从动态竞争的视域出发分析游戏创新和竞争者进入市场难度之间的耦合关系,以期对电子竞技生态系统进行有效的结构性规制,并提高司法实践中的规则适用性。

独立保函视域下“欺诈”概念的本土化重述

最高人民法院于2016年颁布的《独立保函司法解释》以“列举+概括”的方式构建了欺诈例外的规范体系。学界广泛质疑概括式兜底条款突破了独立保函欺诈的界限,或成为司法机关任意止付保函的制度漏洞。这一质疑源于兜在条款用语不当引发的误读。不同于学界的质疑,司法实践中兜底条款在我国法院的适用方式趋于保守。解释论视角下,独立保函语境中“欺诈”的内涵特指欺诈故意,区别于民法体系下欺诈的概念。兜底条款中“权利滥用”的情形实则被纳入“欺诈”之范畴,这一逻辑关系在实证研究中得以验证。独立担保的制度价值在国内规范层面和司法实践层面均得以维护,与国际惯例的精神相契合。从立法技术角度考量,有必要加入定义性条款释明独立保函欺诈的内涵是欺诈故意,将兜底条款中“滥用”的措辞替换为“主张”,避免用词不当引发的误读。

新《公司法》股东双重代表诉讼规则的展开

面对公司立体式发展而产生的权利扩张现象,2023年修订的《公司法》引入了股东双重代表诉讼规则,旨在解决子公司诉讼能力丧失问题并提供有效救济。当子公司遭受内部或外部侵害,子公司与母公司均不能或怠于起诉时,母公司股东可以提起双重代表诉讼。在双层制下需要向子公司的董事会或监事会履行前置程序,单层制下则由审计委员会替代监事会履行前置程序。当前的股东双重代表诉讼规则将母子公司的控制关系限定于直接或间接的全资母子公司,应当将其适度扩张至绝对控股母子公司及部分相对控股母子公司,并在前置程序中增加股东请求回复规则。同时,对于母子公司控制关系中隐藏的权利滥用问题,股东双重代表诉讼与其他公司法律规范存在衔接适用的空间,应当注重制度联动效应,以防止母公司及其控股股东滥用控制权或者母公司中小股东滥用诉权。

动态系统论视角下人格权禁令制度的差异化适用

司法实践与既有研究均指向人格权禁令制度宜差异化适用,但人格权禁令制度如何差异化适用仍未明确。为明确差异化裁判进路,人格权禁令制度应当选择动态系统论裁判方法,合理归纳差异化适用的类型基础,并通过动态系统论构造差异化适用路径,即区分物质性人格权与精神性人格权、具体人格权与一般人格权以及财产性人格权与非财产性人格权的不同考量因素。通过研究以期使法官形成较为稳定的裁判进路,促进法官类案类判,提高司法公信力。

以遗嘱方式设立居住权“参照适用”规范之适用

作为不完全规范,《中华人民共和国民法典》第371条的“参照适用”具有其特定的规范品格。由于在居住权的权利性质、形式要件、本质内容等方面具有一定程度的“类似性”,且与以合同方式设立居住权同属于意定居住权,以遗嘱方式设立居住权可以“参照适用”以合同方式设立居住权的相关规则。应从以书面形式所具有的证据保留之功能为衡量依据出发,采行与书面形式具有同等功能的“有效遗嘱”作为确立以遗嘱方式设立居住权之形式要件的前提与基础。居住权作为用益物权的一种类型,契合了“自然人死亡时遗留的个人合法财产”这一范畴,可以通过遗嘱继承或遗赠的方式享有,并且以遗嘱方式设立居住权,其目的在于对立遗嘱人死亡时其遗留下来的个人合法的财产之提前安排,通常不能准确规范使用“所有权”“居住权”等法律用语,对以诸如“住”“使用”“安身”“生活”等这样的日常用语,需要法律适用者首先就所涉案型的遗嘱进行合理、妥适地解释,亦即不能完全局限于遗嘱采用的语词,应该一并考量遗嘱的目的、遗嘱表述的习惯以及诚实信用原则,以探究立遗嘱人的真实表意。以遗嘱形式设立居住权的,采取的是宣示主义,登记并非其设立要件,继承人自立遗嘱人死亡后取得居住权;而以遗赠形式设立居住权的,应采用移转主义模式即奉行登记生效主义,居住权自登记完成时有效设立。

应用型高校知识产权运营管理创新路径研究——以郑州财经学院为例

【目的】高校是创新资源重要聚集地和创新成果主要源泉,地方应用型高校链接知识创造和具体场景应用,在创新系统中具有独特的使命和地位。然而,应用型高校知识产权运营管理建设过程中面临着一些问题亟须解决。【方法】面向地方高校从强化顶层设计、设置知识产权岗位微专业、贯彻高校知识产权标准、建设知识产权维权保护站和商标品牌指导站、推进校地合作、深化产学研用协同等六个方面对应用型高校知识产权运营管理路径进行分析。【结果】提出了地方应用型高校深入推进知识产权运营管理,服务区域创新驱动发展战略的新对策。【结论】对地方高校深入推动知识产权运营管理、服务区域经济发展具有一定的参考价值。

智力残疾人权益保障:现状、困境与法律对策

智力残疾人是存在认知能力和适应能力障碍的特殊群体,其法律权益保障不容忽视。现阶段我国智力残疾人权益保障已基本形成规范体系,存在倡导性保障、默示性保障以及特定情境下的特殊保护三种规范类型,但在具体实施中仍面临不少挑战。其中,有三大问题较突出,即尚缺少针对智力残疾人特殊性的保障规范、残疾证办理困难以及特殊保护保障缺乏可操作性等问题。为此,宜以我国现行《行政处罚法》新增的有关智力残疾人免于以及从轻或者减轻行政处罚的条款为契机,加强智力残疾人权益特殊保护;优化执法程序、完善法律援助,为智力残疾人增添执法与司法中的人性化保障;提升智力残疾人服务体系与无障碍设施建设,为落实智力残疾人权益保障提供便利。

植物新品种申请权可质押性研究——基于质押客体要件分析

【目的】植物新品种申请权作为一项独立的权利,可以为权利人提供全新的融资渠道。研究植物新品种申请权的可质押性,为相关法律修订提供参考,以期解决现实中“有技术、无资金”的种业企业困境。【方法】采用文献研究法,对植物新品种申请权可质押性肯定说和否定说进行归纳总结,从质押客体要件视角进行分析。【结果】由于植物新品种申请权具有相应的经济价值,且符合质押客体要件,因此植物新品种申请权具有可质押性。【结论】应当根据植物新品种申请权的特性,在现有法律规定下细化植物新品种申请权的质押路径。

表决权滥用的法律规制——以决议效力为中心

表决权滥用规制的理论基础为股东间利益调整、禁止权利滥用法理以及股东平等原则,主要的规制模式包括表决权限制与禁止表决权滥用。表决权限制由于对股东权利限制过大、适用范围狭窄以及实际作用不明等,不宜作为规制表决权滥用的一般规范。而对于违反禁止表决权滥用的公司决议而言,决议有效说不足以全面保护少数股东;无效说存在不符合资本多数决原则、决议无效的理论基础不明、适用对象不清晰等问题;表决权滥用决议的可撤销说能够兼顾少数股东保护及多数决原则,并符合保护交易安全的要求。在具有利益关系的多数股东或控制股东滥用表决权、故意损害少数股东或公司利益且其表决权行使与决议结果之间存在因果关系时,少数股东得主张撤销决议,由此规制表决权滥用。