There is a current debate about the extent to which Academic Freedom should be permitted in our universities.On the one hand,we have traditionalists who maintain that Academic Freedom should be unrestricted:people who...There is a current debate about the extent to which Academic Freedom should be permitted in our universities.On the one hand,we have traditionalists who maintain that Academic Freedom should be unrestricted:people who have the appropriate qualifications and accomplishments should be allowed to develop theories about how the world is,or ought to be,as they see fit.On the other hand,we have post-traditional philosophers who argue against this degree of Academic Freedom.I consider a conservative version of post-traditional philosophy that permits restrictions on Academic Freedom only if the following conditions are met,Condition 1:The dissemination of the results of a given research project R must cause significant harm to some people,especially to people from oppressed groups.Condition 2:Condition 1 must possess strong empirical support,and which accepts the following assumptions:(1)there is a world of objective facts that is,in principle,discoverable,(2)rational means are the means of discovering it and,(3)rational means requires strong empirical support.I define strong empirical support for an hypothesis h on evidence e in probabilistic terms,as a ratio of posterior to prior probabilities substantially exceeding 1.I now argue in favour of a research policy that accepts unrestricted Academic Freedom.My argument is that there is a formal and general quandary that arises within the standard theory of probability when we apply this account of empirical support to a set of possible causal hypotheses framed in such a way that the“reverse probabilities”,pr(e/h)are 1.I consider various possible ways to escape this quandary,none of which are without difficulties,concluding that a research policy allowing for unrestricted Academic Freedom is probably the best that we can hope for.展开更多
The paper attempts to explore the way for learning to be human.Everyone desires to be human.But how is it possible?To answer this question,the author will discuss both historical and logical methods as potential keys ...The paper attempts to explore the way for learning to be human.Everyone desires to be human.But how is it possible?To answer this question,the author will discuss both historical and logical methods as potential keys for that goal.And challenging the effectiveness of these methods,it is proposed another way.The author considers the concepts of history,identity,and freedom as mutually determined entities.In the historical sense,history develops to its culmination,manifests its internal capabilities,and reveals itself and becomes a pure,free,and non-compulsory history.From an anthropological point of view,a person gets rid of internal and external shackles,and acquires or builds his/her true identity and history.In the framework of ontology,first of all,there is a conscious identity that,through the creation of history,records its freedom.This concept provides an opportunity to better understand the human being and his/her history.展开更多
The scholarship in modern China is closely related to Western sinology in terms of school ties.Gu Jiegang’s launching of the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement centered on the"theory of the accumul...The scholarship in modern China is closely related to Western sinology in terms of school ties.Gu Jiegang’s launching of the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement centered on the"theory of the accumulated creation of Chinese ancient history"was a representative example.At the beginning of the movement Hu Shi and Gu Jiegang proposed the notion that,"there was no history before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty"which was indebted to the historical skepticism by Philip Van Ness Myers(American scholar)and Friedrich Hirth(German sinologist)of the same period.The idea that"the Shang Dynasty is still in the late Stone Age"advocated by Hu and Gu was also directly influenced by J.G.Andersson’s An Early Chinese Culture.Conversely,American sinologist Arthur W.Hummel Sr played a key role in introducing and evaluating the first volume of Discussion of Ancient History to Western academia.Paradoxically,while Swedish sinologis Bernhard Karlgren wrote On the Authenticity and Nature of the Tso Chuan to refute Kang Youwei’s reinterpretation of Confucian Classics(The Forged Classics of the Wang Mang Period),his work however became of value for Chinese historic doubt scholars to reaffirm the value of New Text Confucianism and advance the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement.If we would like to choose a saying to describe the relationship between the"Discussion of Ancien History"movement and Western Sinology,the Chinese proverb,"Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade of this one,"may be an appropriate choice.展开更多
Academic freedom is best understood not as an abstract universal principle or an ideal state of being but as concrete university practices nested in specific relational environments.As such,practices of academic freed...Academic freedom is best understood not as an abstract universal principle or an ideal state of being but as concrete university practices nested in specific relational environments.As such,practices of academic freedom vary across the world,according to variations in political cultures,educational cultures and state-university relations.The article discusses these variations with particular reference to differences between universities associated with the limited liberal states of the English-speaking world,and those associated with comprehensive East Asian states in the Sinic tradition,including China.Given the different traditions there is no point in imposing judgments on one system in terms of the norms of another,but worth exploring the potential for common ground.Any world-wide approach to academic freedom would need to combine a universal element with space for context-specific elements.展开更多
World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulate...World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.展开更多
In this essay,we interrogate the role of academic freedom in the 21st century by describing its historical genesis in the modern university,its association with the concept of tenure,and how it is reinterpreted by dif...In this essay,we interrogate the role of academic freedom in the 21st century by describing its historical genesis in the modern university,its association with the concept of tenure,and how it is reinterpreted by different cultural and social contexts.Afterwards,we examine traditional infringements by national governments upon academic freedom,as well as new infringements brought on by the forces of globalization and commercialization.Since academic freedom not only protects scholarly inquiry,but the health and safety of academics across the world,we argue that academic freedom is a“transcendent value”that should be respected by political and institutional forces and carefully defended by engaged scholars.展开更多
The rise and development of China’s academic system is a process that started from“passively accepting Western Learning”to today’s“catching up with Western Learning and even exceeding it”.In the last century,Chi...The rise and development of China’s academic system is a process that started from“passively accepting Western Learning”to today’s“catching up with Western Learning and even exceeding it”.In the last century,China experienced a turbulent and unstable social environment in which academics and politics have always been intertwined.As a result,the internal logic of China’s academic system shares similar characteristics with its Western models,but is unique in certain ways at the same time.In the complex and inseparable relationship between academics and politics,which involves both love and hate,the logic that academics must serve political needs,on one hand,establishes the co-existence of the academia and the government,which provides a relatively stable environment for academic activities within the system;on the other hand,it also jeopardizes the ecological environment in which the academics can develop according to its own internal logic.For exactly the same reasons,even at present,internalization means something special and complex for Chinese academia because,on one hand,it truly represents academia’s strive to meet international standards;on the other hand,the pushing factor behind this“voluntary”stance is still state and political power.展开更多
To answer this question it has to defined at beginning what will be understood by'university'and who is considered an'employer'throughout this text.These definitions will be followed by a presentation ...To answer this question it has to defined at beginning what will be understood by'university'and who is considered an'employer'throughout this text.These definitions will be followed by a presentation of why university-business relations matter and what could and should be done by employers in partⅢandⅣ.In partⅤit will be examined whether what employers do or are encouraged to do is in accordance with what they should do to achieve and foster the university outlined in the definition in part I.展开更多
This study conducts a comparative analysis of curriculum settings and academic freedom within the higher education systems of China and India.It explores the differences and similarities in curriculum structures,the e...This study conducts a comparative analysis of curriculum settings and academic freedom within the higher education systems of China and India.It explores the differences and similarities in curriculum structures,the extent of academic freedom,and the influencing factors such as politics,economy,society,and culture.The research reveals that while both countries value academic freedom,the practical implementation varies significantly due to differing political and social contexts.China’s curriculum is characterized by a more structured and specialized approach,whereas India emphasizes flexibility and diversity.The study also highlights the impact of globalization and the need for international cooperation in higher education.Policy recommendations are provided to enhance curriculum diversity,protect academic freedom,balance resource distribution,and strengthen international collaboration.The limitations of the study include data constraints and the dynamic nature of educational policies,suggesting areas for future research such as long-term policy impact and interdisciplinary education.展开更多
World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulate...World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.展开更多
World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulate...World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.展开更多
Zhu Huan(朱寰,1926-2020)was a famous historian and history educator in China.As a member of the first generation of Chinese world history scholars,he made outstanding contributions to the discipline construction of Ch...Zhu Huan(朱寰,1926-2020)was a famous historian and history educator in China.As a member of the first generation of Chinese world history scholars,he made outstanding contributions to the discipline construction of Chinese ancient world history,especially the medieval world history.In many academic fi elds,such as Columbus and the Great Navigation,the origin of ancient Russian nation.展开更多
World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulate...World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.展开更多
World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulate...World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.展开更多
World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulate...World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.展开更多
World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulate...World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.展开更多
World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulate...World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.展开更多
This paper is focused on the book The Story of American Freedom written by Eric Foner to make an analysis. It pays an attention to the understanding of the development of American freedom from the different social cla...This paper is focused on the book The Story of American Freedom written by Eric Foner to make an analysis. It pays an attention to the understanding of the development of American freedom from the different social classes, especially from the lower class. In this book, it tells us a kind of freedom which is different from the mainstream ideology. That freedom is expected by the lower class, but often forgotten by most people. It is a relatively complete story about American freedom.展开更多
文摘There is a current debate about the extent to which Academic Freedom should be permitted in our universities.On the one hand,we have traditionalists who maintain that Academic Freedom should be unrestricted:people who have the appropriate qualifications and accomplishments should be allowed to develop theories about how the world is,or ought to be,as they see fit.On the other hand,we have post-traditional philosophers who argue against this degree of Academic Freedom.I consider a conservative version of post-traditional philosophy that permits restrictions on Academic Freedom only if the following conditions are met,Condition 1:The dissemination of the results of a given research project R must cause significant harm to some people,especially to people from oppressed groups.Condition 2:Condition 1 must possess strong empirical support,and which accepts the following assumptions:(1)there is a world of objective facts that is,in principle,discoverable,(2)rational means are the means of discovering it and,(3)rational means requires strong empirical support.I define strong empirical support for an hypothesis h on evidence e in probabilistic terms,as a ratio of posterior to prior probabilities substantially exceeding 1.I now argue in favour of a research policy that accepts unrestricted Academic Freedom.My argument is that there is a formal and general quandary that arises within the standard theory of probability when we apply this account of empirical support to a set of possible causal hypotheses framed in such a way that the“reverse probabilities”,pr(e/h)are 1.I consider various possible ways to escape this quandary,none of which are without difficulties,concluding that a research policy allowing for unrestricted Academic Freedom is probably the best that we can hope for.
文摘The paper attempts to explore the way for learning to be human.Everyone desires to be human.But how is it possible?To answer this question,the author will discuss both historical and logical methods as potential keys for that goal.And challenging the effectiveness of these methods,it is proposed another way.The author considers the concepts of history,identity,and freedom as mutually determined entities.In the historical sense,history develops to its culmination,manifests its internal capabilities,and reveals itself and becomes a pure,free,and non-compulsory history.From an anthropological point of view,a person gets rid of internal and external shackles,and acquires or builds his/her true identity and history.In the framework of ontology,first of all,there is a conscious identity that,through the creation of history,records its freedom.This concept provides an opportunity to better understand the human being and his/her history.
文摘The scholarship in modern China is closely related to Western sinology in terms of school ties.Gu Jiegang’s launching of the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement centered on the"theory of the accumulated creation of Chinese ancient history"was a representative example.At the beginning of the movement Hu Shi and Gu Jiegang proposed the notion that,"there was no history before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty"which was indebted to the historical skepticism by Philip Van Ness Myers(American scholar)and Friedrich Hirth(German sinologist)of the same period.The idea that"the Shang Dynasty is still in the late Stone Age"advocated by Hu and Gu was also directly influenced by J.G.Andersson’s An Early Chinese Culture.Conversely,American sinologist Arthur W.Hummel Sr played a key role in introducing and evaluating the first volume of Discussion of Ancient History to Western academia.Paradoxically,while Swedish sinologis Bernhard Karlgren wrote On the Authenticity and Nature of the Tso Chuan to refute Kang Youwei’s reinterpretation of Confucian Classics(The Forged Classics of the Wang Mang Period),his work however became of value for Chinese historic doubt scholars to reaffirm the value of New Text Confucianism and advance the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement.If we would like to choose a saying to describe the relationship between the"Discussion of Ancien History"movement and Western Sinology,the Chinese proverb,"Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade of this one,"may be an appropriate choice.
文摘Academic freedom is best understood not as an abstract universal principle or an ideal state of being but as concrete university practices nested in specific relational environments.As such,practices of academic freedom vary across the world,according to variations in political cultures,educational cultures and state-university relations.The article discusses these variations with particular reference to differences between universities associated with the limited liberal states of the English-speaking world,and those associated with comprehensive East Asian states in the Sinic tradition,including China.Given the different traditions there is no point in imposing judgments on one system in terms of the norms of another,but worth exploring the potential for common ground.Any world-wide approach to academic freedom would need to combine a universal element with space for context-specific elements.
文摘World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.
文摘In this essay,we interrogate the role of academic freedom in the 21st century by describing its historical genesis in the modern university,its association with the concept of tenure,and how it is reinterpreted by different cultural and social contexts.Afterwards,we examine traditional infringements by national governments upon academic freedom,as well as new infringements brought on by the forces of globalization and commercialization.Since academic freedom not only protects scholarly inquiry,but the health and safety of academics across the world,we argue that academic freedom is a“transcendent value”that should be respected by political and institutional forces and carefully defended by engaged scholars.
文摘The rise and development of China’s academic system is a process that started from“passively accepting Western Learning”to today’s“catching up with Western Learning and even exceeding it”.In the last century,China experienced a turbulent and unstable social environment in which academics and politics have always been intertwined.As a result,the internal logic of China’s academic system shares similar characteristics with its Western models,but is unique in certain ways at the same time.In the complex and inseparable relationship between academics and politics,which involves both love and hate,the logic that academics must serve political needs,on one hand,establishes the co-existence of the academia and the government,which provides a relatively stable environment for academic activities within the system;on the other hand,it also jeopardizes the ecological environment in which the academics can develop according to its own internal logic.For exactly the same reasons,even at present,internalization means something special and complex for Chinese academia because,on one hand,it truly represents academia’s strive to meet international standards;on the other hand,the pushing factor behind this“voluntary”stance is still state and political power.
文摘To answer this question it has to defined at beginning what will be understood by'university'and who is considered an'employer'throughout this text.These definitions will be followed by a presentation of why university-business relations matter and what could and should be done by employers in partⅢandⅣ.In partⅤit will be examined whether what employers do or are encouraged to do is in accordance with what they should do to achieve and foster the university outlined in the definition in part I.
文摘This study conducts a comparative analysis of curriculum settings and academic freedom within the higher education systems of China and India.It explores the differences and similarities in curriculum structures,the extent of academic freedom,and the influencing factors such as politics,economy,society,and culture.The research reveals that while both countries value academic freedom,the practical implementation varies significantly due to differing political and social contexts.China’s curriculum is characterized by a more structured and specialized approach,whereas India emphasizes flexibility and diversity.The study also highlights the impact of globalization and the need for international cooperation in higher education.Policy recommendations are provided to enhance curriculum diversity,protect academic freedom,balance resource distribution,and strengthen international collaboration.The limitations of the study include data constraints and the dynamic nature of educational policies,suggesting areas for future research such as long-term policy impact and interdisciplinary education.
文摘World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.
文摘World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.
文摘Zhu Huan(朱寰,1926-2020)was a famous historian and history educator in China.As a member of the first generation of Chinese world history scholars,he made outstanding contributions to the discipline construction of Chinese ancient world history,especially the medieval world history.In many academic fi elds,such as Columbus and the Great Navigation,the origin of ancient Russian nation.
文摘World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.
文摘World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.
文摘World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.
文摘World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.
文摘World History Studies(WHS)is sponsored by the Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in cooperation with the Social Sciences Academic Press.The journal is biannual and will be globally circulated.WHS encourages academic innovation and publishes articles and reviews reflecting the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historical scholarship.It is designed to build a new platform for academic exchanges between Chinese historians and their international counterparts.
文摘This paper is focused on the book The Story of American Freedom written by Eric Foner to make an analysis. It pays an attention to the understanding of the development of American freedom from the different social classes, especially from the lower class. In this book, it tells us a kind of freedom which is different from the mainstream ideology. That freedom is expected by the lower class, but often forgotten by most people. It is a relatively complete story about American freedom.
