The Three-Step Workflow:A Pragmatic Approach to Allocating Academic Hospitals' Affiliations for Bibliometric Purposes

Purpose:A key question when ranking universities is whether or not to allocate the publication output of affiliated hospitals to universities.This paper presents a method for classifying the varying degrees of interdependency between academic hospitals and universities in the context of the Leiden Ranking.Design/methodology/approach:Hospital nomenclatures vary worldwide to denote some form of collaboration with a university,however they do not correspond to universally standard definitions.Thus,rather than seeking a normative definition of academic hospitals,we propose a three-step workflow that aligns the university-hospital relationship with one of three general models:full integration of the hospital and the medical faculty into a single organization;health science centres in which hospitals and medical faculty remain separate entities albeit within the same governance structure;and structures in which universities and hospitals are separate entities which collaborate with one another.This classification system provides a standard through which publications which mention affiliations with academic hospitals can be better allocated.Findings:In the paper we illustrate how the three-step workflow effectively translates the three above-mentioned models into two types of instrumental relationships for the assignation of publications:"associate"and"component".When a hospital and a medical faculty are fully integrated or when a hospital is part of a health science centre,the relationship is classified as component.When a hospital follows the model of collaboration and support,the relationship is classified as associate.The compilation of data following these standards allows for a more uniform comparison between worldwide educational and re search systems.Research limitations:The workflow is resource intensive,depends heavily on the information provided by universities and hospitals,and is more challenging for languages that use nonLatin characters.Further,the application of the workflow demands a careful evaluation of different types of input which can result in ambiguity and makes it difficult to automatize.Practical implications:Determining the type of affiliation an academic hospital has with a university can have a substantial impact on the publication counts for universities.This workflow can also aid in analysing collaborations among the two types of organizations.Originality/value:The three-step workflow is a unique way to establish the type of relationship an academic hospital has with a university accounting for national and regional differences on nomenclature.

Prognosis of the Patients in Resuscitation Field in Mali

Introduction: The patients whose vital prognosis is immediately threatened by one or several serious organs failures and consecutive to various pathologies are admitted in resuscitations (IUC). The rates of morbi-mortality are raised in Africa. Objective: To study the prognostic factors. Patient and Methods: It was about a transverse survey from January 2015 to April 2016 in the unit of polyvalent resuscitation of the service of anesthesia resuscitation of the academic hospital center of Gabriel Toure. It included all patient admitted for medico-surgical pathologies of more than three hours of hospitalization. It was about a consecutive recruitment of case. The Chi2 and Fisher tests were used for the comparison of our results with a p value = 0.05 considered as meaningful. The consent of the patients or parents was gotten. The survey didn’t include a potentially dangerous act. Results: During the period, 624 patients have been collected of which: 50.4% were medical pathologies, 19.4% surgical pathologies and 30.2% of gynéco-obstetric pathologies. At least a complication had occurred in 11.2%. Mortality was of 27%. The sex-ratio was of 0.51. The middle age was of 31.88 ± 17, 2 years with extremes of 2 years and 80 years. The met complications were: the scab, the syndrome of acute respiratory distress (ARD), the urinary infection, the pneumopathie, the shock, thrust hypertensive, stops cardio circulatory with respectively 35.1%, 26.6%, 22.3%, 6.4% and 3.2%. The middle length of stays was of 4.83 ± 5.32 days with extremes of 1 day to 29 days. Conclusion: The complications under hospitalization in unit (IUC) of resuscitation in Mali are a major challenge in term of prevention and management. The potentially non serious pathologies complicate themselves and compromise the vital prognosis.