Empirical Approach for Planning and Designing Constant Stress Accelerated Life Tests

Accelerated life testing(ALT)has been widely used to obtain information about the product's life characteristics at normal conditions in a relatively short period of time.Two key issues with ALT are test design and data analysis.The test design of constant stress ALT was studied in this paper.The test design usually combines engineering experiences with optimization models.Such approaches are hard to be implemented by practitioners.A"pure"empirical approach was presented to address this issue.With the proposed approach,some of the decision variables are determined based on the results from the literature,some of the other variables are determined based on engineering analysis and /or judgment,and the remaining variables are determined based on the empirical relations developed in this paper.A real-world example is included to illustrate the appropriateness of the proposed approach.

Constant Stress Accelerated Life Tests for Vacuum Fluorescent Display Based on Least Square Method

To estimate the life of vacuum fluorescent display （VFD） more accurately and reduce test time and cost, four constant stress accelerated life tests （CSALTs） were conducted on an accelerated life test model. In the model, statistical analysis of test data is achieved by applying lognormal function to describe the life distribution, and least square method （LSM） to calculate the mean value and the standard deviation of logarithm. As a result, the accelerated life equation was obtained, and then a self-developed software was developed to predict the VFD life. The data analysis results demonstrate that the VFD life submits to lognormal distribution, that the accelerated model meets the linear Arrhenius equation, and that the precise accelerated parameter makes it possible to acquire the life information of VFD within one month.

Inference for constant-stress accelerated life test with Type-I progressively hybrid censored data from Burr-XII distribution

This paper proposes a simple constant-stress accel- erated life test （ALT） model from Burr type XII distribution when the data are Type-I progressively hybrid censored. The maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） of the parameters is obtained through the numerical method for solving the likelihood equations. Approxi- mate confidence interval （CI）, based on normal approximation to the asymptotic distribution of MLE and percentile bootstrap Cl is derived. Finally, a numerical example is introduced and then a Monte Carlo simulation study is carried out to illustrate the pro- posed method.

Optimum design of equivalent accelerated life testing plans based on proportional hazards-proportional odds model

The optimum design of equivalent accelerated life testing plan based on proportional hazards-proportional odds model using D-optimality is presented. The defined equivalent test plan is the test plan that has the same value of the determinant of Fisher information matrix. The equivalent test plan of step stress accelerated life testing （SSALT） to a baseline optimum constant stress accelerated life testing （CSALT） plan is obtained by adjusting the censoring time of SSALT and solving the optimization problem for each case to achieve the same value of the determinant of Fisher information matrix as in the baseline optimum CSALT plan. Numer- ical examples are given finally which demonstrate the equivalent SSALT plan to the baseline optimum CSALT plan reduces almost half of the test time while achieving approximately the same estimation errors of model parameters.

Novel Accelerating Life Test Method and Its Application by Combining Constan Stress and Progressive Stress

Constant stress accelerated life tests(ALTs) can be applied to obtain a high estimation accuracy of reliability measure?ments, but these are time?consuming tests. Progressive stress ALTs can yield failures more quickly but cannot guaran tee the estimation accuracy of reliability measurements. In this paper, a progressive?constant combination stress ALT is proposed to combine the merits of both tests. The optimal plan, in which the design variables are the initial pro?gressive stress level, the progressive stress ramp rate, the sample allocation proportion of the progressive stress and the constant stress level, is determined using the principle of minimizing the asymptotic variance of the maximum likelihood estimator of the natural log reliable life for the connectors. A comparison between the optimal PCCSALT plan and the CSALT plan with the same sample size and estimation accuracy shows that the test time is reduced by 13.59% by applying the PCCSALT.

An Experimental Study on Constant Current Load Test of Reinforced Concrete based on 3D Paraffin Isolation

Aiming at the complex corrosion degradation factors of reinforced concrete and clearing the deterioration mechanism in the constant stress state,a new type of constant current accelerated corrosion method in the saline soil environment was developed.The three-dimensional paraffin isolation specimens and the three-dimensional penetration specimens were taken as the research objects,and the Cl−content and AC impedance Bode diagram were measured.The macro morphology and micro analysis were also used to evaluate the corrosion degradation laws of the two groups of specimens.A constant current three-factor system accelerated model was established for the current acceleration factor,chloride ion,and sulfate ion acceleration factor.The experimental results show that,in the constant stress test of the saline soil environmental conditions,the paraffin isolation layer can effectively isolate corrosive chloride ions,which is a brand-new research method of single factor variable control in the constant stress test.According to the basic corrosion data,the law of constant current acceleration test is summarized and divided into five corrosion degradation stages,and each stage has significant changes in the accelerated corrosion efficiency.The corrosion degradation of a constant stress test is the combined effect of constant current,positive and negative penetration of chloride ions and sulfate ions.

Statistical analysis of dependent competing risks model in constant stress accelerated life testing with progressive censoring based on copula function

In this paper, we consider the statistical analysis for the dependent competing risks model in theconstant stress accelerated life testing (CSALT) with Type-II progressive censoring. It is focusedon two competing risks from Lomax distribution. The maximum likelihood estimators of theunknown parameters, the acceleration coefficients and the reliability of unit are obtained by usingthe Bivariate Pareto Copula function and the measure of dependence known as Kendall’s tau.In addition, the 95% confidence intervals as well as the coverage percentages are obtained byusing Bootstrap-p and Bootstrap-t method. Then, a simulation study is carried out by the MonteCarlo method for different measures of Kendall’s tau and different testing schemes. Finally, a realcompeting risks data is analysed for illustrative purposes. The results indicate that using copulafunction to deal with the dependent competing risks problems is effective and feasible.

Life prediction for vacuum fluorescent display using maximum likelihood estimation

In order to obtain the life information of the vacuum fluorescent display （VFD） in a short time, a model of constant stress accelerated life tests （CSALT） is established with its filament temperature increased, and four constant stress tests are conducted. The Weibull function is applied to describe the life distribution of the VFD, and the maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） and its iterative flow chart are used to calculate the shape parameters and the scale parameters. Furthermore, the accelerated life equation is determined by the least square method, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is performed to verify whether the VFD life meets the Weibull distribution or not, and selfdeveloped software is employed to predict the average life and the reliable life. Statistical data analysis results demonstrate that the test plans are feasible and versatile, that the VFD life follows the Weibull distribution, and that the VFD accelerated model satisfies the linear Arrhenius equation. The proposed method and the estimated life information of the VFD can provide some significant guideline to its manufacturers and customers.

基于Arrhenius模型和Peck模型的分段非线性加速模型

目的 解决Arrhenius模型无法估计湿度应力敏感产品和Peck模型试验时间较长的问题。方法 考虑温度应力和湿度应力对产品贮存寿命的综合影响,在产品激活能不变的假设下,将Arrhenius模型对产品激活能的估计和Peck模型对湿度应力参数的估计相结合,建立Arrhenius&Peck分段非线性加速寿命估计模型。基于此模型,在双应力恒加试验条件下,得到产品的寿命估计方程。结果 以弹上电子产品的恒定应力加速贮存试验为例,进行仿真分析,得到产品寿命的估计,并对比产品实际寿命。Arrhenius&Peck模型的寿命误差和失效率误差均控制在5%以内,准确度高于Arrhenius模型和Peck模型。结论 构建的Arrhenius&Peck分段非线性加速寿命模型可以充分利用温度和湿度条件下的试验数据,对温湿敏感产品的寿命估计有较好的应用效果,为导弹产品的寿命估计提供一种可选方法。

基于威布尔分布的机械加速寿命试验优化与可靠性统计分析

机电产品加速寿命试验中存在试验效率不高,且试验数据有效性较低的问题,为此,对基于威布尔分布型机械产品恒定应力加速寿命试验进行了优化设计方面的研究。首先,假定威布尔分布型试验样品在各试验应力水平下失效机理保持不变,且其特征寿命与各试验应力水平之间符合广义对数线性方程,在此基础上建立了定时截尾恒定应力加速寿命试验可靠性统计模型;然后,在试验样本总量保持一定的情况下,以各应力水平下的试样分配比例及试验应力水平数为优化变量,同时根据D-最优设计理论,以“各试验应力下得到的Fisher信息矩阵最大,且机械产品中位寿命估计值的方差最小”为优化目标,对威布尔分布型机械产品定时截尾恒定应力加速寿命试验方案进行了优化设计;最后,以某型机械产品为例进行了仿真模拟试验与算例分析,以验证加速寿命试验优化方法的有效性与可行性。研究结果表明:所提出的定时截尾恒定应力加速寿命试验优化设计方法是可行和有效的。

恒加试验下LED照明灯的三参数Weibull分布的参数估计

三参数Weibull分布拟合LED照明灯寿命的优势较为明显,但要得到三参数Weibull分布参数较为精确的点估计较为困难。目前常用的参数估计方法有极大似然法、矩估计法、Bayes估计法等,由于其计算的方程复杂,导致软件编程繁琐,不易掌握,而且也不一定能得到参数估计。鉴于此,文章针对恒加试验提出一种简便地求解三参数Weibull分布参数估计的方法,该方法不涉及超越方程的求解问题,软件编程相当简单,且统计思想清晰。通过LED照明灯恒加试验下的几个案例数据说明方法的应用,并与已有的方法做了对比分析。

基于Xgamma分布恒加试验的统计分析

Xgamma分布整合了指数、伽马等分布的优点,在医疗等领域更具有普适性。研究Xgamma分布下的恒加试验,取定数截尾样本进行统计分析,利用极大似然估计、Lindley近似、MCMC算法给出了该模型的近似估计,最后通过比较数值模拟的近似结果,证实贝叶斯估计更加精确有效。

气缸恒定应力加速寿命试验方法的研究

本文选择气缸作为受试对象开展加速寿命试验研究。对A系列气缸的故障机理进行分析得知其主要的故障模式为可动部件的磨损,由此确定了加速应力和故障判断基准,并制定了恒定应力加速寿命试验谱。试验结果说明该寿命试验方法切实可行,大大缩短了试验时间,节省了资源。

某型胶粘剂加速贮存试验及寿命评估

目的评估某型胶粘剂的寿命。方法通过恒定应力试验方法对某胶粘剂进行三个不同应力量级的高温加速贮存试验。结果胶粘剂在100,80,60℃三种高温老化温度下的老化90 d后的剪切强度均明显大于初始剪切强度12.225 MPa。结论高温老化过程中,胶粘剂发生了明显的退化现象。温度越高,性能退化越快。由性能退化曲线拟合得到了胶粘剂高温老化的加速因子,评估了胶粘剂的常温贮存寿命至少为17.1年。

基于Wiener过程电子式漏电断路器的剩余寿命预测

对高可靠性、长寿命的电子式漏电断路器建立基于Wiener过程的剩余寿命预测模型并对其进行可靠性预测。首先对电子式漏电断路器进行以温度为加速应力、剩余动作电流值为退化特征量的恒定应力加速退化试验,根据试验数据描述其性能退化轨迹,分析性能退化规律;然后对加速退化试验数据进行正态分布检验,验证其符合Wiener过程,利用极大似然估计的方法,对剩余寿命预测模型进行参数估计,预测出漏电断路器的剩余寿命;将漏电断路器初始时刻的剩余寿命作为伪失效寿命,外推出漏电断路器在正常应力下的使用寿命大约为2085天。

气缸双应力恒加试验的优化设计

基于三个未知参数的加速方程,在假定产品寿命服从两参数Weibull分布的条件下,以正常应力水平下特征寿命的极大似然估计(Maximum likelihood estimation,MLE)渐近方差最小为设计原则,建立气缸双应力恒加试验优化模型,设计优化方案;分别选择传统方案与优化方案实施双应力加速寿命试验,根据传统方案和优化方案理论,确定加速应力谱及试验条件矩阵;做了各组应力下参数估计与评价,通过试验数据验证,证明此方案在不影响统计精度的前提下,精确地复现了正常应力下气缸寿命的各项指标,有效地缩短了试验周期,降低了试验成本。

恒定应力加速退化试验中避免伪寿命分布误指定的一种建模方法

为了避免恒定应力加速退化试验(CSADT)中伪寿命分布类型误指定的发生,提出了基于退化轨迹参数折算的建模方法。区别于传统建模方法对寿命分布模型的参数进行加速建模的做法,提出的建模方法对退化轨迹函数的参数进行加速建模,以获取所有样品在工作应力下的伪寿命值从而可以准确辨识其分布类型。通过某型碳膜电阻CSADT数据对所提方法进行了实例应用,研究结果表明所提方法有效解决了伪寿命分布误指定问题。

污垢热阻恒定应力加速寿命试验研究

为缩短渐近污垢试验时间,本文定义了污垢寿命,利用恒定应力加速寿命试验(简称恒加试验),基于定数截尾 指数寿命统计分析方法,求得加速系数a, b近似最小二乘估计,然后由加速模型求得在正常应力水平下的平均寿命估 计。实例计算结果表明,对渐近型污垢热阻进行加速试验是可信的,也是可行的。这对污垢试验研究具有重要价值。

CQ2系列气缸加速寿命试验优化方法研究

基于CQ2系列气缸的优化模型,设计了一种改进遗传算法,此算法中采用交叉和变异操作点数随种群多样性函数而变化,在寻优后期,采用Powell法进行加速。高维复杂函数优化结果表明:该算法有效地解决了早熟收敛问题,同时在目标函数的寻优后期快速逼近最优值,达到全局最优。依据优化方案对CQ2系列气缸实施加速寿命试验,试验结果证明:此方案在不影响参数估计精度的前提下,有效地缩短了周期,降低了成本。

基于气动系统的复杂系统加速寿命试验方法的研究

对复杂系统加速寿命试验进行分析,重点对串联法及并联法进行研究,对气动系统的加速寿命试验进行分析,以X公司CQ2系列气缸及Y系列电磁换向阀为例进行加速寿命试验的实施与数据统计,并通过对具体试验数据的分析及参数估计验证试验的可行性,总结出复杂系统加速寿命试验研究的一般方法。