Mesh Size Effect in Numerical Simulation of Blast Wave Propagation and Interaction with Structures

Numerical method is popular in analysing the blast wave propagation and interaction with structures.However,because of the extremely short duration of blast wave and energy trans-mission between different grids,the numerical results are sensitive to the finite element mesh size.Previous numerical simulations show that a mesh size acceptable to one blast scenario might not be proper for another case,even though the difference between the two scenarios is very small,indicating a simple numerical mesh size convergence test might not be enough to guarantee accu-rate numerical results.Therefore,both coarse mesh and fine mesh were used in different blast scenarios to investigate the mesh size effect on numerical results of blast wave propagation and interaction with structures.Based on the numerical results and their comparison with field test re-sults and the design charts in TM5-1300,a numerical modification method was proposed to correct the influence of the mesh size on the simulated results.It can be easily used to improve the accu-racy of the numerical results of blast wave propagation and blast loads on structures.

Basin Structure and Numerical Simulation for the Mechanisms of Seismic Disasters

In the present study seismic wave propagation in heterogeneous media is numerically simulated by using the pseudospectral method with the staggered grid RFFT differentiation in order to clarify the cause for the complicated distribution characteristics of strong ground motion in regions with basin structure. The results show that the maximum amplitudes of simulated ground acceleration waveforms are closely related to the basin structure. Interference of seismic waves in the basin strongly affects the distribution of maximum seismic waveforms, which may result in peak disasters during earthquakes. Peak disasters might be away from basin boundaries or earthquake faults. Seismic energy transmitted into the basin from the bedrock can hardly penetrate the bottom of the basin and then travel back into the bedrock region. The seismic energy is absorbed by basin media, and transferred into the kinematical energy of seismic waves with great amplitude in the basin. Seismic waves between basins may result in serious damage to buildings over the basin. This is significant for aseismatic research. Geological surveys in and around urban areas would benefit aseismatic research and mitigation of seismic disasters of a city. Such geological surveys should involve seismic velocity structure in the media above the bedrock besides such subjects as active faults and geological structure.

Numerical simulation of the blast wave of a multilayer composite charge

The numerical simulation of a blast wave of a multilayer composite charge is investigated.A calculation model of the near-field explosion and far-field propagation of the shock wave of a composite charge is established using the AUTODYN finite element program.Results of the near-field and far-field calculations of the shock wave respectively converge at cell sizes of 0.25-0.5 cm and 1-3 cm.The Euler--fluxcorrected transport solver is found to be suitable for the far-field calculation after mapping.A numerical simulation is conducted to study the formation,propagation,and interaction of the shock wave of the composite charge for different initiation modes.It is found that the initiation mode obviously affects the shock-wave waveform and pressure distribution of the composite charge.Additionally,it is found that the area of the overpressure distribution is greatest for internal and external simultaneous initiation,and the peak pressure of the shock wave exponentially decays,fitting the calculation formula of the peak overpressure attenuation under different initiation modes,which is obtained and verified by experiment.The difference between numerical and experimental results is less than 10%,and the peak overpressure of both internal and external initiation is 56.12% higher than that of central single-point initiation.

Numerical simulation for deformation of multi-layer steel plates under underwater impulsive loading

To further understand the dynamic deformation and impact resistance of thin-plate hull structure under impulse wave,the deformation of multi-layer steel plates under underwater impulsive loading has been studied by AUTODYN V6.1.In order to verify the validity of numerical methods,the experimental results are compared with the simulation results.The multi-layer plate types include 1 mm + 3 mm,2 mm + 2 mm,3 mm + 1 mm double-layer,and 4 mm monolayer annealed 304 stainless steel plates.Each type of target plates has four flyer plate's velocities.There are 150,200,250 m /s and 300 m /s.The pressure wave histories in water and deformation of specimens have been predicted and measured by numerical simulations.The simulation results demonstrate that the protective capacity of 2mm + 2mm double-layer annealed 304 stainless steel plates is the best one in this velocity range of flyer plate,as the integral deformation is the smallest among the four structure types.

Simulation and Optimization of a Double-Helical Rotor Wave Energy Converter

This paper presents a new type of double-helical rotor wave energy converter(WEC),which consists of two isolated sets of helical rotor structures(inner and outer).This device can generate electricity by using the rising and falling energy of a wave.The rotors are simulated and optimized by Fluent.Each rotor’s blades are simulated and analyzed,which are separately changed in terms of helix angle,shape,and thickness.The simulation result shows that,for both inner and outer helical rotors,the energy harvesting efficiency is the highest when the blade helix angle is 45°.Triangular blades have better hydrodynamic performance than square and circular blades.The energy harvesting efficiency of 15 mm thick blades is higher than that of 75 mm thick blades.

Damage of a large-scale reinforced concrete wall caused by an explosively formed projectile(EFP)

To quickly break through a reinforced concrete wall and meet the damage range requirements of rescuers entering the building,the combined damage characteristics of the reinforced concrete wall caused by EFP penetration and explosion shock wave were studied.Based on LS-DYNA finite element software and RHT model with modified parameters,a 3D large-scale numerical model was established for simulation analysis,and the rationality of the material model parameters and numerical simulation algorithm were verified.On this basis,the combined damage effect of EFP penetration and explosion shock wave on reinforced concrete wall was studied,the effect of steel bars on the penetration of EFP was highlighted,and the effect of impact positions on the damage of the reinforced concrete wall was also examined.The results reveal that the designed shaped charge can form a crater with a large diameter and high depth on the reinforced concrete wall.The average crater diameter is greater than 67 cm(5.58 times of charge diameter),and crater depth is greater than 22 cm(1.83 times of charge diameter).The failure of the reinforced concrete wall is mainly caused by EFP penetration.When only EFP penetration is considered,the average diameter and depth of the crater are 54.0 cm(4.50 times of charge diameter)and 23.7 cm(1.98 times of charge diameter),respectively.The effect of explosion shock wave on crater depth is not significant,resulting in a slight increase in crater depth.The average crater depth is 24.5 cm(2.04 times of charge diameter)when the explosion shock wave is considered.The effect of explosion shock wave on the crater diameter is obvious,which can aggravate the damage range of the crater,and the effect gradually decreases with the increase of standoff distance.Compared with the results for a plain concrete wall,the crater diameter and crater depth of the reinforced concrete wall are reduced by 5.94%and 9.96%,respectively.Compared to the case in which the steel bar is not hit,when the EFP hit one steel bar and the intersection of two steel bars,the crater diameter decreases by 1.36%and 5.45%respectively,the crater depth decreases by 4.92%and 14.02%respectively.The EFP will be split by steel bar during the penetration process,resulting in an irregular trajectory.

复杂结构内爆炸冲击波传播的大规模计算方法研究

为研究爆炸冲击波在矿井巷道等复杂地下密闭空间内的传播过程及衰减规律,提出了一种基于数据流的分块续算方法.该方法解决了计算资源的大量浪费问题,实现了大尺寸复杂地下密闭空间内冲击波传播的大规模、高效率、高精度数值模拟.方形坑道内爆过程的数值结果与实验结果基本一致,证明了该计算方法的准确性.标准模型算例全尺寸计算与分块续算数值模拟结果的误差在0.33%以内,且续算方法在给定算例下相比普通全尺寸计算节约了88.68%的计算核时,证明该方法不仅能保证计算过程的准确性,而且还极大地提高了计算效率.同时,对一个包含长方体型工房和圆柱形分叉泄压洞的大尺寸复杂结构内的爆炸问题进行了数值模拟,结果表明:冲击波超压在泄压洞内是以波动衰减的趋势逐渐减小的,且其衰减速度比在自由场的小;T型分流时管道间采用直角交汇或缩小管道直径在一定程度上有利于冲击波超压的衰减.数值模拟结果表明,基于数据流的分块续算方法可用于地下空间等大尺度复杂结构防爆抗爆设计的理论指导.

跨海桥梁基础波浪力断面对比与研究

桥梁基础在波浪环境下的施工安全关乎桥梁建设的稳定性,需要给予足够的重视。利用数值模拟手段,基于改进的RNG κ-ε模型,采用VOF法模拟自由液面,在保持相同迎浪断面的情况下,建立圆形、圆端形、矩形和多边形4种不同断面形式桥梁基础受波浪作用的三维数值模型,对比其受力差异,并结合流场数据加以分析。结果表明:相同波浪条件下4种不同断面形式的结构所受到水平波浪力中以圆形结构为最小,矩形结构为最大,其总水平波浪力幅值较圆形结构增大10%左右;桥梁基础结构在波浪的作用下,基础周围会受到绕流作用,使得结构部分位置处的流速增大并出现流速集中现象,在矩形结构周围这一现象最为突出,多边形结构的情况与之类似,而圆形及圆端形结构的流速集中现象则相对较弱;按规范计算得到的等效圆柱波浪力相较于数值模拟结果大23%~29%,按等效方柱计算得到的波浪力相较于数值模拟结果大10%~13%。从工程设计的角度看,采用圆弧形的结构设计有助于减小波浪荷载和削弱桥梁基础局部的流速增大与流速集中现象。

地铁上盖建筑振动响应预测及舒适度分析——以南京地铁1号线停车维修库综合体上盖住宅项目为例

对南京市地铁1号线车库段上部待建住宅楼进行研究,探讨地铁上盖建筑受地铁出入库振动的影响。通过现场测试与数值模拟,预测不同工况下待建建筑的振动响应以及室内振动加速度限值范围。模拟结果表明,采用底部加速度法将所测轨道、混凝土柱的振动输入计算模型中,可以获得待建建筑三向位移变化,并进行结构易损部位及预警分析,判断建筑安全性。通过模拟8种工况,计算得到1~80 Hz频率范围内各建筑楼板1/3倍频程中心频率下的加速度响应有效值和加速度振级,获取了住宅舒适度影响较大区域的具体坐标。研究成果对结构减振及舒适度提升具有参考意义。

地基和基础对建筑物地铁振动响应影响的研究

随着我国地铁建设的飞速发展和城市用地日益紧缺,建筑物与地铁线路的距离越来越近。对于临近地铁的新建建筑,在设计阶段对于建筑结构开展抑制地铁振动的优化设计渐趋必要。以某临近地铁的待建建筑物为研究对象,采用数值仿真方法,对不同基础形式(桩筏基础和筏板基础)及不同地基类型(非挤土地基和挤土地基)建筑物的地铁振动响应进行对比分析,结果表明:桩筏基础抑制地铁振动的能力略优于筏板基础,基础形式变化对建筑物室外振动的影响不显著,且不会改变建筑物室内振动水平随楼层升高的变化规律,基础形式不同使建筑室内振动分布发生变化,但变化的规律性不显著;非挤土地基抑制地铁振动的能力明显优于挤土地基,地基类型变化亦不会改变建筑物室内振动水平随楼层升高的变化规律,但对建筑室外和室内振动响应的影响都较为显著。

基于CFD仿真的炮口制退器性能影响因素研究

目的 在降低火炮后坐力的同时,保证炮手区域超压和温度符合要求。方法 利用流体仿真软件进行炮口流场的数值模拟,对制退器性能影响因素进行仿真分析。根据分析结果,得到改进后的制退器模型,并进行仿真和试验对比。结果 加装侧孔外反射挡板和侧孔倾斜对制退器性能的影响较大,并随角度的变化而变化,加装吹孔能有效降低炮后超压和温度。改进后,制退器的效率提升8.33%,炮后超压值平均降低44.10 kPa,炮后温度值平均降低358.28 K。结论 改进后的制退器具有更高的制退效率以及较低的炮后超压值和温度值。

典型加筋壁板近爆距冲击波-破片毁伤研究

为了研究Ω型加筋壁板在近距离爆炸冲击下的毁伤特性和破片—冲击波联合作用规律,通过爆炸冲击实验及数值仿真,研究了冲击波和破片单独作用、联合作用和不同先后顺序作用下靶板的损伤差异。研究结果表明:近距爆炸产生联合作用时,冲击波和破片互为干扰,破片动能相比破片单一作用时最大降幅可达10.1%,靶板最大挠度相比冲击波单一作用时可降低25.8%;对于Ω型加筋板,仅有破片打击作用时形变量较小,但破片造成的穿孔损伤将极大降低靶板抵抗冲击波作用的能力。当冲击波作用于穿孔损伤后的靶板时,靶板最大挠度相比冲击波单一作用时可增大96.5%。研究结果可为防护结构设计提供参考。

海啸作用下跨海桥梁上部结构流-固耦合数值研究

海啸是威胁跨海桥梁安全的主要灾害之一,深入研究海啸与桥梁上部结构耦合作用过程,明确桥梁上部结构波浪力以及桥梁支座受力状态对跨海桥梁安全具有重要意义。该文采用开源软件OpenFOAM建立二维数值水槽,以溃坝波模拟海啸,通过求解RANS方程来获取流体运动,并采用k-ε湍流模型解决RANS方程的封闭性问题,以弹簧-质量-阻尼体系模拟桥梁上部结构运动体系,通过流体与质量-弹簧-阻尼体系间实时数据传递,模拟海啸与桥梁上部结构之间的耦合效应。并利用溃坝波解析解及已有的试验数据验证了数值模型的可靠性。在此基础上,通过对比在水平方向采用刚性约束或不同刚度的弹性约束时上部结构的波浪力,研究了流-固耦合效应以及约束刚度对桥梁上部结构波浪力的影响,同时分析了在海啸作用过程中桥梁各支座的受力状态。结果表明:该文建立的数值模型能够准确地模拟海啸波浪与结构耦合作用过程;考虑流固耦合效应后,上部结构受到的最大波浪力明显减小,水平力最大值减小16.8%~21.0%,竖向力最大值减小15.5%~19.5%;相比于上部结构水平波浪力,支座承受的水平力波动更明显且其最大值达到上部结构水平力的1.25倍;迎浪侧支座在不同时刻存在拉和压两种不同工作状态,其最大拉力达到上部结构竖向波浪力最大值的90%以上;背浪侧支座仅承受压力,其最大压力约为迎浪侧支座最大压力的1.11倍~1.55倍。

旋流后置型超声速分离器激波控制方法数值模拟

目的超声速分离是一种基于收缩-扩张喷管的新型气体净化与燃料气加工技术。旋流后置型超声速分离器中的旋流器通常设置在扩压段前,易诱发正激波并破坏分离器内部低温环境,同时,激波难以控制。因此,拟通过优化超声速分离器结构的方式削弱激波的影响。方法①基于热力学和空气动力学的原理,提出了一种适用于旋流后置型超声速分离器的激波控制理论;②根据该理论设计了一种能够控制激波的跨旋流结构,建立了该结构的普适性设计公式;③通过数值模拟研究,分析了跨旋流结构的倾斜角度、渐扩段长度、旋流器的叶片扭转角度3个重要结构参数对激波控制的影响。结果当跨旋流结构的倾斜角度为3.3°、渐扩段长度为107 mm、旋流器的叶片扭转角度为120°时,分离器具有最佳性能。结论相比传统的旋流后置型分离器,添加跨旋流结构可以保证流体流通面积在渐扩段持续增加,从而实现对激波的有效控制,以提高分离器的冷凝和分离效率。

典型壁板结构爆炸冲击实验与仿真研究

空空导弹战斗部爆炸产生的爆炸冲击波毁伤源对飞机蒙皮结构的损伤效果受多种因素影响,作用机理较为复杂,因此冲击波对飞机蒙皮结构的毁伤评估需要大量的实验和计算样本支撑。本文设计并进行铝合金加筋平板静爆实验,分析固支加筋平板在冲击波加载下的动态响应和变形规律;采用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对爆炸冲击下的结构响应进行仿真分析,通过对比仿真结果与实验结果对数值仿真模型的准确性进行验证。结果表明:孔洞面积占该形式加筋平板面积大于1‰时,靶板更容易发生以固支边界撕裂为主要形式的拉伸失效,增大孔径或增加孔的数量都有提高孔间贯穿损伤的风险;同爆距下爆炸物与目标迎爆面的夹角越大,靶板的变形程度越严重,夹角从30°增大至60°时目标挠度可增加30%以上。

模块化随钻电磁波测井仪器结构对测量信号的影响

常规的随钻电磁波测井是一种重要的地层流体评价方法,但其不具有方位特性。为此,提出了一种具有较好方位探测特性的新型模块化随钻电磁波测井仪器结构。为准确了解模块化随钻电磁波测井仪器结构对测量电压信号的影响情况,采用有限元法建立了三维模型,探究了仪器各部分的影响规律。研究得出:随着钻铤和天线槽填充物电阻率增大,接收电压信号出现了突变区间且与仪器的频率和几何尺寸密切相关;盖板材料的电阻率对接收信号强度的影响较大,盖板应选择电阻率比金属稍低的材料,而测量信号随传感器本体电阻率增大而增大,因此传感器本体应选择非金属材料;钻铤和填充物的电阻率较小时,接收电压信号有明显的衰减,填充物电阻率较大时其影响可以忽略;通过扣除空气介质中的仪器响应,可以较好地消除仪器结构的影响,扣除仪器结构影响后线圈中磁通量减小,导致仪器信号低于扣除前。该研究结果可为实际测井仪器的设计制造提供理论依据。

破片防护结构对冲击波测试影响的数值分析

针对防护结构对冲击波特征的影响,利用AUTODYN对防护结构条件下冲击波信号传播进行数值模拟。采用2D-Euler Multi-material算法进行仿真计算,将防护区域不同位置冲击波压力曲线、特征参数与空旷环境进行对比,分析防护结构与测点的距离及防护结构偏离冲击波传播方向的角度α对冲击波测试的影响。结果表明:在单向防护时,若达到正向防护(α=0)且防护结构与测点距离等于10倍圆柱直径时,压力峰值、正压作用时间和比冲量误差分别为0.51%、4.36%和1.91%;在多向防护时,以10倍直径距离分析,α=0时,压力峰值误差最小,为-0.43%;α=30°时,正压作用时间和比冲量误差更小,为-2.91%和0.66%。

规整填料结构对HD低温蒸发系统中蒸发器性能的影响

为了研究HD低温蒸发系统中波纹板规整填料蒸发器的性能,采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,对填料通道内废水与空气两相之间逆流接触的流体运动、传质传热过程进行了研究。结果表明:随着波宽的增大,气相出口空气中水蒸气含量先增大后减小,而且气相出口空气温度随着波宽的增大也出现先增加后减小的变化趋势,二者都在波宽为6 mm(宽高比为1.2)时最大;随着波纹倾斜方向与液滴喷淋的夹角增大,气相出口空气中水蒸气含量先增大后减小,气相出口空气温度也出现先增大后减小的变化趋势,其中,在夹角为45°时的填料内部气相出口空气水蒸气含量和空气温度最大,此时填料内部空气与液滴之间传质传热效率最高。由此可得规整填料蒸发器的波纹波宽和波纹夹角对蒸发传质传热的影响都存在1个最佳值,为规整填料的结构参数优化提供了理论依据。

爆炸冲击波作用下车载炮驾驶室结构动态响应数值仿真

地雷、简易爆炸装置和路边炸弹已成为车载炮的严重威胁,地雷爆炸产生的冲击波会对车载炮驾驶室结构造成损伤并危害乘员的生命安全。由于驾驶室底部不同位置地雷爆炸产生的冲击波对驾驶室的响应差异较大,该文对车载炮驾驶室底部在6个爆炸冲击工况下的响应过程进行数值仿真,采用ALE算法建立土壤、空气和炸药模型,Lagrange算法建立车载炮驾驶室和底盘模型,并使用流固耦合算法计算爆炸冲击波传播过程,以及在此过程中车载炮驾驶室的动态响应。分析乘员脚部位置底板处的冲击波压力、加速度和速度变化情况,得到乘员脚部位置底板处的最大冲击波压力、加速度和速度,分析最恶劣工况下的驾驶室结构的损伤情况。仿真结果表明,地雷产生的冲击波使驾驶室底板产生较大的加速度和速度,驾驶室结构发生破坏,乘员在此情况下会受到伤害,有必要针对车载炮驾驶室增加防护结构。仿真结果可以为车载炮驾驶室防护结构设计提供参考。

台阶开孔式缓冲结构对隧道气动效应分析

随着列车速度的不断提升,列车由明线驶入隧道所引发的微气压波问题变得日益突出,组合型式缓冲结构较单一型式缓冲结构能更好的缓解微气压波的影响,为了进一步减缓微气压波对隧道周边环境的影响,提出了台阶开孔式组合型缓冲结构。基于κ-ε两方程紊流模型(κ为湍动能,ε为耗散率),运用数值模拟的方法,从开孔距离、开孔率、开孔数量、开孔位置4个方面进行研究,对列车驶入隧道所引起的初始压缩波压力和压力梯度值进行具体分析,得出优化设计参数。台阶开孔式缓冲结构对初始压缩波压力最大值的影响较小,但对初始压缩波压力梯度值影响较大。当开孔距离为4 m、开孔率α为36%、开孔数量为2孔、开孔位置为顶部开孔时,为最优工况,对压力梯度的减缓效果达到了60.14%。