Research on cubic polynomial acceleration and deceleration control model for high speed NC machining

To satisfy the need of high speed NC (numerical control) machining, an acceleration and deceleration (acc/dec) control model is proposed, and the speed curve is also constructed by the cubic polynomial. The proposed control model provides continuity of acceleration, which avoids the intense vibration in high speed NC machining. Based on the discrete characteristic of the data sampling interpolation, the acc/dec control discrete mathematical model is also set up and the discrete expression of the theoretical deceleration length is obtained furthermore. Aiming at the question of hardly predetermining the deceleration point in acc/dec control before interpolation, the adaptive acc/dec control algorithm is deduced from the expressions of the theoretical deceleration length. The experimental result proves that the acc/dec control model has the characteristic of easy implementation, stable movement and low impact. The model has been applied in multi-axes high speed micro fabrication machining successfully.

Algorithm for Smooth S-curve Feedrate Profiling Generation

The algorithms for feedrate profile generation,such as linear and S-curve profiles,have been widely used in machinery controllers,and these algorithms can greatly improve the smoothness of motion.However,most of the algorithms lead to the discontinuous acceleration/deceleration and jerk,or high jerk levels,which is very harmful to machine tool or robot in most occasions. This paper presents a smooth S-curve feedrate profiling generation algorithm that produces continuous feedrate,acceleration,and jerk profiles.Smooth jerk is obtained by imposing limits on the first and second time derivatives of acceleration,resulting in trapezoidal jerk profiles along the tool path.The discretization of smooth S-curve feedrate is realized with a novel approach that improves the efficiency without calculating the deceleration point in each sampled time.To ensure that the interpolation time is a multiple of the value of sampled time,the feedrate,acceleration,jerk,and jerk derivative are recalculated.Meantime,to improve the efficiency,the interpolation steps of all regions are computed before interpolation.According to the distance of trajectory,the smooth S-curve acceleration and decelerations are divided into three blocks：normal block,short block type-Ⅰ,and short block type-Ⅱ.Finally feedrate discretization of short block type-Ⅰand type-Ⅱis obtained with considering the efficiency.The proposed generation algorithm is tested in machining a part on a five axis milling machine,which is controlled with the CNC system for newly developed high-speed machine tools.The test result shows that the smooth S-curve approach has the smoother feedrate,acceleration,deceleration,and jerk profiles than S-curve.The proposed algorithm ensures the automated machinery motion smoothness,and improves the quality and efficiency of the automated machinery motion planning.

NURBS CURVE INTERPOLATOR WITH ADAPTIVE ACCELERATION-DECELERATION CONTROL

The feedrate profile of non-uniform rational B-spline （NURBS） interpolation due to the contour errors is analyzed. A NURBS curve interpolator with adaptive acceleration-deceleration control is presented. In interpo- lation preprocessing, the sensitive zones of feedrate variations are processed with acceleration-deceleration control. By using the proposed algorithm, the machining accuracy is guaranteed and the feedrate is adaptively adjusted to he smoothed. The mechanical shock imposed in the servo system is avoided by the first and the second time derivatives of feedrates. A simulation of NURBS interpolation is given to demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the algorithm. The proposed interpolator can also be applied to the trajectory planning of the other parametric curves.

Designing method of acceleration and deceleration control schedule for variable cycle engine

Studies show that different geometries of a Variable Cycle Engine(VCE)can be adjusted during the transient stage of the engine operation to improve the engine performance.However,this improvement increases the complexity of the acceleration and deceleration control schedule.In order to resolve this problem,the Transient-state Reverse Method(TRM)is established in the present study based on the Steady-state Reverse Method(SRM)and the Virtual Power Extraction Method(VPEM).The state factors in the component-based engine performance models are replaced by variable geometry parameters to establish the TRM for a double bypass VCE.Obtained results are compared with the conventional component-based model from different aspects,including the accuracy and the convergence rate.The TRM is then employed to optimize the control schedule of a VCE.Obtained results show that the accuracy and the convergence rate of the proposed method are consistent with that of the conventional model.On the other hand,it is found that the new-model-optimized control schedules reduce the acceleration and deceleration time by 45%and 54%,respectively.Meanwhile,the surge margin of compressors,fuel–air ratio and the turbine inlet temperature maintained are within the acceptable criteria.It is concluded that the proposed TRM is a powerful method to design the acceleration and deceleration control schedule of the VCE.

A Generalized Acceleration and Deceleration Approach for Continuous Small Line Blocks with Look-ahead

Generally complex 3D contours are divided into a lot of continuous small line blocks by CAD/CAM software. When these small line blocks are used in conventional way,machine tool has to stop at the end of one move before continuing on to the next to meet accuracy requirement,which results in inefficiency.Look-ahead is an intelligent function that aims at adjusting the feed rate automatically to achieve maximum productivity while maintaining accuracy.By now most researchers just utilize the simplest linear acceleration(ACC)and deceleration(DEC)to deal with look-ahead intelligence.A generalized ACC/DEC ap- proach and corresponding optimal look-ahead algorithm based on dynamic back tracking along a doubly linked list are proposed.An improved rounding strategy for reducing interpolation errors is also presented.By using the proposed techniques,arbitrary velocity profiles that offer look-ahead feature and have the desired ACC/DEC characteristics for movement of a lot of continuous line blocks can be generated efficiently.Both simulations and experiments showed the productivity was dramatically increased without sacri- fice of accuracy.

基于STM32的步进电机加减速轨迹规划算法

针对传统步进电机开环控制下加减速过程中柔性冲击大、失步和过冲等问题,结合STM32单片机提出了一种离散化的、带有电流调节的S曲线加减速控制算法。首先,通过多项式算法构建连续光滑的S曲线,根据矩频特性拟合转速和转矩的关系,联立转速和功率的关系,推导出电流计算方法;然后,对连续的S曲线进行等时间间隔采样,完成对S曲线的离散化;最后,在Keil平台进行算法代码编写,将编译后的工程文件下载到STM32中,通过步进电机的速度和位置跟踪实验验证了算法的有效性。

基于改进三角函数加减速的一步拐角过渡法

加减速控制是数控系统的关键技术之一,影响着零件加工时的高效性和平稳性,同时由于传统数控系统在加工复杂的曲线曲面时,需要生成的大量连续微线段,这不仅增加了数控系统的负担,且在拐角处仅G0连续,导致在拐角处频繁加减速和机床振动,降低零件加工效率和加工质量.两步法拐角过渡是先进行轨迹光顺再进行速度规划,不仅步骤繁琐,而且降低了加工效率.因此,针对传统三角函数中最大加加速度只存在峰值导致加工效率降低的问题,本文先对加减速连续性较好的传统三角函数加减速控制算法进行改进,以sin^(2)x作为加加速度的基函数建立加减速规划的模型,并在其运动模型中增加匀加加速度加减速阶段.针对数控加工中连续微线段拐角处加工效率低、插补轨迹连续性低的问题,提出了新的一步法拐角过渡方法.该方法是通过一步法拐角过渡算法在速度规划阶段直接完成轨迹光顺.最后根据轮廓误差和机床各轴动态性能的限制对过渡时间、速度、加速度及加加速度进行约束.实验证明,提出的方法能够进一步提高加工中的加减速柔性,能够利用最大加加速度持续加减速,且在保证加工效率的基础上提高伺服控制的跟随精度,使得误差检测的精度能够满足要求.

高质量加工五次多项式速度规划算法研究

通过分析直线、指数、S曲线以及正弦函数几种常用的加减速算法,针对传统的速度规划算法存在的加工曲线不连续以及加工过程出现振荡、加工精度低等问题,提出适用于高质量加工的五次多项式速度规划算法,将整个加工过程分段,细化每一段的方程,并介绍对于待定的NURBS曲线使用五次多项式速度规划算法进行插补的过程,针对快速插补和实时插补两个阶段进行优化。结尾根据仿真加工实验图像得出结论,该算法实现了加工过程中运动曲线的连续变化、柔性变化。并将加工精度控制在理想范围之内,适应于高质量的加工。

售货机升降系统S型速度控制策略

在传统三闭环控制方式下,售货机升降接货系统易因启停过程中加速度突变产生冲击,导致系统运行不平稳。针对这一问题,文中对传统升降系统加减速控制策略进行改进,加入前馈和微分负反馈,提出一种S型速度曲线控制算法。根据路径规划判别条件将S型速度曲线分为七段式、六段式和四段式3种,并给出各路径约束条件下的参数求解方法和具体执行流程。将该算法运用到升降控制系统中进行仿真和实际工况测试,实验结果表明,与传统三闭环控制相比,文中所提控制策略可以提高售货机升降系统运行的平稳性,减小冲击,使速度曲线更加柔和,并能够保持较好的跟踪性能。

变循环发动机模式转换对加减速性能的影响

变循环发动机具有单外涵与双外涵两种工作模式,根据使用场景或发动机性能匹配需求可能在加减速过程中进行模式转换。为了评估模式转换对加减速性能的影响,建立了可在加减速过程中进行模式转换性能模拟的过渡态性能计算模型,对比分析了引入模式转换后的加减速特性。结果表明:模式转换控制规律对风扇工作线和发动机加速性有影响,设计时应使风扇工作线变化平稳,同时在保证发动机稳定工作的前提下缩短模式转换时间;模式转换可使减速过程中的风扇最小喘振裕度从2%提高至15%,从而消除风扇喘振裕度对减速供油规律的限制,进而改善发动机减速性能。

一种加加速度连续平滑的新型柔性加减速控制算法

针对数控机床加工微小线段时因加加速度突变而导致精度和效率下降等问题,提出一种新型柔性加减速控制算法。该算法基于正弦函数构建了加加速度连续平滑的运动控制曲线,并通过分析数控机床加工线段的长度和初末速度,实现新型柔性加减速算法的速度规划。仿真与实验测试结果表明:与传统S形算法相比,该算法能有效地降低因加加速度突变引起的振动,提高数控加工过程中的平稳性与效率。

数控机床XY工作台插补中滤波技术

在插补过程中,程序段与程序段之间在衔接处的转向,导致在程序段衔接处产生加速度突变,容易引起机床震动,为平滑加速度,对各轴速度进行低通滤波,对各轴速度进行低通滤波即是对各轴的速度曲线进行平滑,从而消除加速度突变,使得机床运行平稳。基于数控机床XY工作台进行研究,采用有限脉冲响应(FIR)数字滤波器进行轴滤波,证明了对轴位置点滤波卷积运算,即是对速度进行滤波,并且对滤波产生的轮廓误差进行分析,并且结合实际数控机床加工情况,对滤波后产生的进给量过小问题进行分析并做补偿处理。该方法应用于数控激光切割系统,结果证明该方案能改善系统性能,提升系统加工的平稳度。

基于PCIe总线的机器人多轴控制器的研究

为了解决多轴机器人成本高和开放性不足的问题,提出一种新的多轴控制器设计方案。该方案以PCIe总线作为通信接口,FPGA作为核心处理器,ARM微处理器作为从处理器。以FPGA+ARM为基础实现控制器硬件电路搭建。针对笛卡尔空间下轨迹规划引入S型加减速快速规划算法,确保控制器插补过程中各关节速度和加速度的连续。在PT运动模式下使用脉冲平摊算法保证了脉冲信号的稳定输出。最后对笛卡尔空间下控制器的圆弧插补功能进行仿真与验证,结果表明该控制器能够实现预定轨迹且各关节速度与加速变化平滑。

基于多项式加减速的多头螺纹磨削算法研究

对多头螺纹进行磨削加工时,为了实现砂轮与切入点对齐,砂轮需要回到零点,并在零点等待一转信号和主轴转过偏转角度,而等待固定的信号会导致插补效率降低。针对这一问题,设计了一种基于混合非对称多项式加减速控制算法的多头螺纹快速分头算法。首先,分析了螺纹分头原理和砂轮切入方法,提取了切入点选择特征;然后,采用分区建立了插补时间规划模型,根据插补时间规划方法和砂轮切入点选择特征,建立了砂轮与每个切入点对齐的脉冲时间变化模型;之后,根据五次速度曲线加减速控制算法和三次速度曲线加减速控制算法的基本原理,设计了混合非对称多项式加减速控制算法模型,建立了参数控制模型及快退区目标速度预测模型;最后,采用MATLAB仿真的方法,验证了多头螺纹快速分头算法的正确性和有效性。研究结果表明:在工况1、工况2条件下(螺纹头数分别为20、25,其他条件相同),顺序切入和对称切入的加工效率分别提高了12.98%、0.67%,根据工况参数可以确定加工效率最高的砂轮切入方法;采用变加减速控制的方法,在快退区减速段可以实现±4 ms的容差控制目标,降低了砂轮与切入点对齐算法的容差压力;采用混合非对称多项式加减速控制算法,可以对多头螺纹快速分头插补和加加速度进行柔性控制,以提高螺纹分头的效率。

一种改进机械臂轨迹规划算法研究

传统S型加减速规划算法计算量大及机器人存在最大速度、最大加速度、最大加加速度的阈值,难以根据时间参数规划出一条用时最短曲线。为解决此问题,文中提出一种采用非线性跟踪微分器动态调参加减速规划算法。首先,在传统S型加减速规划的基础上,引入了自抗扰控制技术中的非线性跟踪微分器(Nonlinear Tracking Differentiator);其次,利用跟踪微分器的离散表达形式得到了加加速度、加速度、速度和位移随时间变化的曲线;最后,跟踪微分器以位移、最大速度、最大加速度及最大加加速度为限制参数,能够规划出用时最短的曲线。仿真试验结果表明,改进的S型加减速规划算法能够将运行时间缩短27.5%,有效地提高了系统的工作效率。

CNC系统中几种升降速控制曲线的研究与比较

运动过程的升降速控制是CNC(Com puter num ericalcontrol)系统开发中的关键技术难题之一。文中在分别分析了数控系统中梯形、S型和直线加抛物型升降速曲线的基础上,对这几种控制方法各自的优缺点及适用场合进行了比较,并着重讨论了速度时间曲线是直线加抛物型的升降速曲线在由步进电机驱动的经济型数控系统中的应用,实验证明。

小线段高速加工速度衔接数学模型

以直线加减速为例,导出了衔接进给速度的全部约束条件,建立了小线段高速加工速度衔接数学模型.以进给速度最大为目标,提出了一种求解衔接进给速度近似最优解的新方法.该方法以给定的最大预处理段数为条件,能够根据小线段路径的具体形状和长短,在指定的最大预处理段范围内寻找最优解.仿真结果表明,本数学模型和求解方法能实现进给速度的高速衔接,从而大大提高加工效率.

数控系统S曲线加减速规划研究

在高速数控加工过程中,为避免机床在启动或停止时出现冲击、超调或振荡等现象,并提高加工效率和精度,提出S曲线加减速规划方法,根据轨迹段的特征,归纳出规划中可能出现的8种S曲线加减速方式。针对每种方式,采用解析式或者迭代法的方法,给出了详细的数学描述,并进行仿真求解。

步进电机控制系统建模及加减速曲线优化

为了优化步进电机开环控制系统,对其加减速曲线的控制性能进行了研究。以步进电机运行原理为基础,建立了两相混合式步进电机开环控制系统仿真模型,设计了一种与电机矩频特性更为符合且可以用于实时在线计算的抛物线型加减速曲线算法,并与典型的匀加减速曲线算法、指数型加减速曲线算法进行了仿真比较分析,最后进行了实验验证。仿真和实验结果均表明,在相同的控制周期内,抛物线型加减速曲线的最大无失步转动角度有了显著提高,同时其中间过程的位置跟踪误差和平衡位置处的残余振荡误差也较小。抛物线型加减速曲线具有更快速的动态响应能力,已在某相控阵列天线的单元相位控制中得到了应用。

全程S曲线加减速控制的自适应分段NURBS曲线插补算法

为满足现代数控加工的高速度、高精度要求,提出基于7段式S曲线加减速全程规划的NURBS曲线自适应分段插补算法。该算法根据NURBS曲线几何形状将其自适应分段,并计算曲线段各项参数值、对应S曲线加减速规划(速度规划为17种类型)中加减速类型和自适应调整速度曲线加减速时间。在固定插补周期下,与单独自适应算法、5段式S曲线加减速控制方法的仿真结果相比,在满足加速度与加加速度限制条件,且最大弦高误差不超过0.5μm时,该算法插补精度高于单独自适应算法,与5段式S曲线加减速控制方法近似,且其全程平均进给速度比5段式S曲线加减速控制方法平均进给速度提高21.7%,达到594mm/s。