Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA) for Future Downlink Radio Access of 5G

Multiple access(MA) technology is of most importance for 5G. Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) utilizing power domain and advanced receiver has been considered as a promising candidate MA technology recently. In this paper, the NOMA concept is presented toward future enhancements of spectrum efficiency in lower frequency bands for downlink of 5G system. Key component technologies of NOMA are presented and discussed including multiuser transmission power allocation, scheduling algorithm, receiver design and combination of NOMA with multi-antenna technology. The performance gains of NOMA are evaluated by system-level simulations with very practical assumptions. Under multiple configurations and setups, the achievable system-level gains of NOMA are shown promising even when practical considerations were taken into account.

Joint Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) & Walsh-Hadamard Transform: Enhancing the Receiver Performance

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is a new access method to achieve high performance gains in terms of capacity and throughput, so it is currently under consideration as one of the candidates for fifth generation(5 G) technologies. NOMA utilizes power domain in order to superimpose signals of multiple users in a single transmitted signal. This creates a lot of interference at the receive side. Although the use of successive interference cancellation(SIC) technique reduces the interference, but to further improve the receiver performance, in this paper, we have proposed a joint Walsh-Hadamard transform(WHT) and NOMA approach for achieving better performance gains than the conventional NOMA. WHT is a well-known code used in communication systems and is used as an orthogonal variable spreading factor(OVSF) in communication systems. Application of WHT to NOMA results in low bit error rate(BER) and high throughput performance for both low and high channel gain users. Further, it also reduces peak to average power ratio(PAPR) of the user signal. The results are discussed in terms of comparison between the conventionalNOMA and the proposed technique, which shows that it offers high performance gains in terms of low BER at different SNR levels, reduced PAPR, high user throughput performance and better spectral efficiency.

Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G

The major challenge faced by the fifth generation(5G) mobile network is higher spectral efficiency and massive connectivity,i.e.,the target spectrum efficiency is 3 times over 4G,and the target connection density is one million devices per square kilometer.These requirements are difficult to be satisfied with orthogonal multiple access(OMA) schemes.Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has thus been proposed as a promising candidate to address some of the challenges for 5G.In this paper,a comprehensive survey of different candidate NOMA schemes for 5G is presented,where the usage scenarios of5 G and the application requirements for NOMA are firstly discussed.A general framework of NOMA scheme is established and the features of typical NOMA schemes are analyzed and compared.We focus on the recent progress and challenge of NOMA in standardization of international telecommunication union(ITU),and 3rd generation partnership project(3GPP).In addition,prototype development and future research directions are also provided respectively.

Symbol Error Rate Performance Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Visible Light Communications

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is considered as one of promising radio access techniques for visible light communications(VLC) in next-generation wireless communications systems.In order to provide theoretical support for designing VLC-NOMA,we derive its analytic expressions for the symbol error rate(SER).Specifically,NOMA is first incorporated with appropriate VLC to establish a VLC-NOMA framework.Afterwards,mathematical expressions of the SER for the VLC-NOMA are developed.Moreover,numerical results are provided carefully to demonstrate that the proposed VLC-NOMA scheme outperforms than state-of-the-art orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) one in terms of SER performance.Finally,relationships between the SER performance and the number of users,power allocation coefficient and semi-angle are well investigated,which can give us a scientific guide to devise the VLC-NOMA system for achieving better SER performance.

A Survey of Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G Wireless Communication Networks

Non-orthogonal multiple access （NOMA） has been recognized as a promising multiple access technique for the next generation cel-lular communication networks. In this paper, we first discuss a simple NOMA model with two users served by a single-carrier si-multaneously to illustrate its basic principles. Then, a more general model with multicarrier serving an arbitrary number of users on each subcarrier is also discussed. An overview of existing works on performance analysis, resource allocation, and multiple-in-put multiple-output NOMA are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the key features of NOMA and its potential re-search challenges.

Outage Performance of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Satellite Networks

With rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs), more and more UAVs access satellite networks for data transmission. To improve the spectral efficiency, non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is adopted to integrate UAVs into the satellite network, where multiple satellites cooperatively serve the UAVs and mobile terminal using the Ku-band and above. Taking into account the rain fading and the fading correlation, the outage performance is first analytically obtained for fixed power allocation and then efficiently calculated by the proposed power allocation algorithm to guarantee the user fairness. Simulation results verify the outage performance analysis and show the performance improvement of the proposed power allocation scheme.

An Overview of Non.Orthogonal Multiple Access

In recent years, non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has attracted a lot of attention as a novel and promising power-domain us-er multiplexing scheme for Long-Term Evolution(LTE) enhancement and 5G. NOMA is able to contribute to the improvement ofthe tradeoff between system capacity and user fairness(i.e., cell-edge user experience). This improvement becomes in particularemphasized in a cellular system where the channel conditions vary significantly among users due to the near-far effect. In this arti-cle, we provide an overview of the concept, design and performance of NOMA. In addition, we review the potential benefits and is-sues of NOMA over orthogonal multiple access(OMA) such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) adoptedby LTE, and the status of 3GPP standardization related to NOMA.

Orthogonal Codes-Based Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks

Dynamic spectrum access(DSA) in cognitive radio(CR) networks became a challenging research area recently. In CR technology, the DSA between primary users(PUs) and secondary users(SUs) simultaneously can be achieved without degrading the performance of the PUs by SUs interference. This can be achieved by donating incentive power to the PUs in order to compensate the interference caused by the SUs. Consequently, PUs allow SUs to share the spectrum. In this paper, orthogonal codes-based dynamic spectrum access(OC-DSA) technique is proposed. OC-DSA technique employs orthogonality between PUs and SUs transmitted data symbols in addition to the incentive power donation. Compared to other techniques, the proposed technique uses a simple encoder at the SU network for the same PU network infrastructure. By applying orthogonal codes, the interference caused by SUs is canceled and hence the donated power to incentivize the PUs is reduced. Also, the SU packet rate is increased significantly. The simulation results show that the proposed technique provides effective improvements over other existing techniques in the signal strength and the bit error rate performance of both the PU network and the SU network at the receiver side. Moreover, the proposed technique requires less donated power to incentivize the PU and has higher packet rate.

Resource Allocation Based on User Pairing and Subcarrier Matching for Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Networks

The traditional orthogonal multiple access(OMA)is unable to satisfy the needs of large number of smart devices.To increase the transmission rate in the limited spectrum resource,implementation of both non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)and successive interference cancelation(SIC)is essential.In this paper,an optimal resource allocation algorithm in NOMA is proposed to maximize the total system rate in a multi-sector multi-subcarrier relay-assisted communication network.Since the original problem is a non-convex problem with mixed integer programming which is non-deterministic polynomial-time(NP)-hard,a three-step solution is proposed to solve the primal problem.Firstly,we determine the optimal power allocation of the outer users by using the approach of monotonic discrimination,and then the optimal user pairing is determined.Secondly,the successive convex approximation(SCA)method is introduced to transform the non-convex problem involving central users into convex one,and the Lagrangian dual method is used to determine the optimal solution.Finally,the standard Hungarian algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal subcarrier matching.The simulation results show that resource allocation algorithm is able to meet the user performance requirements with NOMA,and the total system rate is improved compared to the existing algorithms.

不完美硬件实现对下行NOMA短包通信的影响

为了实现超可靠低延时通信(ultra-reliable and low latency communication,URLLC),研究在Naka-gami-m和莱斯衰落信道下硬件损伤(hardware impairment,HI)、信道估计误差(channel estimation error,CEE)以及不完美连续干扰抵消(successive interference cancellation,SIC)对下行两用户非正交多址接入(non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA)短包通信(short packet communication,SPC)系统性能的影响。首先,给出两种信道下用户的平均块错误率(block error rate,BLER)表达式。其次,在用户的平均BLER要求限定下,提出一种联合优化功率分配和导频序列长度的优化算法。最后,仿真结果验证了理论推导的准确性,并表明HI、CEE和不完美SIC对NOMA SPC系统性能具有大的影响;为了NOMA SPC系统实现URLLC,存在一个功率分配和导频序列长度的折中优化。

Frameworks of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques in Cognitive Radio Communication Systems

Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potential approaches among the proposed solutions to resolve this issue are well explored cognitive radio(CR)technology and recently introduced non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)techniques.Both the techniques are employed for efficient spectrum utilization and assure the significant improvement in the spectral efficiency.Further,the significant improvement in spectral efficiency can be achieved by combining both the techniques.Since the CR is well-explored technique as compared to that of the NOMA in the field of communication,therefore it is worth and wise to implement this technique over the CR.In this article,we have presented the frameworks of NOMA implementation over CR as well as the feasibility of proposed frameworks.Further,the differences between proposed CR-NOMA and conventional CR frameworks are discussed.Finally,the potential issues regarding the implementation of CR-NOMA are explored.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Schemes for 5G

Multiple access scheme is one of the key techniques in wireless communication systems. Each generation of wireless communica-tion is featured by a new multiple access scheme from 1G to 4G. In this article we review several non-orthogonal multiple access schemes for 5G. Their principles, advantages and disadvantages are discussed, and followed by a comprehensive comparison of these solutions from the perspective of user overload, receiver type, receiver complexity and so on. We also discuss the applica-tion challenges of non-orthogonal multiple access schemes in 5G.

Exploiting Spectral-Energy Efficiency Tradeoff with Fairness in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Systems

The spectral efficiency(SE)and energy efficiency(EE)tradeoff while ensuring rate fairness among users in non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)systems is investigated.In order to characterize the SE-EE tradeoff with rate fairness,a multi-objective optimization(MOO)problem is first formulated,where the rate fairness is represented with theα-fair utility function.Then,the MOO problem is converted into a single-objective optimization(SOO)problem by the weighted sum method.To solve the converted non-convex SOO problem,we apply sequential convex programming,which helps to propose a general power allocation algorithm to realize the SE-EE tradeoff with rate fairness.We prove the convergence of the proposed algorithm and the convergent solution satisfies the KKT conditions.Simulation results demonstrate the proposed power allocation algorithm can achieve various levels of rate fairness,and higher fairness results in degraded performance of SE-EE tradeoff.A pivotal conclusion is reached that NOMA systems significantly outperform orthogonal multiple access systems in terms of SE-EE tradeoff with the same level of rate fairness.

Routing Protocol in Underwater Wireless Acoustic Communication Using Non Orthogonal Multiple Access

The underwater wireless communication with the complexity of attenuation and low propagation speed makes resource constraints in networking sensor nodes and sink.Underwater Sensor Transmission with Attenuation Calculation using Non Orthogonal Multiple Access(UWSTAC-NOMA)protocol has been proposed.This protocol calculates channel gain along with attenuation in underwater channels and provides internetworking sensor for rate allocation minimizing interference.Successive Interference Cancellation has been used at the receiving sensor to decode the information sent.The network level performance of sensors and increasing the data rate improves the overall throughput.Simultaneously,connecting several sensors to sink based on its depth region of deployment has been achieved using Underwater Sensor Transmission with Attenuation Calculation using Non Orthogonal Multiple Access(UWSTAC-NOMA).The analytical background of attenuation never confuted the simulation results of the proposed protocol in NS2 simulator.Simulation results shows that the throughput,average bit error rate and residual energy of sink performance.

基于功率域NOMA的可见光CAP混合调制

为了满足6G网络通信下用户接入和高效的资源利用的需求,在无载波幅度相位调制(Carrierless Amplitude-Phase,CAP)方式基础上,引入非正交多址接入(NOMA)技术,提出了一种兼顾功率效率和频谱效率的混合调制方案,即NOMA-CAP混合调制,该方案允许多个用户在有限带宽内以更高的功率效率同时传输更多信息,在保证系统功率效率和频谱效率良好折中的同时,为用户接入提供了更为灵活和高效的选择。给出了NOMA-VLC系统结构模型,推导了NOMA-CAP系统误码性能理论解析式,并通过仿真实验验证了理论推导的准确性。仿真结果表明,在合适功率分配因子条件下,NOMA-CAP系统可以通过灵活的资源配置策略满足不同用户的服务质量需求。

A genetic algorithm based hybrid non-orthogonal multiple access protocol

Both high-dense wireless connectivity and ultra-huge network capacity are main challenges of next generation broadband networks.As one of its key promising technologies,non-orthogonal multi-ple access(NOMA)scheme can solve those challenges and meet those needs to some extent,in the way that different user equipments(UEs)multiplex on the same resource.Researchers around the world have presented numerous NOMA solutions.Among those,sparse code multiple access(SC-MA)technology is a typical NOMA solution.It supports scheduled access and random access which can be called granted access and grant-free access respectively.But resources allocated to granted UEs and grant-free UEs are strictly separated.In order to improve resource utilization,a hybrid non-orthogonal multiple access scheme is proposed.It allows granted UEs and grant-free UEs sharing the same resource unit in terms of fine-grained integration.On the basis,a resource allocation method is further brought forward based on genetic algorithm.It optimizes resource allocation of all UEs by mapping resource distribution issue to an optimization problem.Comparing throughputs of four meth-ods,simulation results demonstrate the proposed genetic algorithm has better throughput gain.

Optimal UAV deployment in downlink non-orthogonal multiple access system:a two-user case

This paper investigates a unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)deployment problem in a non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)system,where the UAV is deployed as an aerial mobile base station to transmit data to two ground users.An optimization problem is formulated by deploying the UAV for maximizing the sum rate of the two users.In order to solve the optimization problem,the feasible solution region is first reduced to a line segment between two users.Then,the optimization problem is simplified to a univariate problem,which can be solved by derivation under a certain situation,and the corresponding analytical solution is also provided.Moreover,a generalized algorithm,which considers 2 situations,is proposed to further determine the optimal UAV’s location.Specifically,four cases are discussed in the first situation.Extensive simulations are depicted to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and its superiority over the benchmarks in maximizing the two users’sum rate.

基于混合协作NOMA的安全MEC能耗优化

非正交多址接入(non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA)技术的广泛应用改变了传统物理层安全对用户传输速率的限制,在降低时延的同时会引起系统能耗增加。针对安全通信与降低能耗问题,提出一种基于混合协作NOMA的安全边缘计算传输方法。该方法对每个用户数据处理过程设计了多时隙混合协作方案,根据不同用户的信道条件分别设置卸载决策,保证用户间公平,并推导出系统保密中断概率的闭合表达式。然后以最小化系统能耗为目标,采用基于块坐标下降的三步迭代优化算法求得最优卸载方案。仿真结果显示,所提出的传输方法能在保证信息安全的条件下有效地减少系统能耗。

下行RIS-NOMA的用户集群方法

为提高用户分布非均匀的场景下可重构智能表面(RIS)辅助下行非正交多址(NOMA)通信系统的性能,提出了一种分布式RIS辅助下行NOMA的用户聚类方案。首先,采用自适应几何分布(AGD)聚类算法划分用户集群(UCs),从而为各UC匹配RIS。然后,利用分式规划(FP)方法将非凸最大化频谱效率问题转换为凸优化问题。最后,为UC内用户逐级进行功率分配(PA)与被动波束形成(PB)。仿真结果表明,与谱聚类(SPC)、K均值(K-means)、高斯混合模型(GMM)聚类方案和正交多址(OMA)方案相比,在AGD方案下,功率对频谱效率提升了7%、14%、19%和42%的增益,反射面对频谱效率提升了16%、19%、26%和40%的增益。

反向散射NOMA赋能的混合多播-单播协作传输方案

针对协作中继通信系统频谱效率低和链路利用率低的问题,面向多播、单播业务共存场景,该文提出一种反向散射NOMA赋能的混合多播-单播协作传输方案。机会式选择一个多播用户作为协作节点,将其接收信号的一部分功率用于自身解码,剩余功率反向散射以增强其余用户的接收质量。为提升系统性能,通过联合优化基站功率分配系数、协作用户反向散射系数和协作节点选择变量,在保障多播服务质量的前提下,实现单播用户最小可达速率的最大化。为解决上述高度非凸联合优化问题,该文设计一种协作用户选择准则并提出了一种迭代算法来获取原问题的最优解。仿真结果验证了所提迭代算法的快速收敛性,相较于传统非协作传输方案,所提方案可将单播用户最小可达速率提升11.5%,有效保证多业务服务质量。