Traffic prediction enabled dynamic access points switching for energy saving in dense networks

To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by deploying a large number of Access Points(APs)in the service area.However,since the energy consumption of APs generally accounts for a substantial part of the communication system,how to deal with the consequent energy issue is a challenging task for a mobile network with densely deployed APs.In this paper,we propose an intelligent AP switching on/off scheme to reduce the system energy consumption with the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of service,where the signaling overhead is also taken into consideration to ensure the stability of the network.First,based on historical traffic data,a long short-term memory method is introduced to predict the future traffic distribution,by which we can roughly determine when the AP switching operation should be triggered;second,we present an efficient three-step AP selection strategy to determine which of the APs would be switched on or off;third,an AP switching scheme with a threshold is proposed to adjust the switching frequency so as to improve the stability of the system.Experiment results indicate that our proposed traffic forecasting method performs well in practical scenarios,where the normalized root mean square error is within 10%.Furthermore,the achieved energy-saving is more than 28% on average with a reasonable outage probability and switching frequency for an area served by 40 APs in a commercial mobile network.

基于接收信号强度指示的AP簇测距方法

对移动目标的高精度测距是室内定位的关键。室内环境中无线接入点(Access Point, AP)采集的移动目标设备的接收信号强度指示(Received Signal Strength Indication, RSSI)受阴影衰落波动严重。受到RSSI采集频率和目标机动能力的限制,AP采集到的RSSI样本量少,导致基于RSSI测距精度差。为提高基于RSSI对移动目标测距的精度,本文提出了基于RSSI的AP簇测距(AP Cluster Ranging, APCR)方法。该方法通过对多个AP进行位置约束组成AP簇采集移动目标设备的RSSI,在相同采集频率下可获得更多的RSSI样本。利用RSSI波动特点,使用最大值选取和Dixon检验相结合的方式从AP簇采集的RSSI样本中筛选出高质量的RSSI样本,以提高对移动目标的测距精度。仿真和实验结果表明,与传统RSSI处理方法相比,本方法在室内环境简单或复杂时都具有更高的测距精度,在少量RSSI采集次数下同样能保持较高精度,更能满足对移动目标测距的需求。

Localization Algorithm of Indoor Wi-Fi Access Points Based on Signal Strength Relative Relationship and Region Division

Precise localization techniques for indoor Wi-Fi access points(APs)have important application in the security inspection.However,due to the interference of environment factors such as multipath propagation and NLOS(Non-Line-of-Sight),the existing methods for localization indoor Wi-Fi access points based on RSS ranging tend to have lower accuracy as the RSS(Received Signal Strength)is difficult to accurately measure.Therefore,the localization algorithm of indoor Wi-Fi access points based on the signal strength relative relationship and region division is proposed in this paper.The algorithm hierarchically divide the room where the target Wi-Fi AP is located,on the region division line,a modified signal collection device is used to measure RSS in two directions of each reference point.All RSS values are compared and the region where the RSS value has the relative largest signal strength is located as next candidate region.The location coordinate of the target Wi-Fi AP is obtained when the localization region of the target Wi-Fi AP is successively approximated until the candidate region is smaller than the accuracy threshold.There are 360 experiments carried out in this paper with 8 types of Wi-Fi APs including fixed APs and portable APs.The experimental results show that the average localization error of the proposed localization algorithm is 0.30 meters,and the minimum localization error is 0.16 meters,which is significantly higher than the localization accuracy of the existing typical indoor Wi-Fi access point localization methods.

A Robust Wi-Fi Fingerprinting Indoor Localization Coping with Access Point Movement

A Wi-Fi fingerprinting localization approach has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the ubiquity of Access Point( AP). However,typical fingerprinting localization methods fail to resist accidental environmental changes,such as AP movement. In order to address this problem,a robust fingerprinting indoor localization method is initiated. In the offline phase,three attributes of Received Signal Strength Indication( RSSI) —average,standard deviation and AP's response rate—are computed to prepare for the subsequent computation. In this way,the underlying location-relevant information can be captured comprehensively. Then in the online phase, a three-step voting scheme-based decision mechanism is demonstrated, detecting and eliminating the part of AP where the signals measured are severely distorted by AP 's movement. In the following localization step,in order to achieve accuracy and efficiency simultaneously,a novel fingerprinting localization algorithm is applied. Bhattacharyya distance is utilized to measure the RSSI distribution distance,thus realizing the optimization of MAximum Overlapping algorithm( MAO). Finally,experimental results are displayed,which demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods in eliminating outliers and attaining relatively higher localization accuracy.

PLC-Oriented Access Point Location Planning Algorithm in Smart-Grid Communication Networks

In this study,we investigate the optimal location of access points(APs) to connect end nodes with a service provider through power-line communication in smartgrid communication networks.APs are the gateways of power-distribution communication networks,connecting users to control centers.Hence,they are vital for the reliable,safe,and economical operation of a power system.This paper proposes a planning method for AP allocation that takes into consideration economics,reliability,network delay,and(n-1) resilience.First,an optimization model for the AP location is established,which minimizes the cost of installing APs,while satisfying the reliability,network delay,and(n-1) resilience constraints.Then,an improved genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem.The simulation results indicate that the proposed planning method can deal with diverse network conditions satisfactorily.Furthermore,it can be applied effectively with high flexibility and scalability.

Performance Analysis in Cloud Radio Access Networks:User-Centralized Coordination Approach

The cloud radio access network(C-RAN) has recently been proposed as an important component of the next generation wireless networks providing opportunities for improving both spectral and energy effi ciencies. The performance of this network structure is however constrained by severe inter-cell interference due to the limited capacity of fronthaul between the radio remote heads(RRH) and the base band unit(BBU) pool. To achieve performance improvement taking full advantage of centralized processing capabilities of C-RANs,a set of RRHs can jointly transmit data to the same UE for improved spectral effi ciency. In this paper,a user centralized joint coordinated transmission(UC-JCT) scheme is put forth to investigate the downlink performance of C-RANs. The most important benefit the proposed strategy is the ability to translate what would have been the most dominant interfering sources to usable signal leading to a signifi cantly improved performance. Stochastic geometry is utilized to model the randomness of RRH location and provides a reliable performance analysis. We derive an analytical expression for the closed integral form of the coverage probability of a typical UE. Simulation results confirm the accuracy of our analysis and demonstrate that significant performance gain can be achieved from the proposed coordination schemes.

Creation of Virtual Wi-Fi Access Point and Secured Wi-Fi Pairing, through NFC

The growing ubiquity of Wi-Fi networks combined with the integration of low-cost Wi-Fi chipsets in all devices makes Wi-Fi as the wireless technology the most used for accessing to internet [1]. This means that the development of a Wi-Fi strategy has become an imperative for almost all operators worldwide. In this context, APs (Access Points) have to become as secure as cellular networks. Furthermore, authentication process between a mobile device and an access point has to be automated, without user constraining configuration. For reaching this purpose, client must have different credentials depending on authentication method. Our goal is to create an architecture that is both ergonomic and flexible in order to meet the need for connection and client mobility. We use NFC technology as a radio channel for starting communication with the network. The communication initiation will instantiate a virtual Wi-Fi AP and distribute all policies and access certificates for an authentication based on EAP-TLS (it could be extended to any EAP method for 802.1X standard). The end result of our new topology is to allow access to services through a virtual Wi-Fi AP with an enterprise-grade in a public hotspot.

Manageable Fast Handover at Access Point in WLAN

The handover speed is always vital for the further development of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), which is enjoying a fast growth. Based on the handover technology specified in IEEE 802.11 WLAN, Manageable Fast Handover (MFHO) mechanism is proposed to speed up handover at the Access Point (AP), meet handover demands of services with different Quality of Service (QoS), and ensure service continuity. Adopting a handover policy named 'Make-before-break', this mechanism enables wireless APs to control and manage handover between two stations based on improving Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP). Tests have been carried out to compare functions and performance of MFHO and IAPP-based handover technology. The test results prove that MFHO provides a higher successful handover ratio and better handover performance than IAPP-based handover technology.

Control Access Point of Devices for Delay Reduction in WBAN Systems with CSMA/CA

Due to the gathering of sickrooms and consultation rooms in almost all hospitals, the performance of wireless devices system is deteriorated by the increase of collision probability and waiting time. In order to improve the performance of wireless devices system, relay is added to control the access point and then the access of devices is distributed. The concentration of access point is avoided and then the performance of system is expected to be improved. The discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) is proposed to calculate the access probability of devices in a duration time slot. The collision probability, throughput, delay, bandwidth and so on are theoretically calculated based on the standard IEEE802.15.6 and the performance of the system with and without relay is compared. The numerical result indicates that the performance of the system with control access point is higher than that of the system without control access point when the number of devices and/or packet arrive rate are high. However, the system with control access point is more complicated. It is the trade-off between the performance and the complication.

IPSO-AP&O算法在光伏系统MPPT控制中的应用研究

在不均匀光照条件下,光伏阵列输出特性呈现多峰现象,传统的最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)方法容易陷入局部极值。为了提高复杂阴影下的跟踪速度和跟踪精度,结合改进粒子群算法(improved particle swarm optimization,IPSO)和自适应步长扰动观察法(adaptive perturbation and observation,AP&O)各自的特点,提出了基于IPSO-AP&O算法的改进MPPT控制方法。其中,IPSO算法采用自适应惯性权重因子,在不同搜索阶段能够充分搜索目标函数,然后与AP&O算法结合实现最大功率的稳定输出。仿真结果表明,所提出的IPSO-AP&O算法减少了传统智能算法的迭代过程,能快速跟踪到全局最大功率点,相比其余几种算法而言,在光照强度突变时均具备快速精准的双重跟踪能力,在4种场景下跟踪效率分别为99.86%、99.91%、87.63%、99.79%,能够更好地减小光伏阵列外部条件变化导致的功率损耗,所提出的MPPT控制方法能够较好地适用于光储混合系统,具备工程实用价值。

Assessing Water Resources Access of Nouhao Sub-Basin, Burkina Faso

Water resource access in the Nouhao sub-basin, assessed based on the availability of drinking water mobilization facilities, the availability of water for uses and the quality of drinking water, revealed that in 2017 the basin was covered by 1249 modern water point, main drinking water sources. On average, the sub-basin shows a ratio of 271 users per drinking water point. Communal level shows some disparity with Bittou recording the highest number of people per drinking water point, i.e., around 537. Water that can be captured in the entire sub-basin meets only 42% of the total water needs from the three mains uses: irrigation, domestic consumption and livestock. The highest demander among these uses is Irrigation with 75% of the need, i.e., approximately 12,859,995 m3. Water in 33% drinking sources of this sub basin is of poor quality. Arsenic, one of the quality parameters studied, is found in some communes of the sub-basin. 11% of the water points in Bissiga are arsenic polluted making this commune the most arsenic contaminated location. The vulnerability maps deducted from lack of water for uses;lack of drinking water works and poor water quality shows so, the exposure level of the sub-basin’ communes to some potential risks related to low water resources access.

基于BAPV单点接入系统的设计

BAPV Building Attached Photovoltaic系统一般采用自发自用、余电上网的方式接入用户侧电网。文章针对BAPV单点接入系统的设计,从接入电压、主要设备的选择、保护装置的配置、通信装置的配置和接入方案设计5个方面进行了论述,并分析了接入系统对电网电压的扰动和短路条件下对电网稳定性的影响,验证了设计方案的合理性与可行性。

一种多用户频谱分配优化模型建立与求解

为解决多区域多用户在通信过程中的频谱最优分配与激励问题,本文首先在考虑多个通信运营商及多个小区用户的情况下,通过区块链理论对不同小区不同用户的频谱分配问题进行分析建模,并建立频谱最优分配优化模型;其次,针对优化模型的约束条件,通过引入拉格朗日及二分法理论对其进行求解,进而得出不同小区用户人数与频谱分配之间的数学关系;最后,通过仿真证明了容纳小区人数与频谱持有量近似地呈线性关系,且基站功率越大,近似直线的斜率越大。当基站的持有频谱量较少时,提高功率对可容纳人数的增加影响较小,随着频谱量的增加,提高基站功率,可容纳人数随之近似线性增加。

无蜂窝大规模MIMO系统接入点动态选择算法

在无蜂窝大规模多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)系统中,所有接入点(Access Point,AP)为用户提供服务的方式会造成较大的功率消耗和增加前传链路压力。以“用户为中心”的AP选择方案为每个用户选择最佳的AP集合,使系统频谱效率和能量效率得以提升。为了给每个用户选择最佳的AP集合,提出了一种基于反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络的接入点动态选择算法。将AP与用户之间的大尺度衰落向量作为输入,AP与用户之间的连接关系作为BP神经网络输出的预测向量,同时,针对BP神经网络初始化权值,提出了一种改进的自适应遗传算法以提高算法的收敛速度和收敛性能。仿真结果表明,改进后的BP神经网络预测结果更接近于实际值,并且比全连接和启发式的AP选择方案具有更高的系统和速率。

考虑综合经济性的风光配电网储能优化配置

在配电网中配置储能系统可以有效缓解风光接入对配电网产生的影响,提升对风光的消纳能力、减少电压偏差等,而储能接入的位置和容量不同会对配电网产生不同的影响。首先分析储能建设过程中的主要费用,考虑基于分时电价下的网损成本和峰谷差收益,以年综合成本、配电网的日节点电压偏差和最小为目标,建立配电网储能选址定容模型,采用改进多目标遗传二代算法(improved multi-objective nondominated sorting genetic Ⅱ algorithm, INSGA-Ⅱ)对模型进行求解,利用改进理想点决策法(improved ideal point based decision, IIPBD)来选取最优配置方案,最后在IEEE-33节点模型中对方案进行验证。仿真结果表明:使用INSGA-Ⅱ算法进行求解时最终决策出的储能配置方案实现了成本最小,并且显著提升了电压的稳定性,验证了改进后算法的优良性和所提出的储能优化配置方案的有效性。

知信行护理模式对老年糖尿病合并高血压患者负面情绪及自我管理行为的长期影响

目的探讨知信行(Krone Access Point,KAP)护理模式对老年糖尿病合并高血压患者负面情绪及自我管理行为的长期影响。方法选取深圳市中医院于2022年3月—2023年3月收治的110例老年糖尿病合并高血压患者为研究对象,按照分层随机法分为常规组(行常规护理)与KAP组(行KAP护理),各55例。比较两组负面情绪与自我管理行为评分。结果干预前,两组焦虑、抑郁评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);干预3、6个月后,KAP组焦虑、抑郁评分均低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。干预前,两组在病情监测、饮食、情绪、运动、用药等方面的管理行为评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);干预6个月后,KAP组各方面的管理行为评分均高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论将KAP护理模式应用于老年糖尿病合并高血压患者,有助于缓解其负面情绪,规范其自我管理行为。

无线流媒体应用中端系统切换触发机制和AP选择策略的研究与实现

对无线局域网(WLAN)中节点(Station)切换过程进行了研究,提出了一种适合流媒体应用的端系统快速切换解决方案.该方案在3个方面进行了改进:通过设置动态切换阈值避免节点的频繁切换;使用平滑因子降低无线信号强度的时变不确定性;利用探询时延选择合适的接入点(AP).该方案无需对现有AP进行修改,具有较强的可扩展性能.在实际WLAN环境下进行了实现和测试分析,表明该方案能有效地减小切换时延,改善了流媒体在WLAN中的应用.

WLANAP中二层隔离功能的实现

分析了在公共无线局域网(PWLAN)中为实现对用户统一有效管理而要求使用二层隔离技术。提出通过在AP接入点的MAC层中定义一个隔离参量dot11Isolation,并修改MAC层协议中Distribution_Service模块的运行状态图以实现二层隔离功能的方法。在一个基于MPC860处理器并以嵌入式Linux操作系统为软件平台的实际WLAN AP接入点上实现并仿真二层隔离的功能,结果表明该方法有效可行。