I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of H...I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides： ＂Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.＂ This means （1） the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; （2） it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and （3） the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.展开更多
The advent of the internet era breeds a new concept, namely, the right to internet access. Many countries and international organizations, as well as individuals, are advocating or have already embodied it as a basic ...The advent of the internet era breeds a new concept, namely, the right to internet access. Many countries and international organizations, as well as individuals, are advocating or have already embodied it as a basic human right, thus enhancing the issues of whether it should be incorporated into the macro system of international human rights. By analyzing the facts, this article points out that the international concept of the right to internet access should be distinguished from its domestic concept, for there are no legal sources about the right to internet access for guidance as with some treaties in the current international law, despite its close relationship with some existing rights such as the freedom of speech, press and assembly, or the right of equality, or the right to development. And there is still a long time before the legal value and related responsibilities as well as the boundaries about the right to internet access becomes a consensus in the international society. Even though there is quite a possibility, this right hasn’t been embodied as part of international human rights, and thus hasn’t made a legal concept in international human right law.展开更多
People under the interpretation of Chinese culture have multiple values It emphasizes not only people in the collective sense, but also individuals in the individual meaning According to the Constitution of the Peo...People under the interpretation of Chinese culture have multiple values It emphasizes not only people in the collective sense, but also individuals in the individual meaning According to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, respecting and protecting the dignity and rights of persons with disabilities is the duty of the State and the whole of society, and one of the core values of the Constitution The protection system for the rights and interests of persons with disabilities in China has basically taken shape, with positive progress in the protection of the right to rehabilitation, the right to education, and the right to employment However, there are different challenges We should continue to promote the rule of law for persons with disabilities and build a more complete system for the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities.展开更多
Aquaculture in pond and floodplain was accelerated in Bangladesh in the 1990s as a means of better production and income which was backed by the donor agencies,NGOs,and the government.Currently,the commercial actors a...Aquaculture in pond and floodplain was accelerated in Bangladesh in the 1990s as a means of better production and income which was backed by the donor agencies,NGOs,and the government.Currently,the commercial actors are involved in the aquaculture systems due to the availability of production technologies and inputs.This paper aims to explore how the commercialization and privatization of floodplain aquaculture become the cause of the sufferings of the natural resource-dependent people and biodiversity loss in the floodplains.Now,Influential people hold control of the common pool floodplains and restricted the access of the Small-Scale Fishers(SSF)to manage the aquaculture.Our findings suggest that the SSF,for whom the seasonal floodplains were an important source of livelihood,their livelihood has been destroyed and overall wellbeing have been negatively affected.Besides that,lending enough evidence to the increased inequality,a new group of poor has emerged.Because instead of ensuring the welfare of SSF,Bangladesh government has leased the floodplain lands to the powerful rich people.In addition to growing inequalities,natural resource degradation has welcomed social vulnerabilities.However,no development initiative will ever be sustainable and effective if the existing socio-ecological setting is not considered.Bangladesh government should take robust attempts to revisit fisheries policies to ensure livelihood resilience of fisheries resource-dependent community by managing the access rights of the common pool resources.展开更多
Turkey has always been one of the leading countries in the field of health and fundamental rights.Though Turkey is a member of many international organizations and a candidate state for the European Union,had some reg...Turkey has always been one of the leading countries in the field of health and fundamental rights.Though Turkey is a member of many international organizations and a candidate state for the European Union,had some regulations on fundamental rights,patients rights and right to health,even before the international papers,such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,did not come into force.Turkey always follows closely to the new developments in health care technologies,that is why Turkey continues to be one of the most chosen countries in international health tourism.These improvements in health care drive Turkey to adjust its regulations related to patients'fundamental rights and right to access to health.In the 2000s,health law postgraduate programs were founded in some universities in Turkey.With these programs,research in health law has been accelerated.Turkey will be one of the leading countries in health law too in the next few years.In this study,we started with the fundamental sources of the right to health in Turkey;then we continued with current objects at issue in Turkish health law;then we gave place to the current problems of Turkish health law such as reproductive rights,problems related to organ and tissue transplantations,increasing numbers of legal cases against health care professionals,their possible solutions and the future expectations.展开更多
This paper investigates the role of public access to information in open governance in Kenya;identifies the factors affecting access to public information in Kenya;establishes the extent to which access to public info...This paper investigates the role of public access to information in open governance in Kenya;identifies the factors affecting access to public information in Kenya;establishes the extent to which access to public information has influenced open governance in Kenya;and recommends strategies to enhance open governance through access of public information in Kenya.The paper is based on a qualitative study designed as an exploratory survey.Qualitative data was collected through key informant interviews with staff of the Commission on Administrative Justice(Office of the Ombudsman),which is tasked with implementing the Act,and documentary analysis.Content analysis of reports generated by implementing or oversight agencies was also conducted.The findings of the study show that the implementation of the Access to Information Act(2016)has had major contributions to the attainment of Kenya's commitments to open governance.Access to information underlies initiatives relating to open data sharing,beneficial ownership and access to justice.However,the implementation of the Act in Kenya faces challenges such as lack of funding,corruption,low levels of citizen awareness,and a culture of secrecy.The study recommends that the government should set up monitoring mechanisms to evaluate milestones of open governance initiatives such as the Act so as to be able to better evaluate the contributions of each commitment internally rather than relying on external evaluators.展开更多
Password authentication schemes based on a geometric approach are proposed. Based on geometrics such as a plane or space, the proposed schemes can be used to fulfill the various requirements for security and achieve m...Password authentication schemes based on a geometric approach are proposed. Based on geometrics such as a plane or space, the proposed schemes can be used to fulfill the various requirements for security and achieve more efficient results. They allow a user to register with many servers once without remembering different passwords for each, and also allow a user to change the password freely and update it offline. In addition, the proposed schemes do not need to maintain a verification table and are also computationally efficient. Moreover, we propose a specific access right (AR) to verify the legitimate user who has different authorization levels on a server in a multi-server environment.展开更多
文摘I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides： ＂Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.＂ This means （1） the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; （2） it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and （3） the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.
文摘The advent of the internet era breeds a new concept, namely, the right to internet access. Many countries and international organizations, as well as individuals, are advocating or have already embodied it as a basic human right, thus enhancing the issues of whether it should be incorporated into the macro system of international human rights. By analyzing the facts, this article points out that the international concept of the right to internet access should be distinguished from its domestic concept, for there are no legal sources about the right to internet access for guidance as with some treaties in the current international law, despite its close relationship with some existing rights such as the freedom of speech, press and assembly, or the right of equality, or the right to development. And there is still a long time before the legal value and related responsibilities as well as the boundaries about the right to internet access becomes a consensus in the international society. Even though there is quite a possibility, this right hasn’t been embodied as part of international human rights, and thus hasn’t made a legal concept in international human right law.
文摘People under the interpretation of Chinese culture have multiple values It emphasizes not only people in the collective sense, but also individuals in the individual meaning According to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, respecting and protecting the dignity and rights of persons with disabilities is the duty of the State and the whole of society, and one of the core values of the Constitution The protection system for the rights and interests of persons with disabilities in China has basically taken shape, with positive progress in the protection of the right to rehabilitation, the right to education, and the right to employment However, there are different challenges We should continue to promote the rule of law for persons with disabilities and build a more complete system for the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities.
文摘Aquaculture in pond and floodplain was accelerated in Bangladesh in the 1990s as a means of better production and income which was backed by the donor agencies,NGOs,and the government.Currently,the commercial actors are involved in the aquaculture systems due to the availability of production technologies and inputs.This paper aims to explore how the commercialization and privatization of floodplain aquaculture become the cause of the sufferings of the natural resource-dependent people and biodiversity loss in the floodplains.Now,Influential people hold control of the common pool floodplains and restricted the access of the Small-Scale Fishers(SSF)to manage the aquaculture.Our findings suggest that the SSF,for whom the seasonal floodplains were an important source of livelihood,their livelihood has been destroyed and overall wellbeing have been negatively affected.Besides that,lending enough evidence to the increased inequality,a new group of poor has emerged.Because instead of ensuring the welfare of SSF,Bangladesh government has leased the floodplain lands to the powerful rich people.In addition to growing inequalities,natural resource degradation has welcomed social vulnerabilities.However,no development initiative will ever be sustainable and effective if the existing socio-ecological setting is not considered.Bangladesh government should take robust attempts to revisit fisheries policies to ensure livelihood resilience of fisheries resource-dependent community by managing the access rights of the common pool resources.
文摘Turkey has always been one of the leading countries in the field of health and fundamental rights.Though Turkey is a member of many international organizations and a candidate state for the European Union,had some regulations on fundamental rights,patients rights and right to health,even before the international papers,such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,did not come into force.Turkey always follows closely to the new developments in health care technologies,that is why Turkey continues to be one of the most chosen countries in international health tourism.These improvements in health care drive Turkey to adjust its regulations related to patients'fundamental rights and right to access to health.In the 2000s,health law postgraduate programs were founded in some universities in Turkey.With these programs,research in health law has been accelerated.Turkey will be one of the leading countries in health law too in the next few years.In this study,we started with the fundamental sources of the right to health in Turkey;then we continued with current objects at issue in Turkish health law;then we gave place to the current problems of Turkish health law such as reproductive rights,problems related to organ and tissue transplantations,increasing numbers of legal cases against health care professionals,their possible solutions and the future expectations.
文摘This paper investigates the role of public access to information in open governance in Kenya;identifies the factors affecting access to public information in Kenya;establishes the extent to which access to public information has influenced open governance in Kenya;and recommends strategies to enhance open governance through access of public information in Kenya.The paper is based on a qualitative study designed as an exploratory survey.Qualitative data was collected through key informant interviews with staff of the Commission on Administrative Justice(Office of the Ombudsman),which is tasked with implementing the Act,and documentary analysis.Content analysis of reports generated by implementing or oversight agencies was also conducted.The findings of the study show that the implementation of the Access to Information Act(2016)has had major contributions to the attainment of Kenya's commitments to open governance.Access to information underlies initiatives relating to open data sharing,beneficial ownership and access to justice.However,the implementation of the Act in Kenya faces challenges such as lack of funding,corruption,low levels of citizen awareness,and a culture of secrecy.The study recommends that the government should set up monitoring mechanisms to evaluate milestones of open governance initiatives such as the Act so as to be able to better evaluate the contributions of each commitment internally rather than relying on external evaluators.
文摘Password authentication schemes based on a geometric approach are proposed. Based on geometrics such as a plane or space, the proposed schemes can be used to fulfill the various requirements for security and achieve more efficient results. They allow a user to register with many servers once without remembering different passwords for each, and also allow a user to change the password freely and update it offline. In addition, the proposed schemes do not need to maintain a verification table and are also computationally efficient. Moreover, we propose a specific access right (AR) to verify the legitimate user who has different authorization levels on a server in a multi-server environment.
