Combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer alleviates the kernel position effect in summer maize by promoting post-silking nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation

Adjusting agronomic measures to alleviate the kernel position effect in maize is important for ensuring high yields.In order to clarify whether the combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer(CAOFCF)can alleviate the kernel position effect of summer maize,field experiments were conducted during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons,and five treatments were assessed:CF,100%chemical fertilizer;OFCF1,15%organic fertilizer+85%chemical fertilizer;OFCF2,30%organic fertilizer+70%chemical fertilizer;OFCF3,45%organic fertilizer+55%chemical fertilizer;and OFCF4,60%organic fertilizer+40%chemical fertilizer.Compared with the CF treatment,the OFCF1 and OFCF2 treatments significantly alleviated the kernel position effect by increasing the weight ratio of inferior kernels to superior kernels and reducing the weight gap between the superior and inferior kernels.These effects were largely due to the improved filling and starch accumulation of inferior kernels.However,there were no obvious differences in the kernel position effect among plants treated with CF,OFCF3,or OFCF4 in most cases.Leaf area indexes,post-silking photosynthetic rates,and net assimilation rates were higher in plants treated with OFCF1 or OFCF2 than in those treated with CF,reflecting an enhanced photosynthetic capacity and improved postsilking dry matter accumulation(DMA)in the plants treated with OFCF1 or OFCF2.Compared with the CF treatment,the OFCF1 and OFCF2 treatments increased post-silking N uptake by 66.3 and 75.5%,respectively,which was the major factor driving post-silking photosynthetic capacity and DMA.Moreover,the increases in root DMA and zeatin riboside content observed following the OFCF1 and OFCF2 treatments resulted in reduced root senescence,which is associated with an increased post-silking N uptake.Analyses showed that post-silking N uptake,DMA,and grain yield in summer maize were negatively correlated with the kernel position effect.In conclusion,the combined application of 15-30%organic fertilizer and 70-85%chemical fertilizer alleviated the kernel position effect in summer maize by improving post-silking N uptake and DMA.These results provide new insights into how CAOFCF can be used to improve maize productivity.

Broadband all-fiber optical phase modulator based on photo-thermal effect in a gas-filled hollow-core fiber

We report broadband all-fiber optical phase modulation based on the photo-thermal effect in a gas-filled hollow-core fiber.The phase modulation dynamics are studied by multi-physics simulation.A phase modulator is fabricated using a 5.6-cm-long anti-resonant hollow-core fiber with pure acetylene filling.It has a half-wave optical power of 289 mW at 100 kHz and an average insertion loss 0.6 dB over a broad wavelength range from 1450 to 1650 nm.The rise and fall time constants are 3.5 and 3.7μs,respectively,2–3 orders of magnitude better than the previously reported microfiber-based photo-thermal phase modulators.The gas-filled hollow-core waveguide configuration is promising for optical phase modulation from ultraviolet to mid-infrared which is challenging to achieve with solid optical fibers.

Developmental Threshold Temperature and Effective Accumulative Tem- perature of Pupae and Eggs of Holcocerus hippophaecolus

In order to understand the occurrence and the developmental regularity of seabuckthorn carpenterworm (Holcocerus hippophaecolus) and predict its population density, the developmental threshold temperature (C) and effective accumulative tem- perature (K) of the carpenterworm pupae and eggs were analyzed under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures. The results show that the values of C and K of the carpenterworm pupae are (12.1 ± 0.2) °C and (295.2 ± 4.1) day-degrees at constant temperatures, and (15.5 ± 0.4) °C and (202.4 ± 13.1) day-degrees at variable temperatures. However, the values of C and K of the eggs at variable temperatures are (16.7 ± 0.8) °C and (101.5 ± 12.6) day-degrees. The differences of developmental threshold and effective accumulative temperature under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures of the carpenterworm pupae accord with the developmental regularity of most insects in nature. By comparing five different constant temperatures, the conclusion is that the optimum developmental temperature of the pupae is 21 °C when both the pupation of the mature larvae and the eclosion of the pupae are very accordant. Moreover, the percentage of eclosion is over 90%. The average developmental durations of the carpenter- worm pupae and eggs are 31 and 16 d at variable temperatures.

Stability analysis of loose accumulation slopes under rainfall:case study of a high‑speed railway in Southwest China

The high and steep slopes along a high-speed railway in the mountainous area of Southwest China are mostly composed of loose accumulations of debris with large internal pores and poor stability,which can easily induce adverse geological disasters under rainfall conditions.To ensure the smooth construction of the high-speed railway and the subsequent safe operation,it is necessary to master the stability evolution process of the loose accumulation slope under rainfall.This article simulates rainfall using the finite element analysis software’s hydromechanical coupling module.The slope stability under various rainfall situations is calculated and analysed based on the strength reduction method.To validate the simulation results,a field monitoring system is established to study the deformation characteristics of the slope under rainfall.The results show that rainfall duration is the key factor affecting slope stability.Given a constant amount of rainfall,the stability of the slope decreases with increasing duration of rainfall.Moreover,when the amount and duration of rainfall are constant,continuous rainfall has a greater impact on slope stability than intermittent rainfall.The setting of the field retaining structures has a significant role in improving slope stability.The field monitoring data show that the slope is in the initial deformation stage and has good stability,which verifies the rationality of the numerical simulation method.The research results can provide some references for understanding the influence of rainfall on the stability of loose accumulation slopes along high-speed railways and establishing a monitoring system.

Payoff-based accumulative effect promotes cooperation in spatial prisoner’s dilemma

We study the effect of accumulative payoff on the evolution of cooperation in the evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma on a square lattice. We introduce a decaying factor for the accumulative payoff, which characterizes the extent that the historical payoff is accumulated. It is shown that for fixed values of the temptation to defect, the density of cooperators increases with the value of the decaying factor. This indicates that the more the historical payoff is involved, the more favourable cooperators become. In the critical region where the cooperator density converges to zero, cooperators vanish according to a power-law-like behaviour. The associated exponents agree approximately with the two-dimensional directed percolation and depend weakly on the value of the decaying factor.

Study on Accumulative Effect of Enterprise Symbiotic Space in Agricultural Circular Economy

Enterprise symbiotic behavior is one of the main inter-finn organizational modes in agricultural circular economy, and the importance of its accumulative effect of enterprise symbiotic space is no less than its industry dimensionality. Based on this point, this article firstly started fi＇om the space factor and the symbiotic relationship and spatial clusters of the agricultural enterprise were analyzed, accordingly the clusters＇ analysis framework was introduced. And then the cost model, learning curve and the knowledge stock change were set up and the accumulative mechanism of a rational agricultural enterprise in the symbiotic space was discussed. Therefore, a further analysis on all kinds of accumulative effects of agricultural enterprise was carried on. Finally, we got conclusions fi＇om three aspects in this article; meanwhile, we obtained the enlightenment for the related enterprises in light of the reality.

Experimental study on the accumulative effect of multiple pulses on acceleration sensor

Intentional electromagnetic interference is a serious threat to the safety of electronic devices. Multiple electromagnetic pulses will be coupled and transmitted to electronic devices through the cables.Accumulative effects are generated, which make it easier for damage to occur in the electronic devices. In this article, the working principle of micro-silicon acceleration sensors is introduced. The accumulative effects of multiple pulses on acceleration sensors is studied by a large number of injection experiments.The accumulation trends of multiple pulses with different pulse numbers and intervals are analyzed. The damaged structures inside abnormal sensor amplifiers were observed via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that the accumulative effect is strengthened with increased pulse number or decreased pulse interval, and the threshold voltage for multiple pulses on the acceleration sensor decreases. The threshold voltage for a single pulse is 321.57 V. When the pulse interval is 1 μs and the pulse number is 5, the threshold voltage for multiple pulses is 163.42 V,which is reduced by 49.12% compared with a single pulse. These results provide a reference for the damage design of electromagnetic pulse weapons.

Effects of Overpressured Fluid Flow on Petroleum Accumulation in the Yinggehai Basin

The Yinggehai Basin is a strongly overpressured Cenozoic basin developed in the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea. The flow of overpressured fluids in this basin has given rise to strong effects on petroleum accumulation. (1) The overpressured fluid flow has enhanced the maturation of shallow-buried source rocks, which has caused the source rocks that would have remained immature under the conduction background to be mature for hydrocarbon generation. As a result, the overpressured fluid flow has increased the volume and interval of mature source rocks. (2) The overpressured fluid flow has strong extraction effects on the immature or low-mature source rocks in the shallow parts. This has increased, to some extent, the expulsion efficiency of the source rocks. More importantly, the extraction effects have strongly limited the effectiveness of biomarker parameters from oil and condensate in reflecting the source and maturity of the oil and gas. (3) The flow has caused the sandstones in the shallow parts to get into the late diagenesis stage, and significantly reduced the porosity and permeability of the sandstones. This study confirms that even in sedimentary basins in which no topography-driven groundwater flow systems have ever developed, the cross-formation migration of overpressured fluids and the resultant energy conduction and material exchange can significantly affect the thermal regime, source rock maturation and sandstone diagenesis. As a result, the effects of overpressured fluid flow must be taken into account in analyzing the mechanism of petroleum accumulation.

Effective accumulated temperature and developmental threshold temperature for Semanotus bifasciatus(Motschulsky) in Beijing

In order to understand the occurrence and development of Semanotus bifasciatus （Motschulsky）, a borer insect of Platycladus orientalis in parts of northern and eastern China and to improve its prediction, the developmental threshold temperature （C1） and effective accumulated temperature （K） of S. bifasciatus were determined under conditions of constant and variable temperatures. The results show that under constant temperatures the value of C1 has a range of 8.90±1.77℃and the value of K lies between 95.19±13.14 degree-day for eggs; the values for larvae are C1= 13.26±3.06℃ and the number of degree-day is K 2,885.07±187.87 degree-day; for pupae the ranges are C1 = 8.93±2.49℃ and K= 131.20±25.63 degree-day. Under the condition of ambient temperatures, the values for eggs are C1= 17.33±1.24℃ and K= 70.79±8.99 degree-day. It is suggested that S. bifasciatus adults over-winter in a state of dormancy, not at a diapause. Warm winter may accelerate the life cycle ofS. bifasciatus. Equations can be used to predict an early occurrence ofS. bifasciatus.

Large-scale gas accumulation mechanisms and reservoir-forming geological effects in sandstones of Central and Western China

Large-scale gas accumulation areas in large oil-gas basins in central and Western China have multiple special accumulation mechanisms and different accumulation effects.Based on the geological theory and method of natural gas reservoir formation,this study examined the regional geological and structural background,formation burial evolution,basic characteristics of gas reservoirs,and fluid geology and geochemistry of typical petroliferous basins.The results show that the geological processes such as structural pumping,mudstone water absorption,water-soluble gas degasification and fluid sequestration caused by uplift and denudation since Himalayan stage all can form large-scale gas accumulation and different geological effects of gas accumulation.For example,the large-scale structural pumping effect and fluid sequestration effect are conducive to the occurrence of regional ultra-high pressure fluid and the formation of large-scale ultra-high pressure gas field;mudstone water absorption effect in the formation with low thickness ratio of sandstone to formation is conducive to the development of regional low-pressure and water free gas reservoir;the water-soluble gas degasification effect in large-scale thick sandstone can not only form large-scale natural gas accumulation;moreover,the degasification of water-soluble gas produced by the lateral migration of formation water will produce regional and regular isotopic fractionation effect of natural gas,that is,the farther the migration distance of water-soluble gas is,the heavier the carbon isotopic composition of methane formed by the accumulation.

EFFECT OF NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE ON ACCUMULATION OF β-CAROTENE ISOMERS IN DUNALIELLA SALINA

DunaIiella salina, a halotolerent unicellular green alga, can accurmulate a Iarge amount of β-caroteneunder environmental conditions. The isorners of β-carotene extIacted from D. salina culturedin medium with different nitrate and phosphate concentrations were analysed by HPLC with Alox-Talumins column. At least six isomers were found in different proportions depending on the culture me-dia’s nitrate and/or phosphate concentrations. Nitrate and/or phosphae defidency was conducive tothe accumulation of totaI cis isomers but not of al1 trans isomer. lt is sUggeSted that 1 mmol/L KNO3and 0.1 mmol/L KH2, PO4 are favourable for accumulation of total cis β-carotene.

Switching the direction of spin accumulation in the spin Hall effect of light by adjusting the optical axis of an uniaxial crystal

We theoretically and experimentally investigate a switchable spin Hall effect（SHE） of light in reflection near the Brewster angle at an air-uniaxial crystal interface.We find a large transverse spin splitting near the Brewster angle,whose sign can be altered by rotating the optical axis.As an analogy of the SHE in an electronic system,a switchable spin accumulation in the SHE of light is detected.We are able to switch the direction of the spin accumulation by adjusting the optical axis angle of the uniaxial crystal.These findings may give opportunities for photon spin manipulating and developing a new generation of nano-photonic devices.

Ecological Effects of Accumulated Sand-belts along the Oasis Fringe in Hexi of Gansu

The accumulated sand-belts have formed along the oasis fringe, especially at the upwind areas of the desert area in Gansu Hexi of China during the process of desert control in recent 60 years. The accumulated sand-belt is a byproduct of desertifieation combating through afforestation and barriers-setting. This pa- per analyzed the data （ including wind velocity/direction） of 21 sites on the accumulated sand-belt to evaluate its stability and ecological effects. The results showed that the accumulated sand-belt is in a stable state. It plays a significant role in weakening wind and this effect is enhanced with the increase of wind velocity. The height of accumulated sand-belt is an important factor characterizing its windproof function. When the wind velocity is higher than 2 m/s, the windproof area in the downwind places is 20 times greater than the height of the accumulated sand-beh. When the wind velocity is higher than 8 m/s, the wind velocity on the top of the accumulated sand-belt is less than that in the upwind open areas. When the air flow reaches the windward slope, its energy is released and reduced by uplifting along the slope and diversion towards the two wings. Wind deflector reduces the velocity of the prevailing wind on the windward slope.

Developmental Threshold Temperature and Effective Accumulated Temperature of Potosia brevitarsis Lewis

[ Objective] The paper was to study the relationship between temperature and development of Potosia brevitarsis Lewis. [ Methods] Six constant tem- peratures （21, 24, 27, 30, 33 and 36 ℃ ） were set in the laboratory to study developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulated temperature of P. brevitarsis. [ Result] The developmental durations of various states of P. brevitarsis were shortened with the increasing temperature ranged from 21 ℃ to 36 ℃ ; the developmental rates were accelerated with the increasing temperature. The developmental threshold temperatures of egg, larva, pupa and pre-ovipesition of adult were estimated to be 12.79, 9.15, 14.86 and 13.80 ℃, respectively; the effective accumulated temperature were 136.25, 3 031.31,308.92 and 98.35 d · ℃, respectively. The developmental threshold temperature and effective amcumulated temperature for one complete generation were 9.96 ℃ and 3 628.73 d · ℃, re- spectively. Combined with meteorological data, the theoretical generation number of P. brevitarsis occurred in Shihezi was presumed to be one per year, which was basically coincided with actual occurrence generations in fields. [ Conclusion] The paper provided theoretical basis for effective control against P. brevitarsis.

数字普惠金融何以影响农民增收?——理论机制与县域证据

探究数字普惠金融能否富民增收对实现共同富裕具有重要意义。基于拓展的内生经济增长模型,本文构建一个数字普惠金融影响农民收入的理论分析框架,并利用2014—2020年长江经济带县域数据实证研究数字普惠金融对农民收入的影响机制、作用渠道与空间溢出效应。研究结果显示,数字普惠金融能够增加农民收入;从细分维度看,数字普惠金融的覆盖广度和使用深度对农民收入存在促进作用,而且覆盖广度的促进作用更强。农业技术进步、农民物质资本积累和农村人力资本积累是数字普惠金融促进农民收入增加的重要传导路径。异质性分析发现,长江经济带下游县域数字普惠金融对农民的增收效果最强,中游其次,上游最弱,而且对于收入水平高、人口规模大和耕地规模大的县域,数字普惠金融对农民的增收效应更强。从空间视角来看,数字普惠金融具有空间溢出效应且存在明显的溢出边界。本文研究结论为农民增收提供了基于数字普惠金融发展视角的经验证据与政策启示。

泽漆醇提取物抗氧化活性及对油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪堆积的影响

为了探究泽漆醇提取物体外抗氧化作用及其对油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪堆积的影响。本研究采用浸渍法分别以25%、50%、75%甲醇和乙醇对泽漆粉末进行提取,评估不同泽漆提取物的体外抗氧化活性,并测定其总酚和总黄酮含量。建立HepG2细胞脂肪堆积模型,不同浓度(20、40、60μg/mL)泽漆50%乙醇提取物处理24 h,观察细胞内脂滴形成情况;测定细胞中甘油三脂(triglyceride,TG)含量、总谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性及总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)。结果表明,泽漆醇提取物均具有抗氧化活性,且有浓度依赖性,其中50%乙醇提取物在一定浓度范围内抗氧化效果最佳(P<0.05),且总酚(8.813%±1.344%)和总黄酮(17.938%±0.819%)含量也较高。与模型组比较,泽漆50%乙醇提取物能够降低HepG2细胞内脂滴和TG值,提高细胞GSH、T-AOC含量和SOD活性(P<0.05),具有浓度依赖性。综上可知,50%乙醇提取物可以抑制油酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂肪堆积,并增强细胞内源性抗氧化能力。

塔河油田下寒武统烃源岩生排烃史差异演化及成藏效应

针对塔河奥陶系油藏多相态油气富集主控因素认识不清的问题,采用盆地模拟技术再现了塔河油田下寒武统烃源岩热演化史、生烃史及典型剖面油气运聚过程。研究表明:塔河地区下寒武统烃源岩从加里东早期进入成熟阶段,目前处于高成熟—湿气阶段,发育断续埋藏、持续埋藏和长期浅埋藏3种热演化模式,分别对应油气并举双峰型、油强气弱型、单峰型3种生烃模式。烃源岩热演化差异致使奥陶系油气发育多期充注、垂向疏导、侧向调整改造的演化历史,油气相态呈现轻质油藏—中质油藏—重质油藏的有序分布格局。塔河地区不同构造带下寒武统烃源岩热演化具有由北西向南东递增的趋势,与油气相态差异呈现明显的正相关性,体现出“源控”特征,喜山期控制了现今油气藏分布。研究发现,塔河油田盐下、托甫台生烃强度高,喜山期生烃总量相对较大,可作为下一步勘探开发的有利区。研究结果对塔河油田深层油气资源和目标评价有一定指导意义。

低温处理对新疆黑果枸杞种子出苗的影响

[目的]通过低温和高温2种温度环境对新疆黑果枸杞种子共同作用,对种子发芽率、启动日、发芽指数、发芽势进行研究,为其工厂化育苗提供数据支持。[方法]种子在5℃环境处理0~20 d,放入10~40℃温度环境测定种子发芽率等指标。[结果]低温处理①种子在T_(3)环境发芽率最高65.0%,比常温种子高77.8%;低温处理③种子在T_(4)环境启动速度最快,需要4 d,比常温种子快0.8 d,发芽指数也最高5.1,比常温种子高73%;低温处理④种子在T_(4)环境发芽势最高24%,比常温种子高33.3%;低温处理③、④种子在T_(1)低温环境可以打破种子休眠。[结论]种子低温处理后在较高的温度环境,可以打破种子休眠,显著提高黑果枸杞种子发芽率、启动速度、发芽势、发芽指数。

松辽盆地北部成熟老探区石油持续增储上产潜力与技术对策

松辽盆地北部已进入较高程度勘探开发阶段,常规的油气发现与开采难度不断增大。从历次油气资源评价过程出发,介绍了油气勘探理论和油气资源评价技术进步带来的松辽盆地北部中浅层石油资源潜力变化。以超级盆地思维为引领,结合页岩层系内页岩油成藏理论研究取得的新认识,重新梳理了中浅层含油气系统特征及其对油气分布的控制作用,并根据第四次油气资源评价结果,对松辽盆地北部中浅层常规油、致密油的剩余资源潜力与分布规律进行了论述,提出了进一步加强松辽盆地北部石油勘探与开发的具体攻关建议。结果表明:松辽盆地北部中浅层共发育上部、中部和下部3套复合含油气系统,包括10个简单油气系统,构成了中浅层全油气系统,预测常规油和致密油待发现资源量在30×10^(8) t以上;常规油剩余资源主要分布在中部复合含油气系统的萨尔图油层和葡萄花油层,古龙凹陷和三肇凹陷的源上葡萄花油层、龙虎泡阶地近源斜坡区的多层位以及西部远源斜坡区的萨尔图油层,具有亿吨级高效增储和快速上产的资源潜力;致密油剩余资源主要分布在中部复合含油气系统的高台子油层和下部复合含油气系统的扶杨油层,大庆长垣中南部和三肇凹陷内的宋芳屯-肇州低隆起的扶余油层以及齐家-古龙凹陷的高台子油层,有望形成2个亿吨级、2个5000万吨级勘探开发新场面。精细勘探,精准开发是成熟老区换发新活力的有效途径,勘探开发理论和技术的进步助推了老油田原油的持续高产和稳产。

1960-2020年黄河流域农业热量资源时空演变特征

[目的]气候变暖将改变农业热量资源的时空分布,对黄河流域农业热量指标进行分析,可为区域合理利用农业气候资源提供依据。[方法]基于1960-2020年黄河流域89个气象站点逐日气象资料,运用线性趋势估计和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法分析了黄河流域年平均气温,≥0℃和≥10℃的初终日、持续日数和有效积温的时空变化特征及其影响因素。[结果]近61 a黄河流域平均气温、≥0℃和≥10℃有效积温分别以0.29℃·(10 a)^(-1)、70.23℃·d·(10 a)^(-1)和34.50℃·d·(10 a)^(-1)的倾向率呈上升趋势,≥0℃和≥10℃持续日数呈增加趋势,倾向率分别为3.33 d·(10 a)^(-1)和2.78 d·(10 a)^(-1)。≥0℃和≥10℃初日呈提前趋势,倾向率分别为—2.16 d·(10 a)^(-1)和—2.14 d·(10 a)^(-1),≥0℃和≥10℃终日呈延迟趋势,倾向率分别为1.16 d·(10 a)^(-1)和0.63 d·(10 a)^(-1),≥0℃和≥10℃初日提前的幅度大于终日推迟的幅度,≥0℃初终日和持续日数变化幅度大于≥10℃相应指标变化幅度。近61 a黄河流域年平均气温、≥0℃和≥10℃有效积温分别于1996、2003和1997年发生突变。黄河流域上、中、下游地区各热量指标变化趋势与流域整体变化一致,上游地区变化幅度相对较大。从空间分布来看,由上游、中游到下游地区年平均气温逐渐增加,≥0℃和≥10℃有效积温逐渐增加,初日逐渐提前,终日逐渐推迟,持续日数逐渐延长。[结论]黄河流域农业热量资源呈增加趋势,热量指标主要受海拔高度和年平均气温影响。西太平洋副高强度指数、太平洋副高强度指数和东大西洋遥相关型指数是影响近61 a黄河流域农业热量指标变化的主要大气环流因子。