Early changes in corneal densitometry after FS-LASIK combined with accelerated corneal cross-linking for correction of high myopia

AIM:To observe the effects of femtosecond laserassisted excimer laser in situ keratomileusis combined with accelerated corneal cross-linking(FS-LASIK Xtra)on corneal densitometry after correcting for high myopia.METHODS:In this prospectively study,130 patients underwent FS-LASIK or FS-LASIK Xtra for high myopia.Their right eyes were selected for inclusion in the study,of which 65 cases of 65 eyes in the FS-LASIK group,65 patients with 65 eyes in the FS-LASIK Xtra group.Patients were evaluated for corneal densitometry at 1,3,and 6mo postoperatively using Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging.RESULTS:Preoperative differences in corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK and FS-LASIK Xtra groups in different ranges were not statistically significant(P>0.05).Layer-by-layer analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the anterior(120μm),central,and total layer corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK and FS-LASIK Xtra groups at 1 and 3mo postoperatively(all P<0.05),the FS-LASIK Xtra group is higher than that of the FS-LASIK group.Analysis of different diameter ranges showed statistically significant differences between the FS-LASIK group and the FS-LASIK Xtra group at 1mo postoperatively in the ranges of 0–2,2–6,and 6–10 mm(both P<0.05);At 3mo postoperatively,the FS-LASIK Xtra group is higher than that of the FS-LASIK group in the ranges of 0–2 and 2–6 mm(P<0.05).At 6mo postoperatively,there were no statistically significant differences in corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK group and the FS-LASIK Xtra group in different diameter ranges(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION:There is an increase in internal corneal densitometry during the early postoperative period after FS-LASIK Xtra for correction of high myopia.However,the densitometry values decreased to the level of conventional FS-LASIK at 6mo after surgery,with the most significant changes observed in the superficial central zone.

Experimental study on the treatment of rabbit corneal melting after alkali burn with Collagen cross-linking

AIM: To evaluate the effect of Collagen cross-linking on the prevention of melting in rabbit corneas after alkali burn. METHODS: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into model control group and collagen cross-linking treatment group. The second group of rabbits received collagen cross linked treatment. Both groups were applied with antibiotic eye drops to prevent infection. The corneas were evaluated for melting, opacity, pathological and immunohistochemistry, record the changes when 28 days after the animals were killed. RESULTS: In the control group, 6 out of 8 rabbits showed corneal melting after injury (14 +/- 4) days, while two corneal perforated. In collagen cross-linking treatment group, one rabbit showed corneal melting after injury 23 days, without corneal perforation; corneal dissolution rate between the two groups was significantly different (P <0.05). Pathological examination suggested that in the treatment group, mild corneal edema, mild damage to collagen fibers, inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly less than the control group. Immunohistochemistry showed that corneal collagen fibers arranged in neat rows in the control group. CONCLUSION: Collagen cross-linking treatment not only can prevent and delay the corneal melting after alkali burn, but also can reduce the destruction of corneal collagen fibers and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the corneal tissue.

A short-term study of corneal collagen cross-linking with hypo-osmolar riboflavin solution in keratoconic corneas

AIM: To report the 3mo outcomes of collagen crosslinking(CXL) with a hypo-osmolar riboflavin in thin corneas with the thinnest thickness less than 400 μm without epithelium.METHODS: Eight eyes in 6 patients with age 26.2±4.8y were included in the study. All patients underwent CXL using a hypo-osmolar riboflavin solution after its de-epithelization. Best corrected visual acuity, manifest refraction, the thinnest corneal thickness, and endothelial cell density were evaluated before and 3mo after the procedure.RESULTS: The mean thinnest thickness of the cornea was 408.5 ±29.0 μm before treatment and reduced to369.8 ±24.8 μm after the removal of epithelium. With the application of the hypo-osmolar riboflavin solution, the thickness increased to 445.0 ±26.5 μm before CXL and recover to 412.5 ±22.7 μm at 3mo after treatment, P =0.659). Before surgery, the mean K-value of the apex of the keratoconus corneas was 57.6 ±4.0 diopters, and slightly decreased(54.7±4.9 diopters) after surgery(P =0.085). Mean best-corrected visual acuity was 0.55 ±0.23 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution, and increased to 0.53±0.26 logarithm after surgery(P =0.879).The endothelial cell density was 2706.4 ±201.6 cells/mm2 before treatment, and slightly decreased( 2641. 2 ±218.2 cells/mm2) at last fellow up(P =0.002).CONCLUSION: Corneal collagen cross-linking with a hypo-osmolar riboflavin in thin corneas seems to be a promising treatment. Further study should be done to evaluate the safety and efficiency of CXL in thin corneas for the long-term.

Corneal collagen cross-linking and liposomal amphotericin B combination therapy for fungal keratitis in rabbits

AIM： To observe the therapeutic effect of corneal collagen cross-linking（CXL） in combination with liposomal amphotericin B in fungal corneal ulcers.METHODS： New Zealand rabbits were induced fungal corneal ulcers by scratching and randomly divided into 3groups, i.e. control, treated with CXL, and combined therapy of CXL with 0.25% liposomal amphotericin B（n =5 each）. The corneal lesions were documented with slit-lamp and confocal microscopy on 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d after treatment. The corneas were examined with transmission electron microscopy（TEM） at 4wk.RESULTS： A rabbit corneal ulcer model of Fusarium was successfully established. The corneal epithelium defect areas in the two treatment groups were smaller than that in the control group on 3, 7, 14 and 21d（P 〈0.05）. The corneal epithelium defect areas of the combined group was smaller than that of the CXL group（P 〈0.05） on 7 and 14 d, but there were no statistical differences on 3, 21 and 28 d. The corneal epithelium defects of the two treatment groups have been healed by day 21. The corneal epithelium defects of the control group were healed on 28 d. The diameters of the corneal collagen fiber bundles（42.960 ±7.383 nm in the CXL group and 37.040±4.160 nm in the combined group） were thicker than that of the control group（24.900±1.868 nm）,but there was no difference between the two treatment groups. Some corneal collagen fiber bundles were distorted and with irregular arrangement, a large number of fibroblasts could be seen among them but no inflammatory cells in both treatment groups. CONCLUSION： CXL combined with liposomal amphotericin B have beneficial effects on fungal corneal ulcers. The combined therapy could alleviate corneal inflammattions, accelerate corneal repair, and shorten the course of disease.

Comparison of corneal biological parameters between transepithelial and epithelium-off corneal cross-linking in keratoconus

AIM:To evaluate the differences in corneal biological parameters between transepithelial and epithelium-off corneal cross-linking in keratoconus.METHODS:In our prospective clinical trial,40 patients(60 eyes)with progressive keratoconus were randomized to undergo corneal cross-linking with transepithelial(TE group,n=30)or epithelium-off(EO group,n=30)keratoconus.Examinations comprised topography,corneal biomechanical analysis and specular microscopy at 6 mo postoperatively.RESULTS:The keratometer values were not significantly different between the TE and EO corneal cross-linked groups in different periods(each P>0.05).The corneal thickness of the EO group was greater than that of the TE group at 1 wk after the operation(each P<0.05).Regarding corneal biomechanical responses,the EO group showed a longer second applanation length than TE group(P=0.003).Regarding the corneal endothelial function,standard deviation of the endothelial cell size,and coefficient of variation in the cell area,the values of EO group were larger than those of TE group at 1 wk(P=0.011,0.026),and the percentage of hexagonal cells in EO group was lower than that in TE group at 1 and 6 mo(P=0.018,0.019).CONCLUSION:Epithelium-off corneal cross-linking may strengthen corneal biomechanics better than TE procedure can.However,the TE procedure with a lower ultraviolet-A irradiation intensity would be safer for corneal endothelial function.

Scheimpflug imaged corneal changes on anterior and posterior surfaces after collagen cross-linking

AIM:To compare the anterior and posterior corneal parameters before and after collagen cross-linking therapy for keratoconus.METHODS:Collagen cross-linking was performed in31 eyes of 31 keratoconus patients(mean age 30.6±8.9y).Prior to treatment and an average 7mo after therapy,Scheimpflug analysis was performed using Pentacam HR.In addition to corneal thickness assessments,corneal radius,elevation,and aberrometric measurements were performed both on anterior and posterior corneal surfaces.Data obtained before and after surgery were statistically analyzed.RESULTS:In terms of horizontal and vertical corneal radius,and central corneal thickness no deviations were observed an average 7mo after operation.Corneal higher order aberration showed no difference neither on anterior nor on posterior corneal surfaces.During follow-up period,no significant deviation was detected regarding elevation values obtained by measurement in mm units between the 3.0-8.0 mm-zones.CONCLUSION:Corneal stabilization could be observed in terms of anterior and posterior corneal surfaces,elevation and higher order aberration values 7mo after collagen cross-linking therapy for keratoconus.

Efficacy of iontophoresis-assisted epithelium-on corneal cross-linking for keratoconus

Corneal cross-linking（CXL） is a noninvasive therapeutic procedure for keratoconus that is aimed at improving corneal biomechanical properties by induction of covalent cross-links between stromal proteins. It is accomplished by ultraviolet A（UVA） radiation of the cornea, which is first saturated with photosensitizing riboflavin. It has been shown that standard epithelium-off CXL（S-CXL） is efficacious, and it has been recommended as the standard of care procedure for keratoconus. However, epithelial removal leads to pain, transient vision loss, and a higher risk of corneal infection. To avoid these disadvantages, transepithelial CXL was developed. Recently, iontophoresis has been adopted to increase riboflavin penetration through the epithelium. Several clinical observations have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of iontophoresisassisted epithelium-on CXL（I-CXL） for keratoconus. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the published studies regarding I-CXL and a comparison between I-CXL and S-CXL. All articles used in this review were mainly retrieved from the Pub Med database. Original articles and reviews were selected if they were related to the I-CXL technique or related to the comparison between I-CXL and S-CXL.

Trans-epithelial accelerated corneal cross-linking for keratoconus in children

The aim of the study is to evaluate the safety and effi cacy of trans-epithelial accelerated corneal cross-linking（TE-ACXL） in children with progressive keratoconus.Retrospective,case-series of 23 eyes of 14 children who underwent TE-ACXL.Evaluations were performed at baseline and 1,3,6,12 and 18 mo postoperatively.Mean follow-up time of 23.82±3.15 mo and mean age was 13.7±1.4 y（range 11 to 16 y）.Mean preoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity changed from 0.92±0.45 log MAR（20/160） to 0.71±0.40 log MAR（20/100）（P=0.001）.Mean keratometry（Km） changed from 53.87± 6.03 to 53.00±5.81（P=0.001）.Pachymetry did not have significant changes at last follow-up（P=0.30）.The mean preoperative sphere was-5.58±2.48 and-4.89±4.66 D（P=0.11） at last follow-up;refractive cylinder from-5.58±2.48 to-5.02±2.23（P=0.046）.In conclusion,tomographic and refractive stability are shown in over 91% of eyes with pediatric progressive keratoconus who underwent TE-ACXL.

A novel analysis of Scheimpflug total corneal refractive power following corneal cross-linking in mild to moderate keratoconus

AIM:To detect an earlier improvement in mild to moderate keratoconus following corneal cross-linking(CXL)with total corneal refractive power(TCRP)using ray tracing method.METHODS:A total of 40 eyes of 30 consecutive patients who underwent CXL for progressive keratoconus were retrospectively enrolled.The following keratometric parameters provided by Pentacam HR,including maximum keratometry(Kmax),steepest keratometry(Ksteep),3 mm zonal TCRP centered over corneal apex(TCRPapex,zone 3 mm),zonal mean keratometry and TCRP centered over corneal cone(Kmcone,zone and TCRPcone,zone 1,2,3 mm)were evaluated preoperatively and 1,3,6,and 12 mo postoperatively.Groups 1 and 2 were defined based on Kmax at postoperative 1 mo as improved(the initial improvement group)or worsen(the initial deterioration group)compared to the preoperative level.RESULTS:In the overall group,only keratometric parameters based on ray tracing method displayed significant improvement early at 3 mo postoperatively,in which TCRPcone,zone 1 mm and 2 mm exhibited the largest flattening(0.57 D and 0.53 D,respectively).In Group 1,only Kmax,Kmcone,zone 2 mm and TCRPcone,zone 2 mm showed significant improvement initially at 1 mo postoperatively,in which Kmax exhibited the largest improvement(1.05 D),followed by TCRPcone,zone 2 mm(0.82 D).In Group 2,only keratometric parameters based on ray tracing method and Kmcone,zone 3 mm showed slight but not significant improvement early at 3 mo,in which TCRPcone,zone 3 mm displayed the most improvement(0.19 D),followed by TCRPcone,zone 2 mm(0.15 D).CONCLUSION:The findings indicate that a 2 mm zonal TCRP centered over Kmax could earlier detect keratometric improvement by CXL compared to other commonly used parameters in mild to moderate keratoconic eyes.

Changes of matrix metalloproteinases in the stroma after corneal cross-linking in rabbits

AIM:To observe changes in the content of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)in the corneal stroma after corneal cross-linking(CXL)in rabbits,and further explore the corneal pathophysiological process after CXL.METHODS:Forty-two rabbits(42 eyes)were randomly divided into seven groups.One group served as the control group,while the other six groups were treated with CXL.The concentrations of MMPs in corneal stroma were evaluated through parallel reaction monitoring at baseline and 3,7,15,30,90,and 180 d after treatment.RESULTS:The levels of MMP-2 in the corneal stroma of rabbits were 0.76±0.07,2.78±1.39,4.12±0.69,2.00±0.29,2.00±0.30,1.22±0.18,and 1.35±0.18(10^(-9)mol/g)at baseline and 3,7,15,30,90,and 180 d after treatment,respectively.The contents of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1)were 1.83±0.26,7.94±0.58,6.95±2.64,3.81±0.48,3.07±0.92,1.72±0.19,and 1.69±0.74(10^(-9)mol/g),respectively.The ratios of MMP-2/TIMP-1 were 0.42±0.33,0.36±0.20,0.62±0.10,0.54±0.15,0.68±0.13,0.71±0.10,and 0.68±0.09,respectively.After CXL,the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in the rabbit corneal stroma was initially increased and subsequently decreased.The levels of MMP-2 remained higher than those recorded at baseline 180 d after treatment,but it was not statistically significant.The levels of TIMP-1 returned to baseline levels at 90 d after treatment.The ratio of MMP-2/TIMP-1 started to rise from 7 d after CXL.It was significantly higher than that calculated at baseline 30-180 d after CXL.The results for MMP-1,-3,-7,-9,-13,and TIMP-2 were negative.CONCLUSION:CXL can lead to changes in the content of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in the rabbit corneal stroma.The ratio of MMP-2/TIMP-1 remains higher versus baseline,indicating that MMP-2 is involved in the corneal pathophysiological process after CXL.

Analysis of the effective dose of ultraviolet light in corneal cross-linking

AIM: To analyze the efficacy of ultraviolet (UV) light initiating corneal cross-linking (CXL). METHODS: The time-dependent absorption of UV light due to the depletion of the initiator (riboflavin) was calculated. The effective dose of CXL with corneal surface covered by a thin layer of riboflavin was derived analytically. The cross linking time was calculated by the depletion level of the riboflavin concentration. A comprehensive method was used to derive analytic formulas. RESULTS: The effective dose of CXL was reduced by a factor (R) which was proportional to the thickness (d) and concentrations (C-0) of the riboflavin surface layer. Our calculations showed that the conventional dose of 5.4 J/cm(2) had a reduced effective dose of 4.3 and 3.45 J/cm(2), for d was 100 and 200 pm, respectively, and C-0=0.1%. The surface cross linking time was calculated to be T*=10.75s, for a depletion level of 0.135 and UV initial intensity of 30 mW/cm(2). The volume T* was exponentially increasing and proportional to exp (bdC(0)), with b being the steady state absorption coefficient. CONCLUSION: The effective dose of CXL is reduced by a factor proportional to the thickness and concentrations of the riboflavin surface layer. The wasted dose should be avoided by washing out the extra riboflavin surface layer prior to the UV light exposure.

Topography versus non-topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy with corneal cross-linking variations in keratoconus

AIM:To compare the visual results of non-topographyguided and topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy(PRK)applying sequential and simultaneous corneal crosslinking(CXL)treatment for keratoconus.METHODS:Interventional and comparative prospective study.Sixty-nine eyes(36 patients)suffering from keratoconus(stages 1 Amsler-Krumeich classification)were divided into four groups:sequential topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy with CXL,simultaneous topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy with CXL,simultaneous nontopography guided photorefractive keratectomy with CXL,and sequential non-topography guided photorefractive keratectomy with CXL.The main outcome measures were pre-and postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA),best corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA),manifest refraction,contrast sensitivity,and keratometry.RESULTS:All analyzed visual,contrast sensitivity,and refractive parameters showed a significant improvement in the four groups(all P<0.05).A noticeable improvement was seen in keratometry in all the groups,and a remarkable difference was observed between topography-guided groups in comparison to non-topography-guided groups(P<0.05).Interestingly,the improvement in all parameters showed a degree of stability to the end of the follow-up.CONCLUSION:The treatment priorities in all four groups are safety,efficacy,and predictability in the correction of the sphero-cylindrical errors in mild and moderate keratoconus.No significant differences among groups in the recorded objective outcomes were found.

Evaluation of corneal endothelium after UVA/riboflavin cross-linking in thin keratoconic corneas

Dear Sir,UVA/riboflavin cross-linking （CXL） has been used clinically applied for the treatment of keratoconus and corneal edema via enhancement of corneal stiffness The safety of the corneal endothelium is of prime importance during CXL treatment. In clinical practice, a corneal thickness （CT） of 400um has traditionally been regarded as the minimum treatable thickness, thereby avoiding damage to the corneal endothelium Although CXL has been applied to thinner corneas, using a hypoosmotic solution onto cornea and inducing edema . CXL safety still needs further evaluation because of lower relative concentration of collagen in the hydrated stroma . This study aims to evaluate the changes of corneal endothelial density （ECD） in cases where the CT is 〈400 um before iatrogenic corneal swelling and CXL treatment.

Investigation of the efficiency of intrastromal ring segments with cross-linking using different sequence and timing for keratoconus

· AIM: To evaluate and compare the efficacy and stability of intrastromal corneal ring segment(ICRs)implantation with cross-linking(CXL) using different sequence and timing.· METHODS: In this single retrospective study, 86 keratoconic eyes subjected the ICRs implantation. We analyzed only 41 eyes that had complete follow-ups.They were divided into three groups: ICRs implantation was applied only(group normal), ICRs first followed by CXL immediately(group CXL-S), CXL first followed by ICRs long after(group CXL-B). The visual acuity,refractive results, keratometry were compared preoperatively and 1y postoperatively. Their differences among the three groups were also analyzed.·RESULTS: Group normal comprised 25 eyes, group CXL-S 8 eyes, and group CXL-B 8 eyes. There were improvements in the mean uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA) and the mean corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA) compared preoperatively and 1y postoperatively [UDVA: 0.31(P =0.030) logarithmic minimum angle of resolution(log MAR) group normal, 0.4(P =0.020) group CXL-S, 0.45(P =0.001) group CXL-B;CDVA : 0. 21 log MAR( P = 0. 013) group normal, 0. 30(P =0.036) group CXL-S; 0.26(P =0.000) group CXL-B].The refractive and topographic outcomes also showed improvements. In terms of comparisons among the three groups, all the P values were above 0.05, showing no significant difference. But only group CXL-B had improvement in UDVA and CDVA for all the patients.·CONCLUSION: With safety and good visual outcomes,ICRs implantation is a viable alternative for keratoconus.No significant difference was found among these three groups.

Clinical outcomes at one year following keratoconus treatment with accelerated transepithelial cross-linking

This study evaluated the clinical outcomes in keratoconus corneas following accelerated transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking（CXL）（Avedro KXL system,Waltham,MA,USA） over one year of follow-up.The mean depth of the demarcation line measured by optical coherence tomography（OCT） was 205.19 μm.One month after surgery,a non-statistically significant change was noted in sphere（P= 0.18） and in spherical equivalent（P= 0.17）,whereas a significant improvement was observed in corrected distance visual acuity（P=0.04）.A significant change was observed in topographic astigmatism（P= 0.03） and posterior corneal a sphericity（P= 0.04）.Accelerated transepithelial CXL may be a useful technique for the management of progressive keratoconus.

Impact of hypothermia on the biomechanical effect of epithelium-off corneal cross-linking

Background:The corneal cross-linking(CXL)photochemical reaction is essentially dependent on oxygen and hypothermia,which usually leads to higher dissolved oxygen levels in tissues,with potentially greater oxygen availability for treatment.Here,we evaluate whether a reduction of corneal temperature during CXL may increase oxygen availability and therefore enhance the CXL biomechanical stiffening effect in ex vivo porcine corneas.Methods:One hundred and twelve porcine corneas had their epithelium manually debrided before being soaked with 0.1%hypo-osmolaric riboflavin.These corneas were equally assigned to one of four groups.Groups 2 and 4 underwent accelerated epithelium-off CXL using 9 mW/cm^(2) irradiance for 10 min,performed either in a cold room temperature(group 2,4℃)or at standard room temperature(group 4,24℃).Groups 1 and 3 served as non-cross-linked,temperature-matched controls.Using a stress-strain extensometer,the elastic moduli of 5-mm wide corneal strips were analyzed as an indicator of corneal stiffness.Results:Accelerated epithelium-off CXL led to significant increases in the elastic modulus between 1%and 5%of strain when compared to non-cross-linked controls(P<0.05),both at 4℃(1.40±0.22 vs.1.23±0.18 N/mm)and 24 C(1.42±0.15 vs.1.19±0.11 N/mm).However,no significant difference was found between control groups(P=0.846)or between groups in which CXL was performed at low or standard room temperature(P=0.969).Conclusions:Although initial oxygen availability should be increased under hypothermic conditions,it does not appear to play a significant role in the biomechanical strengthening effect of accelerated epithelium-off CXL protocols in ex vivo porcine corneas.

Corneal collagen cross-linking epithelium-on vs. epithelium-off: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background The purpose of the study was to determine the advantages and disadvantages of epi-on corneal cross-linking(CXL)techniques compared with standard epi-off CXL.Methods We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and non-randomized studies of interventions(NRSIs)and we evaluated the selected papers according to the Cochrane risk of bias tool.We considered,as primary outcomes,average Kmax flattening,changes in uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity(UDVA and CDVA);as secondary outcomes,we considered changes in pachymetry values and endothelial cell density(ECD).We also investigated adverse events related to the treatments and treatment failure.Meta-analysis was conducted with a fixed or random-effects model using weighted mean difference(MD)with 95%confidence interval(CI)as the effect size.Results A total of 15 studies were included and among these 15 trials,9 were RCTs and 6 were NRSIs,but only 4 studies showed no high risk of bias and were included in this meta-analysis.Our analysis revealed significant postoperative differences in CDVA(MD=0.07;95%CI 0.04 to 0.10;P<0.001),and no significative differences in UDVA,Kmax,central corneal thickness(CCT)and ECD(P>0.05).Epi-on CXL protocol was found to be significantly less prompt to have risks of delay in epithelial healing(P=0.035)and persistent stromal haze(P=0.026).Conclusion Epi-on CXL is as effective as epi-off CXL.Except for a higher significant improvement in CDVA with current epi-on protocols,our meta-analysis demonstrates that epi-on and epi-off CXL have comparable effects on visual,topographic,pachymetric,and endothelial parameters.Epi-on CXL has clinical advantages in terms of comfort and avoidance of complications as it reduces the risk of developing delay in epithelial healing and persistent stromal haze.

Corneal collagen crosslinking in keratoconus and other eye disease

Keratoconus is a condition characterized by biomechanical instability of the cornea, presenting in a progressive, asymmetric and bilateral way. Corneal collagen crosslinking(CXL) with riboflavin and Ultraviolet-A(UVA) is a new technique of corneal tissue strengthening that combines the use of riboflavin as a photo sensitizer and UVA irradiation. Studies showed that CXL was effective in halting the progression of keratoconus over a period of up to four years. The published studies also revealed a reduction of max K readings by more than 2 D, while the postoperative spherical equivalent(SEQ) was reduced by an average of more than 1 D and refractive cylinder decreased by about1 D. The major indication for the use of CXL is to inhibit the progression of corneal ecstasies, such as keratoconus and pellucid marginal degeneration. CXL may also be effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of iatrogenic keratectasia, resulting from excessively aggressive photo ablation. This treatment has been used to treat infectious corneal ulcers with apparent favorable results. Most recent studies demonstrate the beneficial impact of CXL for iatrogenic ecstasies, pellucid marginal degeneration, infectious keratitis, bullous keratopathy and ulcerative keratitis. Several long-term and short-term complications of CXL have been studied and documented. The possibility of a secondary infection after the procedure exists because the patient is subject to epithelial debridement and the application of a soft contact lens. Formation of temporary corneal haze,permanent scars, endothelial damage, treatment failure,sterile infiltrates, bullous keratopathy and herpes reactivation are the other reported complications of this procedure.

Combined corneal CXL and photorefractive keratectomy for treatment of keratoconus: a review

Keratoconus and iatrogenic keratectasia are the corneal ectatic disorders occurring due to biomechanical weakening of the cornea resulting in distorted images,myopia, and irregular astigmatism. Corneal collagen cross-linking(CXL) is performed to arrest keratoconus successfully. The main aim of this review is to discuss the safety and efficacy of the adjuvant therapies, such as the combination of CXL and photorefractive keratectomy(PRK) for the treatment of corneal ectatic disorders. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubM ed, MEDLINE, and Scopus using keywords ‘collagen’‘keratoconus’,‘keratectasia’,‘collagen cross-linking’,and ‘photorefractive keratectomy’. Search results were restricted to clinical studies published in English. Corneal CXL effectively arrests the progression of keratoconus by enhancing corneal rigidity. However, functional vision is not improved by cross-linking. Combining CXL to refractive surgeries such as topography-guided PRK or transepithelial PRK is found to be a safe and effective method in providing corneal stability as well as significantly improving functional visual acuity with few minor complications. This combined technique also prevents regression of keratoconus and reduce the risk of keratectasia. CXL combined with PRK is a promising therapeutic approach in ophthalmology that can be successfully used to treat progressive keratoconus and other corneal ectatic disorders and to enhance visual acuity.

Iontophoresis-assisted corneal crosslinking using 0.1% riboflavin for progressive keratoconus

AIM：To report the clinical results of iontophoresis-assisted epithelium-on corneal crosslinking（I-CXL） using 0.1% riboflavin in distilled water for progressive keratoconus. METHODS：In this prospective clinical study, we examined 94 eyes of 75 patients with progressive keratoconus who were treated with I-CXL using 0.1% riboflavin in distilled water. Best correct visual acuity（BCVA）, Scheimpflug tomography, corneal topography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, intraocular pressure, and endothelial cell density were evaluated at baseline and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 mo after I-CXL.RESULTS：After 24 mo I-CXL, compared to the level at baseline, BCVA significantly improved 0.14±0.07（P=0.010）; mean keratometry signifi cantly decreased 0.72±1.97（P=0.021）; maximum keratometry significantly reduced 2.30±5.01（P=0.014）; central keratoconus index significantly reduced 0.04±0.08（P=0.007）. The demarcation line was visible in 83.1% of eyes at 1mo after treatment, with a depth of 298.95±51.97 μm, and gradually indistinguishable. One eye had repeat treatment. Intraocular pressure and endothelial cell density did not change significantly.CONCLUSION：I-CXL using 0.1% riboflavin halts keratoconus progression within 24 mo, resulting in a significant improvement in visual and topographic parameters. Moreover, the depth of the demarcation line is similar to that previously reported in standard epithelium-off CXL procedures.