Residue Decline Studies on 20% Acetochlor+Bensulfuron-methyl WP in Rice

[Objective] The aim was to research the residue decline and final residue of acetochlor in rice.[Method] By carrying out crop field trials in 3 places including Heilongjiang,Jilin and Hunan during two years and applying GC technique,the residue decline of acetochlor in rice was analyzed and its final residue was determined.[Result] The half-life of acetochlor in rice was 4.4-8.3 d,being relatively short,and it belonged to easily degradable pesticide.Under dosage condition with effective components of 600 and 900 g/hm2,after application for one time,the determined acetochlor residues in rice were lower than 0.01 mg/kg.[Conclusion] Take multiple factors into consideration,according to the treatment with application dosage of 900 g/hm2,it was suggested that the MRL value of acetochlor in rice should be ascertained as 0.02 mg/kg temporarily and acetochlor should be applied for one time.

The Use of Enzyme-digested Soybean Residue For Feeding Common Carp

This experiment was an attempt to use the soybean residue derived from the production of 'soy milk'. The residue contains about 18% protein, 70% caf bohydrates and 7.5% lipid as fish feed for reafing common carp, Cyrinus carpto. There were 4 types of diets: (1)soybean residue, (2 ) soybean residue digested with Papain, (3) soybean residue (64%)mixed with beef liver (34%) and (4) same mixture as (3) but digested with Papain. The results indicate that the percentage increase in weight and length of fish feeding with beef liver supplemented diets was higher than those feeding with soybean residue alone. This was possibly due to the fact that beef liver was able to supplement the nutrient deficiency in soybean. The two types of feeds (2 and 4) digested with Papain also yielded significantly better fish growth in terms of weight and length gains, than their counterparts without digestion. Furthermore, the water turbidity of the tanks added with digested feeds was significantly less, as papain was able to hyrolyse the protein substrates suspended in the water, and thus lowered the turbidity

Preparation and Applications of Soybean Residue CNF Films

In this study, soybean residues were treated with HCl and soybean residue cellulose was extracted, which was used to prepare cellulose nanofiber (CNF) using the high-pressure homogenization method. The maximum yield of CNF, the reaction temperature, reaction time, and HCl concentration were optimized. The optimum HCl concentration for acid treatment was 6%, the reaction time was 60 min, the reaction temperature was 80℃, and the maximum yield of soybean residue cellulose was 78.8%. The different CNF films were then prepared;the color, mechanical property, and light transmittance of the CNF films were studied. Compared to the properties of the CNF film prepared with the soybean residue cellulose by high-pressure homogenization 15 times (HGT-15 film), the mechanical properties of the CNF film with soybean residue cellulose by decolorizing treatment decreased, but the light transmittance increased. The film prepared by adding HGT- 15 CNF to whey protein was investigated for its mechanical property, light transmittance, and solubility. Unlike the pure whey protein film, addition of 2.0% CNF to the whey protein enhanced the mechanical property and water vapor transmission rate (WVT) of the film. With the increase in CNF content, the solubility of the whey protein film decreased, and then stabilized.

Effect of High Pressure Homogenization Treatment on Structure and Properties of Soybean Residue Cellulose Nanofibers

To reduce the adverse effects of non-cellulose materials on subsequent homogenization,the effects of a high-pressure homogenization treatment on the structure and properties of cellulose nanofibers(CNF)prepared by acid treatment of soybean residue were studied.The effects of the number of homogenization step on the microfibrillation degree,crystalline structure and mechanical properties of the soybean residue were analyzed by SEM,FT-IR,XRD,TG and DTG.The results showed that an increase in the number of homogenization steps led to an increase in the degree of microfibrillation,a more uniform distribution of the CNF diameter,and an increase in the crystallinity of CNF.However,but when the number of homogenization steps exceeded 15,the rate of change decreased,and the crystallinity of CNF decreased.As the number of homogenization steps increased,the average degree of polymerization and average molecular weight of CNF decreased continuously,and after 15 homogenization steps,their rate of change also decreased.Therefore,15 steps of high-pressure homogenization represented a suitable number of steps to prepare the soybean residue CNF with an average diameter of 15 nm.

Physical-Chemical Properties of Edible Film Made from Soybean Residue and Citric Acid

The effect of citric acid on the properties of soybean enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing(EAEP)residue edible film was studied.The washed soybean EAEP residue was produced by the process of EAEP.It was determined that the washed soybean EAEP residue is rich in fibers(76.10±1.03%)and has lower oil and protein contents(7.74±0.11%and 3.50±0.20%,resp.).Edible films intended for food packaging have been produced from the washed EAEP residue combined with glycerol,different concentrations of citric acid(0%,10%,15%,20%,25%,and 30%),and sodium hypophosphite.The spectra have evidenced that the cross-linking reaction of citric acid and fibers has taken place in the residue.30-CA films showed the highest tensile strength(17.52 MPa)and the lowest water vapor permeability(7.21 g·cm-1·s-1·Pa-1).Also,it indicated that citric acid can cross-link with the hydroxyls of polysaccharide and improve the compatibilization between the polymeric molecules to improve the intermolecular interaction between polysaccharide molecules,so that the water uptake is reduced.The smooth surface and better translucency of the films suggest that the EAEP residue films treated with citric acid are suitable for application in food packaging.

Relationships among Soil Properties, Nematode Densities, and Soybean Yield in a Long-Term, Double-Crop System in Eastern Arkansas

The economic damage to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in the United States attributed to nematodes has increased in recent years. Understanding how soil properties affect nematodes will help to properly manage agroecosystems to minimize potential nematode damage to soybean crop and the associated economic impact. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships between near-surface soil properties and soybean yield and nematode densities across two years (2017 and 2018) in a long-term, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-soybean, double-crop production system on a silt-loam soil (Fragiudalfs) in eastern Arkansas. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN;Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) eggs and stage-2 juveniles (J2), lance (Hoplolaimus spp.), lesion (Pratylenchus spp.), spiral (Helicotylenchus spp.), stunt (Tylenchorhynchus spp.), total nematode numbers, and the total genera counts from early in the growing season (July), mid-season (August), and end of the season (October) were generally unrelated with soybean yield. Soybean cyst eggs population density in August was negatively correlated with soil pH (r = -0.92;P ≤ 0.05). Total nematode numbers in July was negatively correlated with silt content (r = -0.23;P ≤ 0.05), soil pH (r = -0.27;P r = -0.24;P ≤ 0.05). Results suggested that soil properties influenced nematode population densities, indicating that nematodes can be at least partially managed and minimized through greater understanding of the variation of select near-surface soil properties in a wheat-soybean, double-crop production system on a silt-loam soil.

Glyphosate-Residues in Roundup-Ready Soybean Impair Daphnia magna Life-Cycle

Herbicide tolerant plants such as Roundup-Ready soybean contain residues of glyphosate herbicide. These residues are considered safe and previous animal-feeding-studies have failed to find negative effects related to such chemical residues. The present study tests 8 experimental soy- meal diets as feed in groups (each containing 20 individuals) of test-animals (D. magna). The diets have different levels of glyphosate residues and we show that animal growth, reproductive maturity and number of offspring are correlated with these chemicals. The tested soybeans are from ordinary agriculture in Iowa USA and the residues are below the regulatory limits. Despite this, clear negative effects are seen in life-long feeding. The work enhances the need for including analysis of herbicide residues in future assessment of GMO.

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.

Fine Mapping and Candidate Gene Analysis of Resistance Gene R_(SC3Q) to Soybean mosaic virus in Qihuang 1

Soybean mosaic virus （SMV） disease is one of the most destructive viral diseases in soybean （Glycine max （L.） Merr.）. SMV strain SC3 is the major prevalent strain in huang-huai and Yangtze valleys, China. The soybean cultivar Qihuang 1 is of a rich resistance spectrum and has a wide range of application in breeding programs in China. In this study, F1, F2 and F2：3 from Qihuang 1×nannong 1138-2 were used to study inheritance and linkage mapping of the SC3 resistance gene in Qihuang 1. The secondary F2 population and near isogenic lines （nILs） derived from residual heterozygous lines （RhLs） of Qihuang 1×nannong 1138-2 were separatively used in the ifne mapping and candidate gene analysis of the resistance gene. Results indicated that a single dominant gene （designated RSC3Q） controls resistance, which was located on chromosome 13. Two genomic-simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers BARCSOYSSR_13_1114 and BARCSOYSSR_13_1136 were found lfanking the two sides of the RSC3Q. The interval between the two markers was 651 kb. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the candidate genes showed that ifve genes （Glyma13g25730, 25750, 25950, 25970 and 26000） were likely involved in soybean SMV resistance. These results would have utility in cloning of RSC3Q resistance candidate gene and marker-assisted selection （MaS） in resistance breeding to SMV.

Spectral responses analysis of soybean residues

利用HR-768型便携式光谱仪,测定了不同大豆残茬覆盖度下的地面光谱,利用照相法获取对应的大豆残茬覆盖度。采用线性回归方法分析了单波段反射率、反射率一阶导数、归一化指数、比值指数与大豆残茬覆盖度的相关性,获取了不同覆盖度水平下大豆残茬的光谱响应特征,并结合MODIS、TM、HJ-1B星的波段响应函数建立了大豆残茬覆盖度最优估算模型。结果表明,在2050—2150nm和2250—2350nm两个波段范围内,大豆残茬与裸土的光谱差异最显著,可用于二者的区分;大豆残茬的光谱特征与玉米、小麦残茬的光谱特征相似,仅在920—967nm范围内存在特殊的吸收峰;以高光谱数据为数据源,941.6nm处的反射率、2151.8nm处反射率一阶导数、1461.3nm和2404.4nm反射率构建的归一化指数以及2247nm和608.6nm反射率构建的比值指数适宜用于作物残茬覆盖度估算,以宽波段数据为数据源,短波红外与红波段反射率构建的比值指数适宜用于大豆残茬覆盖度估算。

大豆皂脚与玉米秸秆厌氧发酵沼渣共热解特性及应用

将大豆皂脚与玉米秸秆厌氧发酵沼渣两种固体废弃物以不同比例混合后进行共热解,采用元素分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附法(BET)对得到的共热解炭进行表征,并将共热解炭循环应用到玉米秸秆厌氧发酵环境中,考察共热解炭对厌氧发酵过程的影响。结果表明:共热解炭的产率随着沼渣加入量的增大而增大;沼渣加入量较少时,可以促进共热解气的生成,但对共热解液的产生有较弱的抑制作用;共热解炭的比表面积和平均孔径介于两种单一热解炭之间,并且平均孔径随沼渣加入量的增大呈减小趋势;将大豆皂脚与沼渣的质量比为4∶3下制备的共热解炭加入厌氧发酵系统中,发酵30 d时累积产气量达到390.80 mL/g,累积产甲烷量达到213 mL/g,累积产气量达到总产气量80%所需要的时间t_(80)为(14±1) d,比不添加热解炭的空白组提前了12.5%。

分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测大豆中6种典型农药残留

本研究建立了分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测大豆中灭草松、三氟羧草醚、氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡唑醚菌酯、精喹禾灵及其代谢物喹禾灵酸的多残留分析方法,为监测大豆生产中的农药应用风险提供方法。该方法具有简单、快捷、准确、灵敏度高的特点。样品经1%甲酸-乙腈振荡提取后,分散固相萃取净化,流动相为甲酸铵-水溶液(含0.01%甲酸)和甲酸铵-甲醇溶液(含0.01%甲酸),采用苯基色谱柱进行分离,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量分析。结果表明:目标农药及代谢物在0.001~1 mg/kg添加水平下平均回收率为78.1%~116.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.6%~20.5%,该方法在0.001~1 mg/kg范围内线性良好(R^(2)≥0.9911),定量限(LOQ)可达0.001 mg/kg。基于此方法对内蒙古产区的大豆样品进行测定,发现大豆中灭草松、氯虫苯甲酰胺、吡唑醚菌酯有检出,残留量在<0.001~0.024 mg/kg之间,喹禾灵酸、三氟羧草醚、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐残留量均<0.002 mg/kg。采集的大豆样品中6种目标农药残留量均符合我国农药最大残留限量标准安全要求。

基于分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法的大豆农药残留测定研究

本研究建立了一种分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺等6种常见农药残留的方法。方法学验证结果显示,所有农药的标准曲线线性良好(R^(2)>0.999),方法灵敏度良好;加标回收试验中不同加标浓度的相对标准偏差均小于10%,验证了方法的稳定性和可靠性。应用此方法对20份市售大豆样品进行农药残留检测,结果显示所有样品中农药残留均未超出或远低于国家规定的最大残留限量,合格率为100%。

酱渣大豆异黄酮大孔树脂纯化工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

研究酱渣大豆异黄酮的纯化工艺及其抗氧化活性。选用5种树脂(AB-8、HPD300、ADS-7、DM301、D101)进行静态吸附试验,筛选吸附效果最好的树脂,再以动态吸附试验筛选最佳纯化工艺,最后研究纯化后酱渣大豆异黄酮的抗氧化活性。结果表明,AB-8树脂的吸附效果最好,在流速1.5 mL/min、pH 3的条件下吸附0.6 mg/mL的样品溶液75 mL,再用100 mL 60%乙醇溶液解吸,样品纯度可由11.37%提升到55.84%;纯化后的酱渣大豆异黄酮具有较好的抗氧化活性,其浓度为0.07 mg/mL时,对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除率分别为93.35%和98.67%。AB-8树脂可用于酱渣大豆异黄酮的分离纯化且效果较好,酱渣大豆异黄酮具有较强的抗氧化活性。

大豆油脱臭馏分重相组分中甾醇酯的柱层析法分离提取

为减少甾醇酯的生产工序,提高大豆油脱臭馏分重相组分中总甾醇得率,采用柱层析法直接分离提取甾醇酯,通过单因素试验考察吸附剂种类、上样量、洗脱剂比例和柱长直比(填料高度与直径比)对甾醇酯产品纯度和得率的影响,确定最佳工艺条件,并对最佳工艺条件下分离提取的甾醇酯产品进行傅里叶红外光谱表征,以及甾醇组成和脂肪酸组成测定。结果表明,柱层析法分离提取甾醇酯的最佳工艺条件为吸附剂为硅胶(粒径50~75μm),上样量0.5 g,洗脱剂比例为正己烷、乙醚、冰乙酸体积比95∶5∶1,柱长直比16∶1。在最佳工艺条件下,甾醇酯产品纯度为(89.90±0.94)%,得率为(96.15±1.49)%;傅里叶红外光谱分析证实提取的产品中含甾醇酯,甾醇酯上的甾醇组成主要为β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、菜油甾醇,脂肪酸组成主要为亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚麻酸。综上,柱层析法无需复杂工序,即可实现大豆油脱臭馏分重相组分中甾醇酯的有效回收。

发酵豆渣复合物对武冈铜鹅生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平发酵豆渣复合物对武冈铜鹅生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响。试验选择50日龄健康武冈铜鹅144只,随机分为4个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复6只鹅(公母各半);对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加3%、6%、9%的发酵豆渣复合物的试验饲粮,试验期20天。结果显示:①与对照组相比,3%试验组平均日采食量显著提高(P<0.05)。②各组武冈铜鹅的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。③与对照组相比,9%试验组胸肌pH_(24h)显著提高(P<0.05),6%试验组腿肌L^(*)_(24h)值显著降低(P<0.05);9%试验组腿肌b^(*)_(24h)值显著高于对照组和3%试验组(P<0.05);6%试验组腿肌蒸煮损失显著低于对照组和3%试验组(P<0.05)。④对照组肝脏指数为25.73%,3%、6%试验组肝脏指数分别为32.57%和32.59%,各提高了26.58%和26.66%(P<0.05)。⑤饲粮中添加发酵豆渣复合物显著提高了血清中总蛋白(TP)含量(P<0.05);试验组血清中球蛋白(GLB)含量有提高的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10),尿素氮(BUN)含量具有降低趋势(0.05≤P<0.10)。综上所述,发酵豆渣复合物改善了武冈铜鹅生长性能、肉品质,促进了蛋白质代谢和肝脏发育,在50~70日龄武冈铜鹅饲粮中发酵豆渣复合物适宜添加水平为3%~6%。

豆渣混贮对青年期奶牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃发酵及甲烷排放的影响

本试验以豆渣、麦麸和玉米粉为原料,按鲜重基础8∶1∶1的比例进行混合发酵(混合后水分含量65%),获得豆渣混贮,并用该混贮替代青年期奶牛基础饲粮中的豆粕、麦麸和玉米,探究豆渣混贮对奶牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、饲养成本、血清生化指标、瘤胃发酵和甲烷(CH_(4))排放的影响。采用单因素随机试验设计,选取体重[(311.0±29.8)kg]相近的青年期荷斯坦奶牛24头,随机分为对照组和豆渣混贮组,每组12头。结果表明:豆渣混贮具有良好的发酵品质,主要表现为低pH和高乳酸含量。与对照组相比,豆渣混贮组干物质(DM)和有机物(OM)采食量没有显著变化(P>0.05),酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)采食量则显著升高(P<0.05),粗蛋白质(CP)采食量有升高的趋势(P=0.06);豆渣混贮组OM和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05),DM表观消化率呈降低趋势(P=0.07);豆渣混贮组的平均日增重(ADG)显著升高(P<0.05),而饲料费用显著降低(P<0.05);豆渣混贮显著提高了血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、血氨(BA)和补体4(C4)含量(P<0.05);豆渣混贮对CH4排放量及瘤胃主要发酵参数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,豆渣混贮对青年期奶牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵和血清生化指标无不利影响,可作为一种较经济的精料资源用于奶牛生产。

改性豆渣的工艺优化及豆渣馒头的品质改良

为加快大豆副产物豆渣的加工利用效率,该文在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面试验进行优化,确定豆渣的最佳改性工艺,同时通过质构、色差和血糖生成指数等确定改性豆渣在馒头中的最适添加量。结果表明,豆渣的最佳改性条件为复合酶添加量0.6%、改性时间6 h、接菌量6%,改性豆渣在馒头中的最适添加量为30%,所制得的馒头颜色微黄、硬度适中、香气浓郁,富含膳食纤维,预测血糖生成指数(predicted glycemic index,pGI)为58.35±1.29。

大豆及其制品质量安全风险及控制措施研究进展

大豆是我国重要的油料作物和经济作物,在保障人民群众生活需要的同时,也为地方农业生产提供了更多选择,为农户创造了可观的经济效益。大豆及其制品中存在的质量安全风险主要来源于农药污染、重金属污染、真菌毒素污染以及塑化剂污染等方面。本文概述了大豆及其制品中主要污染物的现状,指出了大豆及其制品可能存在的质量安全问题,并提出了相应保障大豆及其制品质量安全的控制措施,以期为我国大豆产业健康快速发展提供一些思考和借鉴。

液态发酵法酿造豆渣食醋工艺研究

为增加豆渣的利用率和附加值,以豆渣为主要原料,通过液态发酵法酿造一款豆渣食醋,并探索其酒精发酵、醋酸发酵的最佳工艺条件。首先以酒精度为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对酒精发酵工艺进行优化。其次,以最佳酒精发酵工艺为基础,以食醋的感官评分和总酸含量为评价指标,通过单因素试验和响应面试验对醋酸发酵工艺进行优化。结果表明,以180 mL纯净水为基准,最佳酒精发酵工艺为豆渣干粉添加量14 g、蔗糖添加量6 g、酵母菌接种量0.4%、酒精发酵温度32℃、酒精发酵时间6 d;以100 mL酒精滤液为基准,最佳醋酸发酵工艺为醋酸菌接种量3.85%、醋酸发酵温度29.5℃、醋酸发酵时间5 d。此工艺条件下豆渣食醋的感官评分为83.2分,总酸含量为5.05 g/dL,可溶性无盐固形物含量为3.5 g/dL,氨基酸态氮含量为122.4 mg/dL,菌落总数和大肠菌群均符合国家标准。豆渣食醋成品呈琥珀色,澄清透亮,质地均匀,酸味适中,带有浓郁的醋香和豆渣特有的豆香味,营养价值较高。