ZTE Corporation has become a leader in Chinesetelecom standards making after years ofpainstaking work.It has also taken part in manyactivities held by international organizations suchas ITU,3GPP and 3GPP2.In 2003,it p...ZTE Corporation has become a leader in Chinesetelecom standards making after years ofpainstaking work.It has also taken part in manyactivities held by international organizations suchas ITU,3GPP and 3GPP2.In 2003,it participated in drafting 145Chinese national and telecom industrystandards,which accounted for 64% of the total.The drafting of 41 standards out of these 145 wasled by ZTE.It is playing a leading role in makingand amending national standards concerningmobile Softswitch,optical transmission,network展开更多
19 November 2013,Shenzhen-ZTE Corporation has announced that ZTE's ZSmart BSS/OSS V8 has successfully achieved TM Forum's Frameworx 12.0 Conformance Certification.TM Forum's Frameworx Conformance Certification is a...19 November 2013,Shenzhen-ZTE Corporation has announced that ZTE's ZSmart BSS/OSS V8 has successfully achieved TM Forum's Frameworx 12.0 Conformance Certification.TM Forum's Frameworx Conformance Certification is an independent verification of how a solution's business processes and information models align with the industry standards found in Frameworx,including the Business Process Framework(eTOM)and Information Framework(SID).展开更多
March 18, 2014-ZTE Corporation achieved second place in the World Intellectual Pro ble of patent applicants, strengthening the company' s position as one of the world' s leading With 2309 filings under the Patent C...March 18, 2014-ZTE Corporation achieved second place in the World Intellectual Pro ble of patent applicants, strengthening the company' s position as one of the world' s leading With 2309 filings under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), ZTE was second only to ZTE ranked number one. perty Organization's annual ta- technology innovators. Panasonic. In 2011 and 2012,展开更多
ZTE USA, a subsidiary of ZTE Corporation, announced on October 8, 2008 that Sprint’s XOHMTM WiMAX business unit had certified its TU25 USB modem after extensive evaluation
The global financial supervision system reform has achieved remarkable success and China has played an important part in this reform.The outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008 has showed the urgency and neces...The global financial supervision system reform has achieved remarkable success and China has played an important part in this reform.The outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008 has showed the urgency and necessity of the enhancement of international financial regulation.For the past eight years,G20 economies展开更多
Packaging inspection of dangerousexport goods by the commoditiesinspection administration in Chinadeveloped from the inspection of sea-bornedangerous goods on July 1, 1985. From May1, 1995, the inspection was extended...Packaging inspection of dangerousexport goods by the commoditiesinspection administration in Chinadeveloped from the inspection of sea-bornedangerous goods on July 1, 1985. From May1, 1995, the inspection was extended to air-transport dangerous goods. The relateddepartments for commodities inspection hasconducted strict inspection in conformitywith the law and cordial service in the pastdecade, achieving remarkable results. Theirhard efforts have helped improve the packagingquality of dangerous export goods,展开更多
The GF-3 satellite was launched on August 10,2016 from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center and was put into operation at the end of January,2017.It has acquired nearly 100 thousand C-band multi-polarization ocean and ...The GF-3 satellite was launched on August 10,2016 from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center and was put into operation at the end of January,2017.It has acquired nearly 100 thousand C-band multi-polarization ocean and land SAR images,providing data support for many departments covering resource survey,typhoon early warning,disaster assessment,crop yield estimation and polar investigation.Recently,the team led by ZHANG Qingjun from展开更多
The multi-billion-yuan Knowledge InnovationProgram (KIP) introduced by the Chinese Academyof Sciences (CAS), the first of its kind in China, hasbeen of considerable interest to both the scienhficcommunity and the gene...The multi-billion-yuan Knowledge InnovationProgram (KIP) introduced by the Chinese Academyof Sciences (CAS), the first of its kind in China, hasbeen of considerable interest to both the scienhficcommunity and the general public since it wasratified by the central authorities in 1998. So how,then, is CAS getting on with the program? A recentreport assures that the KIP has scored encouragingachievements.展开更多
Revenue up 11 percent to EUR 1,149.1 mnEBITDA increase of 38.8 percent to EUR 270.7 mnDetailed planning for new production plant for TENCEL fibers in Thailand in progressNew sales offices opened in Turkey and KoreaNew...Revenue up 11 percent to EUR 1,149.1 mnEBITDA increase of 38.8 percent to EUR 270.7 mnDetailed planning for new production plant for TENCEL fibers in Thailand in progressNew sales offices opened in Turkey and KoreaNew EcoVero branded viscose fibers with very favorable ecological footprint launched展开更多
The disposal of contaminated water from Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant is a significant international nuclear safety issue with considerable cross-border implications.This matter requires compliance not only w...The disposal of contaminated water from Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant is a significant international nuclear safety issue with considerable cross-border implications.This matter requires compliance not only with the law of the sea but also with the principles of nuclear safety under international law.These principles serve as the overarching tenet of international and China’s domestic nuclear laws,applicable to nuclear facilities and activities.The principle of safety in nuclear activities is fully recognized in international and domestic laws,carrying broad legal binding force.Japan’s discharge of nuclear-contaminated water into the sea violates its obligations under the principle of safety in nuclear activities,including commitments to optimum protection,as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention.The Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)have breached the obligation of optimum protection by restricting the scope of assessments,substituting core concepts,and shielding dissenting views.In the absence of clear radiation standards,they have acted unilaterally without fulfilling the obligation as low as reasonably practicable principle.The discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water poses an imminent and unpredictable risk to all countries worldwide,including Japanese residents.Japan and the IAEA should fulfill their obligations under international law regarding disposal,adhering to the principles of nuclear safety,including optimum protection,the obligation as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention through multilateral cooperation.Specifically,the obligation to provide optimum protection should be implemented by re-evaluating the most reliable disposal technologies and methods currently available and comprehensively assessing various options.The standard of the obligation as low as reasonably practicable requires that the minimization of negative impacts on human health,livelihoods,and the environment should not be subordinated to considerations of cutting costs and expenses.Multilateral cooperation should be promoted through the establishment of sound multilateral long-term monitoring mechanisms for the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water,notification and consultation obligations,and periodic assessments.These obligations under international law were fulfilled after the accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants.The implications of the principles of nuclear safety align with the concept of building a community of shared future for nuclear safety advocated by China.In cases of violations of international law regarding the disposal of nuclear-contaminated water that jeopardize the concept of a community of a shared future for nuclear safety,China can also rely on its own strength to promote the implementation of due obligations through self-help.展开更多
The study aims to recognize how efficiently Educational DataMining(EDM)integrates into Artificial Intelligence(AI)to develop skills for predicting students’performance.The study used a survey questionnaire and collec...The study aims to recognize how efficiently Educational DataMining(EDM)integrates into Artificial Intelligence(AI)to develop skills for predicting students’performance.The study used a survey questionnaire and collected data from 300 undergraduate students of Al Neelain University.The first step’s initial population placements were created using Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO).Then,using adaptive feature space search,Educational Grey Wolf Optimization(EGWO)was employed to choose the optimal attribute combination.The second stage uses the SVMclassifier to forecast classification accuracy.Different classifiers were utilized to evaluate the performance of students.According to the results,it was revealed that AI could forecast the final grades of students with an accuracy rate of 97%on the test dataset.Furthermore,the present study showed that successful students could be selected by the Decision Tree model with an efficiency rate of 87.50%and could be categorized as having equal information ratio gain after the semester.While the random forest provided an accuracy of 28%.These findings indicate the higher accuracy rate in the results when these models were implemented on the data set which provides significantly accurate results as compared to a linear regression model with accuracy(12%).The study concluded that the methodology used in this study can prove to be helpful for students and teachers in upgrading academic performance,reducing chances of failure,and taking appropriate steps at the right time to raise the standards of education.The study also motivates academics to assess and discover EDM at several other universities.展开更多
In the new era,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has made historic achievements in respecting and protecting human rights.Building upon the principle of the“two integrations”(integrating the basic tenets of Marxism w...In the new era,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has made historic achievements in respecting and protecting human rights.Building upon the principle of the“two integrations”(integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and fine traditional culture),it has nurtured new theories on respecting and protecting human rights in the new era,which can address the fundamental questions of whom and what the human rights protection efforts in the new era are for.Guided by the principle of“taking our own path,”it has charted a distinct course for the development of human rights,diverging from the Western approach.The CPC has maintained the unity between Party leadership and the respect for and protection of human rights,promoting progress in human rights through the pursuit of“high-quality development,”and ensuring various fundamental rights of the people through the rule of law.Building upon the past experience,the CPC has established the“source”of the institutional framework for respecting and protecting human rights in the new era,crafted the“body”of this institutional framework,and introduced its practical“application.”In promoting the comprehensive advancement of human rights protection,the CPC has facilitated the connotative development of human rights protection in China,empowering China in international human rights discourse,and contributing Chinese strength and wisdom to global human rights governance.展开更多
Xi Jinping’s discourses on respecting and protect-ing human rights stand as a shining example of the sinicization and modernization of Marxist human rights theory,embodying profound theoretical,political,practical,an...Xi Jinping’s discourses on respecting and protect-ing human rights stand as a shining example of the sinicization and modernization of Marxist human rights theory,embodying profound theoretical,political,practical,and cultural logic.Existing research has conducted comprehensive and systematic theoretical analysis and academic extractions on the following contents:the core essence in-herent in these important discourses,including the“theory of human rights concepts,”the“theory of human rights paths,”the“theory of human rights practices,”the“theory of human rights protection,”and the“theory of human rights governance,”along with their profound theoretical significance,practical significance,and global signifi-cance.In the future,researchers should emphasize efforts on studying the original texts and understanding the original principles.While focusing on the precision of concepts,the scientific nature of the prop-ositions,the maturity of theoretical systems,and the rigor of internal logic related to Xi Jinping’s discourses on respecting and protecting human rights,researchers should also pay attention to constructing a discourse system on human rights from the dimensions of discourse power,discourse cluster,and discourse field.Researchers should be adept at drawing innovative insights into human rights theory from China’s vibrant human rights practices and the vast masses of people.This approach will facilitate the systematic unfolding,academic trans-formation,and innovative development of Xi Jinping’s discourses on respecting and protecting human rights.展开更多
Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management (Tsinghua SEM) was awarded accreditation from the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) in the end of February 2008. This makes Tsinghua SEM, the first ...Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management (Tsinghua SEM) was awarded accreditation from the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) in the end of February 2008. This makes Tsinghua SEM, the first University business school in China's Mainland to be accredited by EQUIS, a leading global accreditation system of management education.展开更多
The School of Economics and Management at Tsinghua University (Tsinghua SEM) was recently awarded accreditation by AACSB International (The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business). This makes Tsingh...The School of Economics and Management at Tsinghua University (Tsinghua SEM) was recently awarded accreditation by AACSB International (The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business). This makes Tsinghua SEM the first in Chinese Mainland to be accredited for having met the highest standard of achievement in education and research for business schools worldwide.展开更多
This article takes water enterprises as the research object,exploring the organic combination of comprehensive budget management under the trend of digitalization and digital technology in the new era,as well as the p...This article takes water enterprises as the research object,exploring the organic combination of comprehensive budget management under the trend of digitalization and digital technology in the new era,as well as the process of management system reform.Introduce the current status of its budget management work,comprehensively analyze the architecture and operation mode of the current comprehensive budget management system of water enterprises,and evaluate and analyze the overall situation and shortcomings of its budget management system based on financial data such as budget formulation and execution.From the perspective of digital restructuring and upgrading of comprehensive budget management work,corresponding countermeasures are proposed to make up for the shortcomings and suggestions for the future development of the enterprise’s comprehensive budget.展开更多
Hearing loss is a significant barrier to academic achievement,with hearing-impaired(HI)individuals often facing challenges in speech recognition,language development,and social interactions.Lip-reading,a crucial skill...Hearing loss is a significant barrier to academic achievement,with hearing-impaired(HI)individuals often facing challenges in speech recognition,language development,and social interactions.Lip-reading,a crucial skill for HI individuals,is essential for effective communication and learning.However,the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the challenges faced by HI individuals,with the face masks hindering lip-reading.This literature review explores the relationship between hearing loss and academic achievement,highlighting the importance of lip-reading and the potential of artificial intelligence(AI)techniques in mitigating these challenges.The introduction of Voice-to-Text(VtT)technology,which provides real-time text captions,can significantly improve speech recognition and academic performance for HI students.AI models,such as Hidden Markov models and Transformer models,can enhance the accuracy and robustness of VtT technology in diverse educational settings.Furthermore,VtT technology can facilitate better teacher-student interactions,provide transcripts of lectures and classroom discussions,and bridge the gap in standardized testing performance between HI and hearing students.While challenges and limitations exist,the successful implementation of VtT technology can promote inclusive education and enhance academic achievement.Future research directions include popularizing VtT technology,addressing technological barriers,and customizing VtT systems to cater to individual needs.展开更多
文摘ZTE Corporation has become a leader in Chinesetelecom standards making after years ofpainstaking work.It has also taken part in manyactivities held by international organizations suchas ITU,3GPP and 3GPP2.In 2003,it participated in drafting 145Chinese national and telecom industrystandards,which accounted for 64% of the total.The drafting of 41 standards out of these 145 wasled by ZTE.It is playing a leading role in makingand amending national standards concerningmobile Softswitch,optical transmission,network
文摘19 November 2013,Shenzhen-ZTE Corporation has announced that ZTE's ZSmart BSS/OSS V8 has successfully achieved TM Forum's Frameworx 12.0 Conformance Certification.TM Forum's Frameworx Conformance Certification is an independent verification of how a solution's business processes and information models align with the industry standards found in Frameworx,including the Business Process Framework(eTOM)and Information Framework(SID).
文摘March 18, 2014-ZTE Corporation achieved second place in the World Intellectual Pro ble of patent applicants, strengthening the company' s position as one of the world' s leading With 2309 filings under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), ZTE was second only to ZTE ranked number one. perty Organization's annual ta- technology innovators. Panasonic. In 2011 and 2012,
文摘ZTE USA, a subsidiary of ZTE Corporation, announced on October 8, 2008 that Sprint’s XOHMTM WiMAX business unit had certified its TU25 USB modem after extensive evaluation
文摘The global financial supervision system reform has achieved remarkable success and China has played an important part in this reform.The outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008 has showed the urgency and necessity of the enhancement of international financial regulation.For the past eight years,G20 economies
文摘Packaging inspection of dangerousexport goods by the commoditiesinspection administration in Chinadeveloped from the inspection of sea-bornedangerous goods on July 1, 1985. From May1, 1995, the inspection was extended to air-transport dangerous goods. The relateddepartments for commodities inspection hasconducted strict inspection in conformitywith the law and cordial service in the pastdecade, achieving remarkable results. Theirhard efforts have helped improve the packagingquality of dangerous export goods,
文摘The GF-3 satellite was launched on August 10,2016 from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center and was put into operation at the end of January,2017.It has acquired nearly 100 thousand C-band multi-polarization ocean and land SAR images,providing data support for many departments covering resource survey,typhoon early warning,disaster assessment,crop yield estimation and polar investigation.Recently,the team led by ZHANG Qingjun from
文摘The multi-billion-yuan Knowledge InnovationProgram (KIP) introduced by the Chinese Academyof Sciences (CAS), the first of its kind in China, hasbeen of considerable interest to both the scienhficcommunity and the general public since it wasratified by the central authorities in 1998. So how,then, is CAS getting on with the program? A recentreport assures that the KIP has scored encouragingachievements.
文摘Revenue up 11 percent to EUR 1,149.1 mnEBITDA increase of 38.8 percent to EUR 270.7 mnDetailed planning for new production plant for TENCEL fibers in Thailand in progressNew sales offices opened in Turkey and KoreaNew EcoVero branded viscose fibers with very favorable ecological footprint launched
基金funded by the Research on National Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Obligations under the Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutral Commitment,General Program of Humanities and Social Sciences,Ministry of Education of China[Grant No.21YJA820010].
文摘The disposal of contaminated water from Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant is a significant international nuclear safety issue with considerable cross-border implications.This matter requires compliance not only with the law of the sea but also with the principles of nuclear safety under international law.These principles serve as the overarching tenet of international and China’s domestic nuclear laws,applicable to nuclear facilities and activities.The principle of safety in nuclear activities is fully recognized in international and domestic laws,carrying broad legal binding force.Japan’s discharge of nuclear-contaminated water into the sea violates its obligations under the principle of safety in nuclear activities,including commitments to optimum protection,as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention.The Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)have breached the obligation of optimum protection by restricting the scope of assessments,substituting core concepts,and shielding dissenting views.In the absence of clear radiation standards,they have acted unilaterally without fulfilling the obligation as low as reasonably practicable principle.The discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water poses an imminent and unpredictable risk to all countries worldwide,including Japanese residents.Japan and the IAEA should fulfill their obligations under international law regarding disposal,adhering to the principles of nuclear safety,including optimum protection,the obligation as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention through multilateral cooperation.Specifically,the obligation to provide optimum protection should be implemented by re-evaluating the most reliable disposal technologies and methods currently available and comprehensively assessing various options.The standard of the obligation as low as reasonably practicable requires that the minimization of negative impacts on human health,livelihoods,and the environment should not be subordinated to considerations of cutting costs and expenses.Multilateral cooperation should be promoted through the establishment of sound multilateral long-term monitoring mechanisms for the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water,notification and consultation obligations,and periodic assessments.These obligations under international law were fulfilled after the accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants.The implications of the principles of nuclear safety align with the concept of building a community of shared future for nuclear safety advocated by China.In cases of violations of international law regarding the disposal of nuclear-contaminated water that jeopardize the concept of a community of a shared future for nuclear safety,China can also rely on its own strength to promote the implementation of due obligations through self-help.
基金supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University Project Number(PSAU/2024/R/1445).
文摘The study aims to recognize how efficiently Educational DataMining(EDM)integrates into Artificial Intelligence(AI)to develop skills for predicting students’performance.The study used a survey questionnaire and collected data from 300 undergraduate students of Al Neelain University.The first step’s initial population placements were created using Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO).Then,using adaptive feature space search,Educational Grey Wolf Optimization(EGWO)was employed to choose the optimal attribute combination.The second stage uses the SVMclassifier to forecast classification accuracy.Different classifiers were utilized to evaluate the performance of students.According to the results,it was revealed that AI could forecast the final grades of students with an accuracy rate of 97%on the test dataset.Furthermore,the present study showed that successful students could be selected by the Decision Tree model with an efficiency rate of 87.50%and could be categorized as having equal information ratio gain after the semester.While the random forest provided an accuracy of 28%.These findings indicate the higher accuracy rate in the results when these models were implemented on the data set which provides significantly accurate results as compared to a linear regression model with accuracy(12%).The study concluded that the methodology used in this study can prove to be helpful for students and teachers in upgrading academic performance,reducing chances of failure,and taking appropriate steps at the right time to raise the standards of education.The study also motivates academics to assess and discover EDM at several other universities.
基金a phased achievement of the National Social Science Foundation’s major bidding project “Research on the Theoretical System and Optimization Path of China’s Human Rights Development Path”(Project Approval Number 23ZDA067)
文摘In the new era,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has made historic achievements in respecting and protecting human rights.Building upon the principle of the“two integrations”(integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and fine traditional culture),it has nurtured new theories on respecting and protecting human rights in the new era,which can address the fundamental questions of whom and what the human rights protection efforts in the new era are for.Guided by the principle of“taking our own path,”it has charted a distinct course for the development of human rights,diverging from the Western approach.The CPC has maintained the unity between Party leadership and the respect for and protection of human rights,promoting progress in human rights through the pursuit of“high-quality development,”and ensuring various fundamental rights of the people through the rule of law.Building upon the past experience,the CPC has established the“source”of the institutional framework for respecting and protecting human rights in the new era,crafted the“body”of this institutional framework,and introduced its practical“application.”In promoting the comprehensive advancement of human rights protection,the CPC has facilitated the connotative development of human rights protection in China,empowering China in international human rights discourse,and contributing Chinese strength and wisdom to global human rights governance.
基金a phased achievement of the MOE’s key philosophy and social science research project“Research on General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Discourses on Respecting and Protecting Human Rights”(Project Approval Number 22JZD002)MOE Humanities and Social Sciences Key Research Base’s major project“Research on the Theoretical Structure and Legal Guarantee of Digital Human Rights Governance”(Project Approval Number 21JJD8200014)。
文摘Xi Jinping’s discourses on respecting and protect-ing human rights stand as a shining example of the sinicization and modernization of Marxist human rights theory,embodying profound theoretical,political,practical,and cultural logic.Existing research has conducted comprehensive and systematic theoretical analysis and academic extractions on the following contents:the core essence in-herent in these important discourses,including the“theory of human rights concepts,”the“theory of human rights paths,”the“theory of human rights practices,”the“theory of human rights protection,”and the“theory of human rights governance,”along with their profound theoretical significance,practical significance,and global signifi-cance.In the future,researchers should emphasize efforts on studying the original texts and understanding the original principles.While focusing on the precision of concepts,the scientific nature of the prop-ositions,the maturity of theoretical systems,and the rigor of internal logic related to Xi Jinping’s discourses on respecting and protecting human rights,researchers should also pay attention to constructing a discourse system on human rights from the dimensions of discourse power,discourse cluster,and discourse field.Researchers should be adept at drawing innovative insights into human rights theory from China’s vibrant human rights practices and the vast masses of people.This approach will facilitate the systematic unfolding,academic trans-formation,and innovative development of Xi Jinping’s discourses on respecting and protecting human rights.
文摘Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management (Tsinghua SEM) was awarded accreditation from the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) in the end of February 2008. This makes Tsinghua SEM, the first University business school in China's Mainland to be accredited by EQUIS, a leading global accreditation system of management education.
文摘The School of Economics and Management at Tsinghua University (Tsinghua SEM) was recently awarded accreditation by AACSB International (The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business). This makes Tsinghua SEM the first in Chinese Mainland to be accredited for having met the highest standard of achievement in education and research for business schools worldwide.
文摘This article takes water enterprises as the research object,exploring the organic combination of comprehensive budget management under the trend of digitalization and digital technology in the new era,as well as the process of management system reform.Introduce the current status of its budget management work,comprehensively analyze the architecture and operation mode of the current comprehensive budget management system of water enterprises,and evaluate and analyze the overall situation and shortcomings of its budget management system based on financial data such as budget formulation and execution.From the perspective of digital restructuring and upgrading of comprehensive budget management work,corresponding countermeasures are proposed to make up for the shortcomings and suggestions for the future development of the enterprise’s comprehensive budget.
文摘Hearing loss is a significant barrier to academic achievement,with hearing-impaired(HI)individuals often facing challenges in speech recognition,language development,and social interactions.Lip-reading,a crucial skill for HI individuals,is essential for effective communication and learning.However,the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the challenges faced by HI individuals,with the face masks hindering lip-reading.This literature review explores the relationship between hearing loss and academic achievement,highlighting the importance of lip-reading and the potential of artificial intelligence(AI)techniques in mitigating these challenges.The introduction of Voice-to-Text(VtT)technology,which provides real-time text captions,can significantly improve speech recognition and academic performance for HI students.AI models,such as Hidden Markov models and Transformer models,can enhance the accuracy and robustness of VtT technology in diverse educational settings.Furthermore,VtT technology can facilitate better teacher-student interactions,provide transcripts of lectures and classroom discussions,and bridge the gap in standardized testing performance between HI and hearing students.While challenges and limitations exist,the successful implementation of VtT technology can promote inclusive education and enhance academic achievement.Future research directions include popularizing VtT technology,addressing technological barriers,and customizing VtT systems to cater to individual needs.