Welded mild steel is used in different applications in engineering. To strengthen the joint, the weld can be reinforced by adding titanium alloy powder to the joint. This results in the formation of incomplete martens...Welded mild steel is used in different applications in engineering. To strengthen the joint, the weld can be reinforced by adding titanium alloy powder to the joint. This results in the formation of incomplete martensite in a welded joint. The incomplete martensite affects mechanical properties. Therefore, this study aims to predict the volume fraction of martensite in reinforced butt welded joints to understand complex phenomena during microstructure formation. To do so, a combination of the finite element method to predict temperature history, and the Koistinen and Marburger equation, were used to predict the volume fraction of martensite. The martensite start temperature was calculated using chemical elements obtained from the dilution-based mixture rule. The curve shape of martensite evolution was observed to be relatively linear due to the small quantity of martensite volume fraction. The simulated result correlated with experimental work documented in the literature. The model can be used in other powder addition techniques where the martensite can be observed in the final microstructure.展开更多
该文利用冷金属过渡(Cold metal transfer,CMT)技术,使用电弧丝材增材制造系统制造2Cr13马氏体不锈钢单道多层薄壁试样,并研究了不同层间温度(100℃,150℃和200℃)对薄壁试样表面成形,微观组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,较高的层...该文利用冷金属过渡(Cold metal transfer,CMT)技术,使用电弧丝材增材制造系统制造2Cr13马氏体不锈钢单道多层薄壁试样,并研究了不同层间温度(100℃,150℃和200℃)对薄壁试样表面成形,微观组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,较高的层间温度会使得薄壁成形件整体温度升高,散热状况变差,熔池高温存在时间增长,熔融金属流动性增强,最终导致成形件表面变差甚至塌陷。成形件中部组织在经历反复加热和冷却过程后,主要由极为细长的板条马氏体组成,并伴有少量铁素体以及沿铁素体晶界析出的碳化物。靠近重熔区位置由于熔池的热作用会导致马氏体组织过热而发生相变,形成密集的铁素体。随着层间温度减小,成形件晶粒尺寸和分布更为细小均匀;另外,弥散分布在铁素体晶界上的碳化物阻碍位错运动,两者的共同作用使得显微硬度和抗拉强度随层间温度降低而升高,同时拉伸试样的断后伸长率也随之增大。拉伸断裂形式均为韧性断裂,随着层间温度的减小,同取样方向上拉伸试样断口尺寸越来越大,韧窝也越来越深。展开更多
The reverse transformation temperature and recovery strain ratio of the martensite formed during the cooling process under a constant stress in TiNi shape memory alloy wires are studied in this paper. Results sh...The reverse transformation temperature and recovery strain ratio of the martensite formed during the cooling process under a constant stress in TiNi shape memory alloy wires are studied in this paper. Results show that a higher level of the applied constant stress during the cooling process will induce martensite with a higher reverse martensitic transformation start temperature As and a smaller recovery strain ratio. Similarly, a prestrain at the room temperature elevates the As temperature and decreases the recovery strain ratio. However, the As temperature and the recovery strain ratio of the martensite formed during the cooling process under a constant stress are lower than those of the martensite formed by prestrain at the room temperature.展开更多
The morphology and formation mechanism of the substructure of martensite in TC21 alloy was investigated by XRD and TEM. The results showed that the martensitic transformation from β to α＂ occurs upon quenching afte...The morphology and formation mechanism of the substructure of martensite in TC21 alloy was investigated by XRD and TEM. The results showed that the martensitic transformation from β to α＂ occurs upon quenching after solution treatment between 960-1000 ℃. The antiphase boundary （APB）-like structure was observed clearly in the α＂ martensite plates. The APB-like contrasts exist along the （001） and （020） planes of α＂ martensite. This APB-like structure of α＂ martensite was identified as a kind of stacking fault with an APB-like morphology induced by martensitic transformation and not by order/disorder transition. During martensitic transformation, martensitic domains nucleate and grow, eventually encounter each other, resulting in the formation of the APBdike contrast.展开更多
文摘Welded mild steel is used in different applications in engineering. To strengthen the joint, the weld can be reinforced by adding titanium alloy powder to the joint. This results in the formation of incomplete martensite in a welded joint. The incomplete martensite affects mechanical properties. Therefore, this study aims to predict the volume fraction of martensite in reinforced butt welded joints to understand complex phenomena during microstructure formation. To do so, a combination of the finite element method to predict temperature history, and the Koistinen and Marburger equation, were used to predict the volume fraction of martensite. The martensite start temperature was calculated using chemical elements obtained from the dilution-based mixture rule. The curve shape of martensite evolution was observed to be relatively linear due to the small quantity of martensite volume fraction. The simulated result correlated with experimental work documented in the literature. The model can be used in other powder addition techniques where the martensite can be observed in the final microstructure.
文摘该文利用冷金属过渡(Cold metal transfer,CMT)技术,使用电弧丝材增材制造系统制造2Cr13马氏体不锈钢单道多层薄壁试样,并研究了不同层间温度(100℃,150℃和200℃)对薄壁试样表面成形,微观组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,较高的层间温度会使得薄壁成形件整体温度升高,散热状况变差,熔池高温存在时间增长,熔融金属流动性增强,最终导致成形件表面变差甚至塌陷。成形件中部组织在经历反复加热和冷却过程后,主要由极为细长的板条马氏体组成,并伴有少量铁素体以及沿铁素体晶界析出的碳化物。靠近重熔区位置由于熔池的热作用会导致马氏体组织过热而发生相变,形成密集的铁素体。随着层间温度减小,成形件晶粒尺寸和分布更为细小均匀;另外,弥散分布在铁素体晶界上的碳化物阻碍位错运动,两者的共同作用使得显微硬度和抗拉强度随层间温度降低而升高,同时拉伸试样的断后伸长率也随之增大。拉伸断裂形式均为韧性断裂,随着层间温度的减小,同取样方向上拉伸试样断口尺寸越来越大,韧窝也越来越深。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of the People’s Republic of China under grant No.50071037.
文摘The reverse transformation temperature and recovery strain ratio of the martensite formed during the cooling process under a constant stress in TiNi shape memory alloy wires are studied in this paper. Results show that a higher level of the applied constant stress during the cooling process will induce martensite with a higher reverse martensitic transformation start temperature As and a smaller recovery strain ratio. Similarly, a prestrain at the room temperature elevates the As temperature and decreases the recovery strain ratio. However, the As temperature and the recovery strain ratio of the martensite formed during the cooling process under a constant stress are lower than those of the martensite formed by prestrain at the room temperature.
基金Project (2011AA030101) supported by the High-tech Research and Development Program of China
文摘The morphology and formation mechanism of the substructure of martensite in TC21 alloy was investigated by XRD and TEM. The results showed that the martensitic transformation from β to α＂ occurs upon quenching after solution treatment between 960-1000 ℃. The antiphase boundary （APB）-like structure was observed clearly in the α＂ martensite plates. The APB-like contrasts exist along the （001） and （020） planes of α＂ martensite. This APB-like structure of α＂ martensite was identified as a kind of stacking fault with an APB-like morphology induced by martensitic transformation and not by order/disorder transition. During martensitic transformation, martensitic domains nucleate and grow, eventually encounter each other, resulting in the formation of the APBdike contrast.
